Plant diversity of Betel Leaf Agroforestry of South Meghalaya, Northeast India
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Abstract. Tynsong H, Tiwari BK, Dkhar M. 2018. Plant diversity of Betel Leaf Agroforestry of South Meghalaya, Northeast India. Asian J For 2: 1-11. Large areas of lowland tropical forests of South Meghalaya have been converted into betel leaf agroforestry systems by the tribal people living in the area. The betel leaf agroforestry with diverse and structurally complex shade canopies conserve a significant portion of the original forest biodiversity. The impact of land-use change on biodiversity was studied using standard vegetation analysis and biodiversity estimation methods. A total of 160 plant species were recorded in natural forests out of which 75 were trees, 40 shrubs, and 45 herbs, while in betel leaf agroforestry, a total of 159 plant species, 94 trees, 17 shrubs and 48 herbs were recorded. A total of 34 tree species, 13 shrub species, and 14 herb species were common in both land-uses. All the plant species were native species. The study revealed that the conversion of natural forest to betel leaf agroforestry in South Meghalaya has no significant impact on tree and herb diversity. However, the basal area and density are affected to some extent. The land-use change has also affected the density and diversity of shrubs. The study concludes that betel leaf agroforestry in South Meghalaya developed by the indigenous War Khasi tribe through experiential learning over several generations has emerged as a fairly sustainable agroforestry system causing minimal impact on plant diversity.
2017-01-01
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References
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biodiversity conservation in the Forests of the Lower Mekong
Ecoregion Complex. Hanoi: WWF Indochina Program.
Bisseleua D, Hervé B, Vidal S. 2008. Plant biodiversity and vegetation
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under different management. Biodiv Conserv 17: 1821-1835.
Conservation International. 2011. The world’s 10 most threatened Forests
Hotspots. Conservation International, New York.
De LC, Medhi RP. 2014. Diversity and Conservation of Rare and
Endemic Orchids of North East India - A Review. Indian J Hill
Farming 27 (1): 138-153.
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
FAO. 2006. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005-Progress towards
sustainable forest management. FAO Forestry Paper 147. Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
Gajaseni N, Gajaseni J. 1999. Ecological rationalities of the traditional
homegarden system in the Chao Phraya Basin, Thailand. Agrofor Syst
46: 3-23.
Haider MR, Khair A, Rahman MM, Alam MK.2013. Indigenous
management practices of betel-leaf (Piper betel L.) cultivation by the
Khasia community in Bangladesh. Indian J Trad Knowl 12: 231-239.
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list of threatened species. Version 2011.1. http://www.iucnredlist.org
[20 November 2017].
Jamir SA, Pandey HN. 2003. Vascular plant diversity in the sacred groves
of Jaintia Hills in northeast India. Biodiv Conserv 12: 1497-1510.
Jana BL. 1996. Improved technology for betel leaf cultivation. “Seminarcum-Workshop on Betel leaf Marketin”, Directorate of Agricultural
Marketing, Digha, Midnapur, West Bengal, India, June 5-6, 1996.
Jeng JH, Chen SY, Liar CH, Tung YY, Lin BR, Hahn LJ, Chang MC.
2002. Modulation of platelet aggregation by areca nut and betel leaf
ingredients: Roles of relative oxygen species and cyclooxygenase.
Free Radic Biol Med 32: 860-871.
Kanjilal UN, Kanjilal PC, Das A, De RN, Bor NL. 1934-1940. Flora of
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Khan ML, Shaily M, Kamaljit SB. 1997. Effectiveness of the protected
area network in biodiversity conservation, a case study of Meghalaya
state. Biodiv Conserv 6: 853-865.
Kumar BM, George SJ, Chinnamani S. 1994. Diversity, structure and
standing stock of wood in the home gardens of Kerala in Peninsular
India. Agrofor Syst 25: 243-262.
Lopez-Gomez AM, Williams-Linera G, Manson RH. 2008. Tree species
diversity and vegetation structure in shade coffee farms in Veracruz,
Mexico. Agri Ecosys Environ 124: 160-172.
Merijn MB, Steffan-Dewenter I, Tscharntke T. 2007. The contribution
of cacao agroforests to the conservation of lower canopy ant and
beetle diversity in Indonesia. Biodiv Conserv 16: 2429-2444.
Misra R. 1968. Ecology Work Book. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi.
Moguel P, Toledo VM. 1999. Biodiversity Conservation in Traditional
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Molla A, Kewessa G. 2015. Woody Species Diversity in Traditional
Agroforestry Practices of Dellomenna District, Southeastern Ethiopia:
Implication for Maintaining Native Woody Species. Intl J Biodiv.
DOI: 10.1155/2015/643031.
Motiur RM, Furukava Y, Kawata I, Rahman M, Alam M. 2006. Role of
homestead forest in household economy and factors affecting forest
production: a case study in southwest Bangladesh. J For Res 11: 89-97.
Mueller-Dombois D, Ellenberg H. 1974. Aims and Methods of Vegetation
Ecology. John Wiley, New York.
Myers N, Mittermiler R A, Mittermiler CG, Gustava AB, Da F, Kent J.
2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403:
853-858.
Nath TK, Inoue M. 2009b. Forest-based settlement project and its impacts
on community livelihood in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh.
Intl For Res 11: 394-407.
Nath TK, Inoue M. 2009a. Sustainability Attributes of a Small Scale Betel
Leaf Agroforestry System: A Case Study in North-Eastern Hills
Forests of Bangladesh. Small Scale For 8: 289-304.
Nath TK, Makato I, Islam MJ, Kabir MA. 2003. The Khasia tribe of
northeastern Bangladesh, their socio-economic status, hill farming
practices and impacts on forest conservation. For Trees Livelihood
13: 297-311.
Nooren H, Claridge G. 2001. Wildlife trade in Lao PDR: the end of the
game. Netherlands Committee for IUCN, Amsterdam.
Perfecto I, Rice R, Greenberg R, Van Der VM. 1996. Shade coffee: a
disappearing refuge for biodiversity. Biodiv Sci 46: 598-608.
Pielou EC.1975. Population and community ecology. Principles and
Methods. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers Inc., New York.
Ryan JC. 1992. Life Support: Conserving Biological Diversity.
Worldwatch Paper 108. Worldwatch Institute, Washington, D.C.
Saha N, Azam MA. 2004. The indigenous hill-farming system of Khasia
tribes in moulvibazar district of Bangladesh: Status and impacts.
Small-Scale For Econ Manag Pol 3: 273-281.
Schroth G, Harvey CA. 2007. Biodiversity conservation in cocoa
production landscapes: an overview. Biodiv Conserv 16: 2237-2244.
Shannon C E, Wiener W.1963. The mathematical theory of
communication. University Illinois Press, Urbana, IL.
Simpson EH. 1949. Measurement of diversity. Nature 163: 688.
Sonwa DJ, Nkongmeneck BA, Weise SF, Tchatat M, Adesina AA,
Janssens MJJ. 2007. Diversity of plants in cocoa agroforestry in the
humid forest zone of Southern Cameroon. Biodiv Conserv 16: 2385-2400.
Takhtajan A. 1988. Floristic Region of the World. Bishen Singh
Mahandra Pal Singh, Dehradun, India.
Tiwari BK, Barik SK, Tripathi RS. 1998. Biodiversity value, status and
strategies for conservation of sacred groves of Meghalaya, India.
Ecosyst Health 4: 20-32.
Tiwari BK, Tynsong H, Dkhar M. 2017. Traditional knowledge-based
conservation and utilization of bioresources by War Khasi tribe of
Meghalaya, India. In: Madhav K, Rosemary H, Dayuan X, William
A, Kaoru I, Peter B (eds.) Knowing our Lands and Resources:
Indigenous and Local Knowledge and Practices related to
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Asia. Knowing our Lands and
Resources 10. UNESCO, Paris.
Tiwari BK, Tynsong H, Rani S. 2004. Medicinal and aromatic plants:
Medicinal plants and human health. In: Burley J, Evans J, Youngquist
JA (eds.). Encyclopedia of Forest Sciences. Elsevier, Oxford, UK.
Toledo VM, Ortiz B, Medellín S. 1994. Biodiversity islands in a sea of
pastureland: indigenous resource management in the humid tropics of
Mexico. Etnoecológica 3: 37-50.
Toledo, VM. 1990. The ecological rationality of peasant production. In:
Altieri M, Hecht S (ed.). Agroecology and Small-farm Development.
CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
Tripathi OP, Pandey HN, Tripathi RS. 2006. Tree diversity and
community characteristics of the sub-tropical evergreen forest in the
buffer and core zones of Nokrek biosphere reserve, Northeast India.
In: Pandey HN, Barik SK (eds.). Ecology, Diversity and Conservation
of Plants and Ecosystems in India. Regency Publication, New Delhi.
Tynsong H, Tiwari BK. 2011. Diversity and population characteristics of
woody species in natural forests and arecanut agroforestry of South
Meghalaya, Northeast India. Trop Ecol 52: 243-252.
Tynsong H, Tiwari BK Dkhar M. 2012. Contribution of NTFPs to cash
income of the War Khasi community of southern Meghalaya,
Northeast India. For Stud China 14: 47-54.
Tynsong H, Tiwari BK. 2010. Diversity of plant species in Arecanut
agroforestry in the tropical evergreen forest of South Meghalaya,
Northeast India. J For Res 21: 281-286.
Tynsong H. 2009. Plant diversity and NTFP management in community
forests of War area Meghalaya. [Dissertation]. North-Eastern Hill
University, Shillong, India.
Upadhaya K. 2002. Studies on plant biodiversity and ecosystem function
of sacred groves of Meghalaya. [Dissertation]. North-Eastern Hill
University, Shillong, India.
Van Gemerden BS. 2004. Disturbance, diversity and distributions in
Central African rain forest. [Dissertation], Wageningen University,
The Netherlands.
betel-leaf (Piper betel) based Agroforestry in Sylhet, Bangladesh. J
For Science, 24: 49-53.
Arambewela L, Kumaratunga KGA, Dias K. 2005. Studies on Piper betle
of Sri Lanka. J Nat Sci Found Sri Lanka, 33: 133-139.
Asase A, Tetteh DA. 2010. The role of complex agroforestry systems in
the conversation of forest tree diversity and structure in southeastern
Ghana. Agroforestry System, 79: 355-368.
Balakrishnan NP. 1981-1983. Flora of Jowai, Meghalaya. Vol. I & II.
Botanical Survey of India, Howrah, India.
Balasubrahmanyam VR, Johri JK, Rawat AKS, Tripathi RD, Chaurasia
RS. 1994. Betelvine (Piper betle L.). National Botanical Research
Institute, Lucknow, India.
Baltzer MC, Nguyen TD, Shore RG (eds.). 2001. Towards a vision for
biodiversity conservation in the Forests of the Lower Mekong
Ecoregion Complex. Hanoi: WWF Indochina Program.
Bisseleua D, Hervé B, Vidal S. 2008. Plant biodiversity and vegetation
structure in traditional cocoa forest gardens in southern Cameroon
under different management. Biodiv Conserv 17: 1821-1835.
Conservation International. 2011. The world’s 10 most threatened Forests
Hotspots. Conservation International, New York.
De LC, Medhi RP. 2014. Diversity and Conservation of Rare and
Endemic Orchids of North East India - A Review. Indian J Hill
Farming 27 (1): 138-153.
FAO. 2014. Planted forests. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
FAO. 2006. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005-Progress towards
sustainable forest management. FAO Forestry Paper 147. Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
Gajaseni N, Gajaseni J. 1999. Ecological rationalities of the traditional
homegarden system in the Chao Phraya Basin, Thailand. Agrofor Syst
46: 3-23.
Haider MR, Khair A, Rahman MM, Alam MK.2013. Indigenous
management practices of betel-leaf (Piper betel L.) cultivation by the
Khasia community in Bangladesh. Indian J Trad Knowl 12: 231-239.
IUCN [International Union for Conservation of Nature]. 2011. IUCN red
list of threatened species. Version 2011.1. http://www.iucnredlist.org
[20 November 2017].
Jamir SA, Pandey HN. 2003. Vascular plant diversity in the sacred groves
of Jaintia Hills in northeast India. Biodiv Conserv 12: 1497-1510.
Jana BL. 1996. Improved technology for betel leaf cultivation. “Seminarcum-Workshop on Betel leaf Marketin”, Directorate of Agricultural
Marketing, Digha, Midnapur, West Bengal, India, June 5-6, 1996.
Jeng JH, Chen SY, Liar CH, Tung YY, Lin BR, Hahn LJ, Chang MC.
2002. Modulation of platelet aggregation by areca nut and betel leaf
ingredients: Roles of relative oxygen species and cyclooxygenase.
Free Radic Biol Med 32: 860-871.
Kanjilal UN, Kanjilal PC, Das A, De RN, Bor NL. 1934-1940. Flora of
Assam. 5 Vols. Government Press, Shillong, India.
Khan ML, Shaily M, Kamaljit SB. 1997. Effectiveness of the protected
area network in biodiversity conservation, a case study of Meghalaya
state. Biodiv Conserv 6: 853-865.
Kumar BM, George SJ, Chinnamani S. 1994. Diversity, structure and
standing stock of wood in the home gardens of Kerala in Peninsular
India. Agrofor Syst 25: 243-262.
Lopez-Gomez AM, Williams-Linera G, Manson RH. 2008. Tree species
diversity and vegetation structure in shade coffee farms in Veracruz,
Mexico. Agri Ecosys Environ 124: 160-172.
Merijn MB, Steffan-Dewenter I, Tscharntke T. 2007. The contribution
of cacao agroforests to the conservation of lower canopy ant and
beetle diversity in Indonesia. Biodiv Conserv 16: 2429-2444.
Misra R. 1968. Ecology Work Book. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi.
Moguel P, Toledo VM. 1999. Biodiversity Conservation in Traditional
Coffee Systems of Mexico. Conserv Biol 13: 11-21.
Molla A, Kewessa G. 2015. Woody Species Diversity in Traditional
Agroforestry Practices of Dellomenna District, Southeastern Ethiopia:
Implication for Maintaining Native Woody Species. Intl J Biodiv.
DOI: 10.1155/2015/643031.
Motiur RM, Furukava Y, Kawata I, Rahman M, Alam M. 2006. Role of
homestead forest in household economy and factors affecting forest
production: a case study in southwest Bangladesh. J For Res 11: 89-97.
Mueller-Dombois D, Ellenberg H. 1974. Aims and Methods of Vegetation
Ecology. John Wiley, New York.
Myers N, Mittermiler R A, Mittermiler CG, Gustava AB, Da F, Kent J.
2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403:
853-858.
Nath TK, Inoue M. 2009b. Forest-based settlement project and its impacts
on community livelihood in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh.
Intl For Res 11: 394-407.
Nath TK, Inoue M. 2009a. Sustainability Attributes of a Small Scale Betel
Leaf Agroforestry System: A Case Study in North-Eastern Hills
Forests of Bangladesh. Small Scale For 8: 289-304.
Nath TK, Makato I, Islam MJ, Kabir MA. 2003. The Khasia tribe of
northeastern Bangladesh, their socio-economic status, hill farming
practices and impacts on forest conservation. For Trees Livelihood
13: 297-311.
Nooren H, Claridge G. 2001. Wildlife trade in Lao PDR: the end of the
game. Netherlands Committee for IUCN, Amsterdam.
Perfecto I, Rice R, Greenberg R, Van Der VM. 1996. Shade coffee: a
disappearing refuge for biodiversity. Biodiv Sci 46: 598-608.
Pielou EC.1975. Population and community ecology. Principles and
Methods. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers Inc., New York.
Ryan JC. 1992. Life Support: Conserving Biological Diversity.
Worldwatch Paper 108. Worldwatch Institute, Washington, D.C.
Saha N, Azam MA. 2004. The indigenous hill-farming system of Khasia
tribes in moulvibazar district of Bangladesh: Status and impacts.
Small-Scale For Econ Manag Pol 3: 273-281.
Schroth G, Harvey CA. 2007. Biodiversity conservation in cocoa
production landscapes: an overview. Biodiv Conserv 16: 2237-2244.
Shannon C E, Wiener W.1963. The mathematical theory of
communication. University Illinois Press, Urbana, IL.
Simpson EH. 1949. Measurement of diversity. Nature 163: 688.
Sonwa DJ, Nkongmeneck BA, Weise SF, Tchatat M, Adesina AA,
Janssens MJJ. 2007. Diversity of plants in cocoa agroforestry in the
humid forest zone of Southern Cameroon. Biodiv Conserv 16: 2385-2400.
Takhtajan A. 1988. Floristic Region of the World. Bishen Singh
Mahandra Pal Singh, Dehradun, India.
Tiwari BK, Barik SK, Tripathi RS. 1998. Biodiversity value, status and
strategies for conservation of sacred groves of Meghalaya, India.
Ecosyst Health 4: 20-32.
Tiwari BK, Tynsong H, Dkhar M. 2017. Traditional knowledge-based
conservation and utilization of bioresources by War Khasi tribe of
Meghalaya, India. In: Madhav K, Rosemary H, Dayuan X, William
A, Kaoru I, Peter B (eds.) Knowing our Lands and Resources:
Indigenous and Local Knowledge and Practices related to
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Asia. Knowing our Lands and
Resources 10. UNESCO, Paris.
Tiwari BK, Tynsong H, Rani S. 2004. Medicinal and aromatic plants:
Medicinal plants and human health. In: Burley J, Evans J, Youngquist
JA (eds.). Encyclopedia of Forest Sciences. Elsevier, Oxford, UK.
Toledo VM, Ortiz B, Medellín S. 1994. Biodiversity islands in a sea of
pastureland: indigenous resource management in the humid tropics of
Mexico. Etnoecológica 3: 37-50.
Toledo, VM. 1990. The ecological rationality of peasant production. In:
Altieri M, Hecht S (ed.). Agroecology and Small-farm Development.
CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
Tripathi OP, Pandey HN, Tripathi RS. 2006. Tree diversity and
community characteristics of the sub-tropical evergreen forest in the
buffer and core zones of Nokrek biosphere reserve, Northeast India.
In: Pandey HN, Barik SK (eds.). Ecology, Diversity and Conservation
of Plants and Ecosystems in India. Regency Publication, New Delhi.
Tynsong H, Tiwari BK. 2011. Diversity and population characteristics of
woody species in natural forests and arecanut agroforestry of South
Meghalaya, Northeast India. Trop Ecol 52: 243-252.
Tynsong H, Tiwari BK Dkhar M. 2012. Contribution of NTFPs to cash
income of the War Khasi community of southern Meghalaya,
Northeast India. For Stud China 14: 47-54.
Tynsong H, Tiwari BK. 2010. Diversity of plant species in Arecanut
agroforestry in the tropical evergreen forest of South Meghalaya,
Northeast India. J For Res 21: 281-286.
Tynsong H. 2009. Plant diversity and NTFP management in community
forests of War area Meghalaya. [Dissertation]. North-Eastern Hill
University, Shillong, India.
Upadhaya K. 2002. Studies on plant biodiversity and ecosystem function
of sacred groves of Meghalaya. [Dissertation]. North-Eastern Hill
University, Shillong, India.
Van Gemerden BS. 2004. Disturbance, diversity and distributions in
Central African rain forest. [Dissertation], Wageningen University,
The Netherlands.