Quantitative evaluation of biological spectrum and phenological pattern of vegetation of a sacred grove of West Midnapore District, Eastern India

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

UDAY KUMAR SEN
RAM KUMAR BHAKAT
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5248-9229

Abstract

Abstract. Sen UK, Bhakat RK. 2021. Quantitative evaluation of biological spectrum and phenological pattern of vegetation of a sacred grove of West Midnapore District, Eastern India. Asian J For 5: 83-100. Sacred groves, small forests patches devoted to deities and ancestral spirits, are classic examples of community-based, culturally aware, natural resource management. To indigenous groups that care for them, display rich biodiversity, and provide ecological services to local groups that have sustained the environment over the years, sacred groves have cultural and spiritual significance. This studied sacred forest hosts 312 plant species belonging to 257 genera under 78 families of 34 orders according to APG IV. Poales, 73, 23.40% and Poaceae, 48, 15.38% were the dominant order and family. Therophytes, cryptophytes and chamaephytes constitute a higher percentage 16.81%, 3.62% and 3.18% respectively than the normal spectrum exhibiting “thero-crypto-chamaephytic” phytoclimate. Leaf size spectra showed that the plant with leptophyll, 83, 26.60% and ovate, 59, 18.91% type's leaf lamina were dominant. The findings may have a heuristic value in developing future monitoring schemes and assessing the effects of global change in this varied but poorly studied area.

2017-01-01

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##

References
Alvarez-Clare S, Mack MC, Brooks M. 2013. A direct test of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation to net primary productivity in a lowland tropical wet forest. Ecol 94 (7):1540-1551.
Anderson T. 1862. Catalogue of plants indigenous in the neighbourhood of Calcutta with directions for examination and preservation of plants. Calcutta, India: East India Govt. press.
Anthwal A, Gupta N, Sharma A, Anthwal S, Kim KH. 2010. Conserving biodiversity through traditional beliefs in sacred groves in Uttarakhand Himalaya, India. Resour Conserv Recycl 54 (11):962-971.
Badshah L, Hussain F, Akhtar N. 2010. Vegetation structure of subtropical forest of Tabai, South Waziristan, Pakistan. Front Agric 4 (2):232-236.
Batalha MA, Martins FR. 2004. Floristic, frequency and vegetation life-form spectrum of a cerrado site. Braz J Biol 64 (2):201-209.
Bennet SSR. 1979. Flora of Howrah district. Dehradun, India: International Book Distributors.
Bhagwat SA, Kushalappa CG, Williams PH, Brown ND. 2005. The role of informal protected areas in maintaining biodiversity in the Western Ghats of India. Ecol Soc 10 (1):8.
Box EE. 2012. Macroclimate and plant forms: An introduction to predictive modelling in phytogeography. vol. 1. New York: Springer Science and Business Media.
Castro-Esau KL, Kalacska M. 2008. Tropical dry forest phenology and discrimination of tropical tree species using hyperspectral data. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 1-26.
Ceschin S, Caneva G. 2013. Plants as bioindicators for archaeological prospection: a case of study from Domitian’s Stadium in the Palatine (Rome, Italy). Environ Monit Assess 185 (6):5317-5326.
Chase MW, Christenhusz MJM, Fay MF, Byng JW, Judd WS, Soltis DE, Mabberley DJ, Sennikov AN, Soltis PS, Stevens PF, et al. 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Bot J Linn Soc 181:1-20.
Chigani HK, Javadi SA, Zahedi-Amiri G, Khajeddin SJ, Jafari M. 2017. Vegetation composition differentiation and species-environment relationships in the northern part of Isfahan Province, Iran. J Arid Land 9 (2):161-175.
Cornelissen JHC, Lavorel S, Garnier E, Díaz S, Buchmann N, Gurvich DE, Reich PB, ter Steege H, Morgan HD, van der Heijden MGA, et al. 2003. A handbook of protocols for standardised and easy measurement of plant functional traits worldwide. Aust J Bot 51 (4):335-380.
da Costa RC, de Araújo FS, Lima-Verde LW. 2007. Flora and life-form spectrum in an area of deciduous thorn woodland (caatinga) in northeastern, Brazil. J Arid Environ 68 (2):237-247.
Das DS, Rawat DS, Maity D, Dash SS, Sinha BK. 2020. Species richness patterns of different life-forms along altitudinal gradients in the Great Himalayan National Park, Western Himalaya, India. Taiwania 65 (2):154-162.
Datta SC, Majumdar NC. 1966. Flora of Calcutta and vicinity. Bull Bot Soc Ben 20:6-120.
De Mera AG, Vicente Orellana JA. 2007. Cronosequences of vegetation–a bioclimatic theory for interpreting the patterns of relict vegetation types. Phytocoenologia 37 (3-4):471-494.
Dolph GE, Dilcher DL. 1980. Variation in leaf size with respect to climate in Costa Rica. Bull Torrey Bot Club 107 (2):154-162.
Gastauer M, Neto M, Alves JA. 2017. Updated angiosperm family tree for analyzing phylogenetic diversity and community structure. Acta Bot Bas 31 (2):191-198.
Haines HH. 1921-1925. The botany of Bihar and Orissa, vol. 1-6. Calcutta, India: Botanical Survey of India.
Halmy MWA. 2019. Assessing the impact of anthropogenic activities on the ecological quality of arid Mediterranean ecosystems (case study from the northwestern coast of Egypt). Ecol Indic 101:992-1003.
Hamid A, Raina AK. 2019. Life form and biological spectrum of Indus Valley in Lower Ladakh region, Jammu and Kashmir. Environ Cons 20 (1-2):57-61.
Hooker JD. 1872-1897. The flora of British India, vol. I-VII. England: Reeve and Co.
Ihsan U, Din SU, Ullah F, Khan SU, Khan A, Khan RA, Shah MS, Zulqarnain. 2016. Floristic composition, ecological characteristics and biological spectrum of District Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhawa, Pakistan. Hum Ecol 54 (1):1-11.
Ingegnoli V. 2015. Landscape bionomic analysis of vegetation. Milano: Springer-Verlag.
IUCN. 2021. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2020-3. <https://www.iucnredlist.org> (Accessed 23 March 2021).
Jain SK, Rao RR. 1977. A Handbook of field and herbarium methods. New Delhi: Today and Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers.
Jakhar RS. 2015. Biological spectrum of vegetation of Jhunjhunu district, Rajasthan. Indian J Environ Sci 19 (1-2):87-88.
Khan W, Khan SM, Ahmad H, Alqarawi AA, Shah GM, Hussain M, Abd Allah EF. 2018. Life forms, leaf size spectra, regeneration capacity and diversity of plant species grown in the Thandiani forests, district Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Saudi J Biol Sci 25 (1):94-100.
Laird SA, editor. 2010. Biodiversity and traditional knowledge: Equitable partnerships in practice. New York, USA: Earthscan Publication Ltd.
Lavorel S, Touzard B, Lebreton JD, Clément B. 1998. Identifying functional groups for response to disturbance in an abandoned pasture. Acta Oecol 19 (3):227-240.
Maffi L, Woodley E. 2012. Biocultural diversity conservation: A global sourcebook. London: Earthscan Publication Ltd.
Manhas RK, Singh L, Vasistha HB, Negi M. 2010. Floristic diversity of protected ecosystems of Kandi region of Punjab, India. N Y Sci J 3 (4):96-103.
Meher-Homji VM. 1964. Life forms and biological spectra as epharmonic criteria of aridity and humidity in tropics. J Ind Bot Soc 43:424-430.
Mitra JN. 1958. Flowering plants of eastern India, vol I. Monocotyledons. Calcutta, India: The World Press Private Ltd.
Nazir A, Malik ZH. 2006. Life form and index of similarity of plant communities recorded at Sarsawa Hill District Kotri. J Res Sci Teach 17 (1):27-33.
Nicotra AB, Leigh A, Boyce CK, Jones CS, Niklas KJ, Royer DL, Tsukaya H. 2011. The evolution and functional significance of leaf shape in the angiosperms. Funct Plant Biol 38 (7):535-552.
Prain D. 1903. Bengal plants, vol. 1 and 2. Calcutta, India: Botanical Survey of India.
Raju VS, Krishna PG, Suthari S. 2014. Environmental assessment of climate of a habitat through floristic life-form spectra, a case study of Warangal north forest division, Telangana, India. J Nat Sci 2 (1):77-93.
Rath S, John R. 2018. What factors influence the abundance and distribution of sacred forests in Odisha, a densely forested state in eastern India? Int J Environ Sci 75 (4):553-564.
Raunkiaer C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
Sahu SC, Dhal NK, Datta B. 2012. Environmental implications of Biological spectrum vis-a-vis tree species diversity in two protected forests (PFs) of Gandhamardan hill ranges, Eastern Ghats, India. The Environ 32 (4):420-432.
Sanyal MN. 1994. Flora of Bankura district. Dehradun, India: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh.
Sen UK, Bhakat RK. 2018. In situ conservation of a sacred grove in West Midnapore district, West Bengal, India: An integrated socio-ecological approach. JETB 42 (1-4):49-64.
Sen UK, Bhakat RK. 2019. Floristic composition, biological spectrum and conservation status of a sacred grove from Jhargram district, West Bengal, India. Ind J For 42 (2):161-172.
Sen UK, Bhakat RK. 2020. Assessment of biological spectrum and phenological behaviours of coastal vegetation in East Midnapore District, Eastern India. J Trop Life Sci 10 (2):123-140.
Seward AC. 2010. Plant life through the ages: A geological and botanical retrospect. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sher Z, Khan ZU. 2007. Floristic composition, life form and leaf spectrum of the vegetation of Chagharzai valley, district Buner. Pak J Plant Sci 13 (1):57-66.
Tanyanyiwa VI, Chikwanha M. 2011. The role of indigenous knowledge systems in the management of forest resources in Mugabe area, Masvingo, Zimbabwe. JSDA 13 (3):132-149.
Tareen RB, Qadir SA. 1993. Life form and leaf size spectrum of the plant communities of diverse areas ranging from Harnai, Sinjawi to Duki regions of Pakistan. Pak J Bot 25 (1):83-92.
Van der Maarel E, Franklin J, editors. 2012. Vegetation ecology. UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
Verschuuren B, Wild R, Oviedo G, Mcneely J, editors. 2010. Sacred natural sites: Conserving nature and culture. New York, USA: Routledge.
WCVP. 2021. World Checklist of Vascular Plants, version 2.0. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet; http://wcvp.science.kew.org/ (Retrieved 24 April 2021).
Wild R, McLeod C, Valentine P. 2008. Sacred natural sites: Guidelines for protected area managers, no. 16. Switzerland: IUCN.
Yifru M, Bekele T, Kelbessa E, Wondimu T. 2015. Plant life form classification and distribution at Suba Sebeta Forest, Ethiopia. Ethiopian J Biol Sci 14 (1):69-84.
Zeb A, Iqbal Z, Khan SM, Rahman IU, Haq F, Afzal A, Qadir G, Ijaz F. 2020. Species diversity, biological spectrum and phenological behaviour of vegetation of Biha Valley (Swat), Pakistan. Acta Ecol Sin 40 (3):190-196.