The supply chain of Javan spitting cobra (Naja sputatrix) utilization in cobra satay businesses in Jakarta, Indonesia

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##

PDF
DOI https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d250526
Issue
Vol. 25 No. 5 (2024)
Section
Articles
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

SILVA EKAPUTRA UTAMA ♥
Department of Tropical Biodiversity Conservation, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Jl. Ulin Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16880, West Java, Indonesia
YANTO SANTOSA
Department of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecotourism, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Jl. Ulin Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 16880, West Java, Indonesia
BURHANUDDIN MASYUD
Department of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecotourism, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Jl. Ulin Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 16880, West Java, Indonesia

Abstract

Abstract. Utama SE, Santosa Y, Masyud B. 2024. The supply chain of Javan spitting cobra (Naja sputatrix) utilization in cobra satay businesses in Jakarta, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 2086-2092. One frequently utilized reptile is the Javan spitting cobra (Naja sputatrix). Apart from Indonesia, countries that utilize cobras are China and India. One form of actual utilization for the community's economy from cobra utilization is the cobra satay business. The high economic potential threatens the cobra population in the wild. Moreover, trade in the supply chain can have a negative impact ecologically and economically, so it is necessary to approach the supply chain of the cobra business to understand the cobra supply chain, considering the roles of participants, distribution processes, the number and specifications of cobras utilized, the source of cobras, and the incurred losses within the supply chain. This research was conducted using the snowball sampling method, with in-depth interviews. Interviews with vendor were conducted at their shops in Jakarta, and interviews with agent and collector were conducted at their homes in Karawang. It enabled the identification of the supply chain of the cobra satay business consisting of vendor in Jakarta and collectors, agents, and hunters in Karawang. The data collected were the number, specifications, and prices of each supply chain link, as well as the form of cobra utilization from traders. An estimated ±1,560 cobras are used in the cobra satay business annually, with a minimum total length of 70 cm for the cobras. The results showed that the percentage of dead cobras in the supply chain was 5%-35%, which resulted in a reduction in income of Rp25,000 - Rp125,000 for agents, Rp40,000 - Rp240,000 for collector, and Rp200,000 - Rp2,000,000 for vendor.

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##

References
Allebone-Webb SM, Kümpel NF, Rist J, Cowlishaw G, Rowcliffe JM, Milner-Gulland EJ. 2011. Use of Market Data to Asses Bushmeat Hunting Sustainability in Equatorial Guinea. Conserv Biol. 25(3):597–606. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01681.x.
Aristides Y, Agus P, Adji S. 2016. Perlindungan Satwa Langka Di Indonesia Dari Perspektif Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna (Cites). Diponegoro Law J. 5(4):1–13.DOI: 10.14710/dlj.2016.13741
Ayari D, Boulila G. 2023. The Role of Emotion and Calculative Self-Interest in Trust Perception:Case of the Dairy Value Chain. J African Bus. 24(1):38–58. doi:10.1080/15228916.2022.2039862.
Boeadi, Shine R, Sugardjito J, Amir M dan Sinaga MH. 1998. Biology of the commercially harvesting rat snake (Ptyas mucosus) and cobra (Naja sputatrix) in Central Java. Mertensiella. 9: 99-104
Böhm M, Collen B, Baillie JEM, Bowles P, Chanson J, Cox N, Hammerson G, Hoffmann M, Livingstone SR, Ram M, et al. 2013. The conservation status of the world’s reptiles. Biol Conserv. 157:372–385. DOI:10.1016/j.biocon.2012.07.015.
Broad S, Mulliken T, Roe D. 2003. The nature and extent of legal and illegal trade in wildlife. In Oldfield S, editor. The Trade In Wildlife: Regulation For Conservation. Earthscan, London.
Brown GP, Weatherhead PI. 1999. Demography and sexual size dimorphism in northern water snake, Nerodia sipedon. Can I ZooI. 77: 1358-1366.
Chaltae A. 2011. Demography of the moncled cobra (Naja kaouthia) in the central region of Thailand [Thesis]. University of Louisville, Kentucky [United States of America].
Coad L, Schleicher J, Milner-Gulland EJ, Marthews TR, Starkey M, Manica A, Balmford A, Mbombe W, Diop BT, Abernethy KA. 2013. Social and ecological change over a decade in a village hunting system, Central Gabon. Cons Biol. 27:270–280.DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12012.
Directorate of Biodiversity Conservation of Species and Genetic. 2022. Work Report 2022. Ministry of Environment and Forestry. Jakarta.
Drury R. 2011. Hungry for success: Urban consumer demand for wild animal products in Vietnam. Conserv Soc. 9(3):247–257. DOI:10.4103/0972-4923.86995.
Febianti YN. 2014. Permintaan dalam ekonomi mikro. Edunomic. 2(1):15–24.
Govindan K, Hasanagic M. 2018. A systematic review on drivers, barriers, and practices towards circular economy: a supply chain perspective. Int J Prod Res. 56(1–2):278–311. DOI:10.1080/00207543.2017.1402141.
Hermawan H, Haryanto B. 2013. Analisis pengaruh persepsi prestise, persepsi kualitas, persepsi nilai, citra merek, citra negara asal terhadap niat pembelian produk asing yang dimediasi sikap dan variabel customer’s ethnocentrism sebagai peran moderasi (Studi pada niat pembelian produk asing sepatu “Converse” di Kota Surakarta). Fokus Manajerial. 12(1):23–40.
Herzegovina H, Kusrini MD, Masy’ud B. 2021. Pemanfaatan Herpetofauna sebagai obat di Kota Jakarta dan Bandung. Di dalam: Sujarwo W, Purwanto Y, Walujo (eds). Prosiding Seminar Nasional Etnobiologi ke V. Perhimpunan Masyarakat Etnobiologi, Bogor, 1 April 2021. [Indonesian]
Joshi T, Joshi M. 2010. Ethno-ophiology - A traditional knowledge among tribes and non-tribes of Bastar, Chhattisgarh. Indian J Tradit Knowl. 9(1):137–139.
Kazancoglu Y, Ozkan-Ozen YD, Ozbiltekin M. 2018. Minimizing losses in milk supply chain with sustainability: An example from an emerging economy. Resour Conserv Recycl. 139 April:270–279. DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.08.020.
Keskin BB, Griffin EC, Prell JO, Dilkina B, Ferber A, MacDonald J, Hilend R, Griffis S, Gore ML. 2023. Quantitative Investigation of Wildlife Trafficking Supply Chains: A Review. Omega. 115:1-18. DOI:10.1016/j.omega.2022.102780.
Khadiejah S, Razak N, Ward-Fear G, Shine R, Natusch DJD. 2019. Asian water monitors (Varanus salvator) remain common in Peninsular Malaysia, despite intense harvesting. Wildl Res. 46(3):265–275. DOI:10.1071/WR18166.
Kusrini MD, Palesa SR, Masy’ud B. 2021. Snake pet ownership in the city: A case study in Greater Jakarta, Indonesia. Biodiversitas. 22(4): 1790-1798. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d220424
Li L. 2007. Supply Chain Management. Concept, Techniques, and Practices Enhancing Value Through Collaboratuion. World Scientific Publishing, Singapore.
Luiselli, L. and F. M. Angelici. 2000. Ecological relationships in two Afrotropical cobra species (Naja melanoleuca and Naja nigricollis). Can. J. Zoo I. 78: 191-198.DOI: 10.1139/z99-200
Madsen T, Ujvari B, Shine R, Olsson M. 2006. Rain, rats and pythons: Climate-driven population dynamics of predators and prey in tropical Australia. Austral Ecol. 31(1):30–37. DOI:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2006.01540.x.
Mardiastuti A, Masy’ud B, Ginoga LN, Sastranegara H, Topo S. 2020. Pemanfaatan Herpetofauna oleh Masyarakat Lokal di Indonesia. IPB Press, Bogor.
McNamara J, Rowcliffe M, Cowlishaw G, Alexander JS, Ntiamoa-Baidu Y, Brenya A, Milner-Gulland EJ. 2016. Characterising wildlife trade market supply-demand dynamics. PLoS One. 11(9):1–18. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162972.
Mirdat I, Kartikawati SM, Siahaan S. 2019. Jenis satwa liar yang diperdagangkan sebagai bahan pangan di Kota Pontianak. Jurnal Hutan Lestari. 7(1): 287-295.DOI: 10.26418/jhl.v7i1.31792
Mukherjee S, Gomes A, Dasgupta CS. 2017. Zoo Therapeutic uses of Snake body parts in Folk & Traditional medicine. J Zool Res. 1(1):1–9.DOI: 10.22259/2637-5575.0101001
Najmudeen TM, Sathiadhas R. 2008. Economic impact of juvenile fishing in a tropical multi-gear multi-species fishery. Fish Res. 92(2–3):322–332. DOI:10.1016/j.fishres.2008.02.001.
Neumann CG, Bwibo NO, Murphy SP, Sigman M, Whaley S, Allen LH, Guthrie D, Weiss RE, Demment MW. 2003. Animal source foods improve dietary quality, micronutrient status, growth and cognitive function in Kenyan school children: background, study design and baseline findings. J Nutr. 133(11) : 3941-3949.DOI: 10.1093/jn/133.11.3941S
Nijman V. 2010. An overview of international wildlife trade from Southeast Asia. Biodivers Conserv. 19: 1101-1114.DOI: 10.1007/s10531-009-9758-4.
Nurdiani N. 2014. Teknik Sampling Snowball dalam Penelitian Lapangan. ComTech. 5(2):1110. DOI:10.21512/comtech.v5i2.2427.
O’Shea M. 2005. Venomous Snakes of the World. New Jersey (US): New Holland & Princeton University Press.
Ongirwalu DJ, Tumade P, Palandeng ID. 2015. Evaluasi Hilir Rantai Pasokan Dalam Sistem Logistik Komoditi Cabai Di Pasar Tradisional Pinasungkulan Manado. J Ris Ekon Manajemen, Bisnis dan Akunt. 3(1):994–1001.DOI: 10.35794/emba.3.1.2015.7804
Parjoni. 2012. Tata niaga, parameter demografi, dan karakteristik habitat ular sendok Naja sputatrix (Boie, 1827) di Provinsi Jawa Timur [Thesis]. Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor [Indonesian]
Phelps J, Biggs D, Webb EL. 2016. Tools and terms for understanding illegal wildlife trade. Front Ecol Environ. 14(9):479–489. DOI:10.1002/fee.1325.
Phelps T. 2007. Observations of the Cape cobra, Naja nivea (Serpentes: Elapidae) in the DeHoop Nature Reserve, Western Cape Provinve, South Africa. Herpeological Bulletin. 99:29-35.
Pourmohammad-zia N. 2022. Economic order quantity for growing items in the presence of mortality. J Supply Chain Manag Sci. 3(3):82–95.DOI: 10.18757/jscms.2022.6843
Puspitasari DE. 2022. Maraknya perdagangan satwa langka di era pandemi covid19 di Indonesia. Pamali. 2(1): 1-16.DOI: 10.47268/pamali.v2i1.816.
Robinson JE, Griffiths RA, Fraser IM, Raharimalala J, Roberts DL, St. John FAV. 2018. Supplying the wildlife trade as a livelihood strategy in a biodiversity hotspot. Ecol Soc. 23(1). DOI:10.5751/ES-09821-230113.
Rohman A, Saripi LSD, Pamularsih KLA. 2023. Eksploitasi satwa liar di Indonesia (Telaah Ketentuan Pasal 302 KUHP dan UU No . 41 Tahun 2014). Ma’mal J Lab Syariah dan Huk. 4(1): 81-97.DOI: 10.15642/mal.v4i1.230
Sadovy Y, Vincent ACJ. 2002. Ecological issues and the trades in live reef fishes. In: Sale PF (eds) Coral Reef Fishes: Dynamics And Diversity In A Complex Ecosystem. San Diego , Academic Press.
Shine R, Harlow PS, Keogh JS, Boeadi. 1996. Commercial harvesting of giant lizards: The biology of water monitors Varanus salvator in southern Sumatra. Biol Conserv. 77(2–3):125–134. DOI:10.1016/0006-3207(96)00008-0.
Sulistyo ADA. 2020. Perdagangan Satwa Liar yang Dilindungi dan Tidak Dilindungi Dalam Aturan Hukum Nasional dan Internasional (Studi Kasus Penyelundupan Tiliqua Gigas). J Huk Transnasional Univ Indones. 3(5):1–12. DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.14651.44326.
Syafutra R, Fitriana F, Heri H, Ahka R, Febriyani R, Mubinan MF. 2022. Pemanfaatan Satwa Liar Sebagai Obat Tradisional Oleh Masyarakat Desa Pedindang, Kabupaten Bangka Tengah. Biogenesis. 18(1):33. DOI:10.31258/biogenesis.18.1.33-41.
Tan NH, Wong KY, Tan CH. 2017. Venomics of Naja sputatrix, the Javan spitting cobra: A short neurotoxin-driven venom needing improved antivenom neutralization. J Proteomics. 157:18–32. DOI:10.1016/j.jprot.2017.01.018.
Todd BD, Willson JD, Winne CT, Semlitsch RD, Gibbons JW. 2008. Ecology of the Southeastern Crowned Snake, Tantilla coronata. Copeia. 2008(2):388–394. DOI:10.1643/CE-06-289.
Twining JP, Bernard H, Ewers RM. 2017. Increasing land-use intensity reverses the relative occupancy of two quadrupedal scavengers. PLoS One. 12(5):1–13. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0177143
Vallejo B. 1997. Survey and review of the Philippine marine aquarium fish industry. Sea Wind. 11: 2–16.
Van Uhm DP, Wong RWY. 2019. Establishing trust in the illegal wildlife trade in China. Asian J Criminol. 14(1):23–40. DOI:10.1007/s11417-018-9277-x.
Warchol GL, Zupan LL, Clack W. 2003. Transnational Criminality: An analysis of the illegal wildlife market in Southern Africa. Int Crim Justice Rev. 13:1–27. DOI: 10.1177/105756770301300101.
Wibowo A, Basukriadi A, Nurdin E. 2022. Applications of convex polygon and kernel density analyses to model the home ranges of equatorial spitting cobra in green areas of Universitas Indonesia campus, West Java. Zoo Indones. 31(2):121–131. DOI: 10.52508/zi.v31i2.4464.
Wicks AC, Berman SL, Jones TM. 1999. The structure of optimal trust: Moral and strategic implications. Acad Manag Rev. 24(1):99–116. doi:10.5465/AMR.1999.1580443.