In vitro response of Phomopsis theae to the products of Azadirachta indica and extracts of Warburgia ugandensis
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
Abstract
Abstract. Linner CS, Birgen JK, Maingi J. 2017. In vitro response of Phomopsis theae to the products of Azadirachta indica and extracts of Warburgia ugandensis. Bioteknologi 14: 37-46. This study was done to determine the use of plant products and extracts to manage the disease caused by Phomopsis theae. Among the products used were Nimbecidine and Trilogy, which are products of the neem tree. The Warburgia ugandensis extracts from the bark, root and leaf were also used in vitro to determine the inhibition of Phomopsis theae, the causative agent of Branch and Collar Canker. These were compared with the inhibition of standard fungicides (Topsin and Saaf). Nimbecidine and Trilogy were tested at the concentration of 10 ppm, 25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm. Additionally, W. ugandensis extracts were tested at the rates of 10 g/100 mL, 15 g/100 mL and 20 g/100 mL. Nimbecidine inhibited growth more than Trilogy in all the concentrations and were not significantly different from those of Topsin and Saaf. Stem bark extracts of W. ugandensis were also effective in inhibiting the growth of P. theae with inhibition of 97.64 per cent in all the rates. Root was next in inhibition with 78.8, 19.45 and 9.89 per cent in 20 g, 15 g, and 10 g respectively. The leaf extracts did not inhibit growth at any rate. In liquid media, similar results were observed. In Nimbecidine, mycelial weights were significantly lower compared to Trilogy. Stem bark extracts also had lower mycelial weights, followed by the root, and then leaf among the extracts. Nimbecidine and bark extracts of W. ugandensis were compared with standard fungicides, Topsin and Saaf, and the extract was comparable to the fungicides both in solid and liquid media. They were able to inhibit the growth of P. theae. It was concluded that Nimbecide and the bark extracts from W. ugandensis are potential alternatives, or can supplement the standard fungicides in the control of Phomopsis theae in tea.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
induces resistance in cucumber against (Podosphaera xanthii).
Reserve J Microbiol 2 (5): 402-414.
Anon. 1991. Tea The Tropical Agriculturist Series. Macmillan, New
York.
Babu SK, Seethasaaman R, Nandakumar S, et al. 2000. Effect of selected
plant extract/oils against tomato leaf blight. Intl Trop Agric 18
(2):153-157.
Baby UI, Mouli MR. 2000. Control of thorny stem blight disease of tea
with fungicides and biocontrol agents. Placrosym 14: 90-91.
Bajan C, Kmilowa K, Popowska E. 1998. Reaction of various ecotypes of
entomopathogenic fungus Beauvaria bassiana to the botanical
preparation of NEEM and pyrethroid fastak. Arch Pyhtopathol Plant
Protect 31: 369-378.
Bekalo I, Keengwe M, Mathias E, Mundy P. (1996. Ethnoveterinary
medicine in Kenya. African Museums Publishers, Nairobi, Kenya.
Bohra B, Vyas BN, Misty KB. (2006. Biological agents and neem
formulations for management of damping off in brinjal and chili.
Indian Phytopathopathol 59: 223-226.
Daghman IM, Sariah M, Kadir J, Zainal MA, Rosenan AB. 2006. Dry
preparation of Trichorderma harzianum for controlling Rhizictonia
damping off in Brassica rapa. Intl J Agric Res 1: 590-596.
Dubey NK, Kumar A. 2009. Exploitation of natural products in Ecofriendly Management of Plant pests. Business media B.V, Berlin.
Hagan AK, Akridge JR. 2007. Synthetic and biorational fungicides
compared for the control of three foliar diseases of flowering
dogwood. J Environ Horticult 25: 157-165.
Hirose E, Neves PMO, Zequl JAC, Martins LH, Peralta CH, Moino AJ.
2000. Effects of biofertilizers and neem oil on the pathogenic fungi
Beauvaria bassiana (bals) vuill and Metarhizium anisopliae
(Metsch.) sorok. Braz Arch Biol Technol 44: 419-423.
Kazmi SAR, Shahzad S, Niaz. 1995. Effect of neem oil on in vitro growth
of root infecting fungi. Pakistan J Bot 27 (1): 217-220.
Locke JE. (1995. Fungi. In: Schmutterer H (ed.). The Neem Tree, Source
of Unique Natural Products for intergrated Pest Management,
Medicine Industry and Other Purposes. VC.H, Weinheim, Germany.
Lunde CS, Kubo I. 2000. Effects of polygodial on the mitochondrial
ATPase of Sacchromyes cerevisiae. Amer Soc Microbiol 44: 1943-
1953.
Mburu S. 2008. Kenyas Farmers Reap Benefits of Fair Trade Teas,
Business daily.
Meister RT. 1999. Farm chemicals handbook. Meister Publishing
Company, Willoughby, OH.
Mirza, J.I, Hameed S, Ahmed I, Ayub N, Strang RHC. (2000. In vitro
antifungal activity of neem products against Phytophthora infestans.
Pakistan J Biol Sci 3(5): 824-828.
Moslem E. 2009) Effects of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) seeds and
leaves extracts on some plant pathogenic fungi. Pakistan J Biol Sci
12: 1045-1048.
Ngure, PK, Tonui, WK, Ingonga, J, Mutai, CH, Kingondu, E, Ng’ang’a Z,
Rukunga G, Kimutai A. (2009. In vitro antileishamanial activity of
extracts of Warburgia ugandensis (Canellaceae) of Kenyan medicinal
plant. J Med Plants Res 3: 61-66.
Niaz I, Kazmi J. 2005. Neem seed coat oil fractions on stored grain fungi.
Intl J Biol Biotechnol. 2(3): 705-706.
NRC [National Research Council]. 1992. Neem: A Tree for solving
Global problems. National Academy Press, Washington DC.
Okigbo RN, Nmeka IA. 2005. Control of Yam tuber rot with leaf extracts
of Xylopia aethiopica and Zingiber officinale. African J Biotechnol
14: 804-807.
Olila D. 1993. A study of the antimicrobial activities of Zanthoxylum
chalybeum and Warburgia ugandensis – Ugandan Medicinal Plants.
Uganda [Thesis] Makerere University, Uganda.
Olila D, Opuda Asibo J, Olwa-Odyek. 2001. Bioassay-guided studies on
the cytotoxic and in vitro trypanocidal activities of sesquiterpene
(muzigadial) derived from a Ugandan medicinal plant (Warburgia
ugandensis ). Makerere University, Uganda.
Oniango MO. 2003. Effects of some fungicides and plant extracts of
indigenous plants and host genotypes on in vitro growth of
Phomopsis theae Petch, the cause of stem canker disease of tea.
[Thesis]. Egerton University, Kenya.
Onsando JM. 1988. Tea diseases situation in Kisii district, Tea 9:47-49.
Onsando JM, Wargo PM, Wando SW. 1997. Distribution, severity and
spread of Armillaria root disease in Kenya tea plantations. Plant Dis
81: 133-137.
Onsando J.M. 1987) Management of black rot of cabbage (Xanthosomas
Campestris pv campestris) in Kenya. Trop Pest Manag 33: 5-6.
Otieno W. 1998. Stem canker disease of tea causal organism Phomopsis
theae Petch. TRFK Quart Bull 3: 4-7.
Pathan MA, Legahri TN, Jiskani MM, Wagan KH. 2005. Evaluation of
different fungicides against Boryodiplodia theobromae causing
mango gummosis. International Symposium of Plant Disease
Management, Karachi, Pakistan.
Poiloakidou E. 2005. Biological control of powdery mildew, Pedoshaera
xanthii, on cucumber using plant extracts neem and alicin.
Phytopathology 100: 9913-9921.
Ponmurugan P, Baby UI, Gopi C. 2006. Efficacy of certain fungicides
against Phomopsis theae under in vitro conditions.
Ristaino JB. 1993. Infection of sweet potato fibrous roots by Streptomyces
ipomoeae; influence of soil water potential. Soil Biol 25:185-192.
Ruggut JK, Henry CW, Franzblau SU, Warner IM. 2006. NMR and
molecular study of phyrethrins I and II. J Agric Food Chem 47: 3402-
3410.
Seaman A, Dillards H, Cobb A, Potter S. 2004. Tomato foliar disease
control using OMRI-approved materials. Organic Farming Research
Foundation Project Report Kenya, Nairobi.
TBK [Tea Board of Kenya]. 2007. Tea Board of Kenya Statistics. Tea
Board of Kenya, Nairobi.
TBK [Tea Board of Kenya]. 2008. Tea Board of Kenya Statistics. Tea
Board of Kenya, Nairobi.
TBK [Tea Board of Kenya]. 2010. Tea Board of Kenya Statistics. Tea
Board of Kenya, Nairobi.
TRFK [Tea Research Foundation of Kenya]. 2001. The Tea Growers
Handbook, 5th Edition. The Tea Research Foundation of Kenya
Printing Services, Nairobi.
Wachira FN, Ronno W. 2004. Current research on tea in Kenya.
Proceedings of 2004 International Conference on O-cha (Tea)
Science, Nairobi, Kenya.
Wszelaki AL, Walker SD, Steiner CP, Miller SA. 2002. Evaluation of
alternative for the control of foliar and fruit diseases of organic
processing tomatoes. B & C Test 18: PT008.
Wube AA, Bucar F, Gibbons S, Asves K. 2005. Sequitereones from
Warburgia ugandensis and their antimycobacterial activity
Phytochemistry 66: 2309-2315.
Moline HE, Locke JC. 1993. Comparing neem seed oil with calcium
chloride and fungicides for controlling postharvest apple decay.
HortScience 28 (7): 719-720.