Review: Status of wild elephant, conflict and conservation actions in Thailand
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
Issue
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
Abstract
Abstract. Sukmasuang R, Phumpakphan N, Deungkae P, Chaiyarat R, Pla-Ard M, Khiowsree N, Charaspet K, Paansri P, Noowong J. 2024. Review: Status of wild elephant, conflict and conservation actions in Thailand. Biodiversitas 25: 1479-1498. This study comprehensively reviewed various aspects of population status, distribution, conflict situations, and conservation strategies for managing human-elephant conflicts (HECs). The primary goal is to foster a clear understanding of the current status, issues, and problem-solving approaches to benefit elephant conservation and management. The key element in elephant conservation is the acceptance of the coexistence between humans and elephants in their respective areas. Managing overlapping areas between humans and elephants is crucial for conservation efforts. A major concern is that elephants venture outside protected areas, increasing risk to both human and elephant populations. Therefore, enhancing the efficiency of conflict management is of the utmost importance to the long-term survival of elephants. This study revealed that vital approaches for managing elephant populations in Thailand include designating conservation areas as the foundation for long-term elephant conservation. In addition, habitat management at the population level, implementing compensation schemes, establishing community-based monitoring groups in conflict areas, improving conflict management practices, and decentralizing decision-making processes in conservation efforts are critical. Other essential elements of successful conservation and management in Thailand include setting population targets for elephants in each conservation area, with the goal of effective management. This was supported by research, community collaboration, decentralization, and performance evaluation to gauge the success of implemented measures in reducing HECs by assessing the number of conflict incidents and fatalities for both humans and elephants. This suggests the need for a fundamental reform of the elephant conservation policy.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
References
Abdullah-Fauzi NAF, Karuppannan KV, Mohd-Radzi NHS, Gani M, Mohd-Ridwan AR, Othman N, Haris H, Sariyati NH, Aifat NR, Abdul-Latiff MAB, Abdul-Razak MFA, Md-Zain BM. 2022. Determining the dietary preferences of wild Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in Taman Negara National Park, Malaysia based on sex and age using trnL DNA metabarcoding analysis. Zool Stud 61: e60. DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2022.61-60.
Abram NK, Xofis P, Tzanopoulos J, MacMillan DC, Ancrenaz M, Chung R, Peter L, Ong R, Lackman I, Goossens B, Ambu L, Knight AT. 2014. Synergies for improving oil palm production and forest conservation in floodplain landscapes PLoS One 9: e95388. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095388.
Acharya KP, Paudel PK, Neupane PR, Köhl M. 2016. Human?wildlife conflicts in Nepal: Patterns of human fatalities and injuries caused by large mammals. PLoS One 11: 1-18. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161717.
Adams TSF, Chase MJ, Rogers TL, Leggett KEA. 2017. Taking the elephant out of the room and into the corridor: can urban corridors work? Oryx 51: 347-353. DOI: 10.1017/S0030605315001246
AERSM. 2017. Asian Elephant Range States Meeting Final Report 2017. Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Government of Indonesia. www.asesg.org/PDFfiles/2017/AsERSM%202017_Final%20Report.pdf.
Agarwal P. 2015. 350 Deaths a Year, Thousands of Hectares Damaged in Man-elephant Conflict. www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/350-deaths-a-year-thousands-of-hectares-damaged-in-man-elephant-conflict/articleshow/49915536.cms?from=mdr.
Ahmad Zafir AW, Magintan D. 2016. Historical review of human-elephant conflict in Peninsular Malaysia. JWP 31: 1-19. www.wildlife.gov.my/images/stories/penerbitan/jurnal/2016/Jilid_31/01_HISTORICAL_REVIEW_OF_HUMAN-ELEPHANT.pdf.
Amorntiyangkul P, Pattanavibool A, Ochakul W, Chinnawong W, Klanprasert S, Aungkeaw C, Duengkae P, Suksavate W. 2022. Dynamic occupancy of wild Asian elephant: a case study based on the SMART database from the Western Forest Complex in Thailand. Environ Nat Resour J 20 (3): 310-322. DOI: 10.32526/ennrj/20/202200005.
Andualem TG, Belay G, Guadie A. 2018. Land use change detection using remote sensing technology. J Earth Sci Clim Change 9 (10). DOI: 10.4172/2157-7617.100.
Ardiantiono S, Johnson PJ, Lubis MI, Amama F, Sukatmoko, Marthy W, Zimmermann A. 2021. Towards coexistence: can people’s attitudes explain their willingness to live with Sumatran elephants in Indonesia?. Conserv Sci Pract 3. DOI: 10.1111/csp2.520.
Awasthi B, Singh NB. 2015. Status of human-wildlife conflict and assessment of crop damage by wild animals in Gaurishankar conservation area, Nepal. JIST 20 (1): 107-111. DOI: 10.3126/JIST.V20I1.13918.
Badola R, Ahmed T, Gill AK, Dobriyal P, Chandra Das G, Badola S, Hussain SA. 2021. An incentive-based mitigation strategy to encourage coexistence of large mammals and humans along the foothills of Indian Western Himalayas. Sci Rep 11: 5235. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84119-7.
Bahishti AA, 2021. The importance of review articles and its prospects in scholarly literature. Extensive Rev 1 (1): 1-6. DOI: 10.21467/exr.1.1.4293.
Bangthong P, Sukmasuang R, Khoewsree N, Pla-ard M, Paansri P, Kaewdee B, Chairat R, Duengkae P, Siripattaranugul K. 2023. Species diversity, temporal pattern and habitat use of carnivorous mammals in the Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. J Wildl Biodivers 7: 128-151. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10023306.
Baskaran N, Kanakasabai R, Desai AA. 2018a. Ranging and spacing behaviour of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus Linnaeus) in the tropical forests of southern India. In: Sivaperuman C, Venkataraman (eds). Indian Hotspots. Springer, Singapore.
Baskaran N, Kanakasabai R, Desai AA. 2018b. Influence of ranging and hierarchy on the habitat use pattern by Asian elephant (Elephas maximus L.) in the tropical forests of southern India. In: Sivaperuman C, Venkataraman K (eds). Indian Hotspots. Springer, Singapore. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-6605-4_15.
Baskaran N, Varma S, Sar CK, Sukumar R. 2011. Current status of Asian elephants in India. Gajah 35: 47-54. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-6605-4_17.
Belgrano A, Cucchiella F, Jiang D, Rotilio M. 2023. Anthropogenic modifications: impacts and conservation strategies. Sci Rep 13: 12009. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38940-x.
Billah MM, Md. Rahman M, Abedin J, Akter H. 2021. Land cover change and its impact on human-elephant conflict: a case from Fashiakhali forest reserve in Bangladesh. SN Appl Sci 3: 649. DOI: 10.1007/s42452-021-04625-1.
Cabral de Mel SJ, Seneweera S, de Mel RK, Dangolla A, Weerakoon DK, Maraseni T, Allen BL. 2022. Current and future approaches to mitigate conflict between humans and Asian elephants: the potential use of aversive geofencing devices. Animals 12 (21): 2965. DOI: 10.3390/ani12212965.
Calabrese A, Calabrese JM, Songer M, Wegmann M, Hedges S, Rose R, Leimgruber. 2017. Conservation status of Asian elephants: the influence of habitat and governance. Biodivers Conserv 26: 2067-2081. DOI: 10.1007/s10531-017-1345-5 .
Chaiyarat R, Wettasin M, Youngpoy N, Cheachean N. 2023. Use of human-dominated landscape as connectivity corridors among fragmented habitats for wild Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in the eastern part of Thailand. Diversity 15: 6. DOI: 10.3390/d15010006.
Chakraborty K, Mondal J. 2013. Perceptions and patterns of human-elephant conflict at Barjora block of Bankura district in West Bengal, India: insights for mitigation and management. Environ Dev Sustain 15: 547-565. DOI: 10.1007/s10668-012-9392-2.
Chandran BP, D’Souza A, Athulya VVH, Lydia P, Ashwini VVH, Praisy J. 2023. Managing human-elephant cohabitation: strategies for mitigating conflict and encouraging coexistence. E3S Web Conf 405: 04018. DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf /202340504018.
Chandranaik BM, Patl V, Rathnamma D, Mamatha GS, Umashankar KS, Nagaraju DN, Byregowda SM. 2022. Drought may severely reduce the ability of wild Asian elephants Elephas maximus (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Elephantdae) to resist opportunistic infections. J Threat Taxa 14 (5): 20951-20963. DOI: 10.11609/jot.7835.14.5.20951-20963.
Chanthasene S, Phimmavong S, Baral H, Wayakone S, Wanneng P. 2022. Willingness to pay for conservation of the Asian elephant in Nakai Nam Theun National Protected Area in Laos. Open J Business Manag 10: 1167-1179. DOI: 10.4236/ojbm.2022.103063.
Chatterjee ND. 2016. Man-elephant conflict: A case study from forests in west Bengal, India. Springer Briefs in Environmental Science, Springer International Publishing, Switzerland. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-31162-3.
Cheah C, Yoganand K. 2022. Recent estimate of Asian elephants in Borneo reveals a smaller population. Wildl Biol 2022 (2): e01024. DOI: 10.1002/wlb3.01024.
Chen Y, Marino J, Chen Y, Tao Q, Sullivan CD, Shi K, Macdonald DW. 2016. Predicting hotspots of human-elephant conflict to inform mitigation strategies in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China. PLoS ONE 11 (9): e0162035. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162035.
Chokcharoen R, Sukmasuang R. 2012. Ecology of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) in Phu Wua Wildlife Sanctuary, Bueng Kan Province. Thai J For 19 (1): 13-22.
CITES. 2021. Illegal Trade in Live Asian Elephants: A Review of Current Legislative, Regulatory, Enforcement, and Other Measures Across Range States. www.cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/cop/17/WorkingDocs/E-CoP1757-01-A5.pdf
Clutton-Brock J. 2012. Animals as Domesticates: A World View Through History. Michigan State University Press, Michigan, USA.
Cook RM, Henley MD, Parrin F. 2015. Elephant movement patterns in relation to human inhabitants in and around the great Limpopo Transfrontier Park. Koedoe 57 (1): 1-7. DOI: 10.4102/koedoe.v57i1.1298.
Coverdale TC, Kartzinel TR, Grabowski KL, Shriver RK, Hassan AA, Goheen JR, Palmer TM, Pringle RM. 2016. Elephants in the understory: opposing direct and indirect effects of consumption and ecosystem engineering. Ecology 97: 3219-3230. DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1557 .
Das G, Selvan K, Lahkar B, Gopi GV. 2022. Effectiveness of physical barriers in mitigating human-elephant negative interactions in North-East India. Front Conserv Sci Sec Human-Wildlife Interact 3: 2022. DOI: 10.3389/fcosc.2022.956568.
Das JP, Lahkar BP, Sahu HK, Singha H. 2020. Population estimation of Asian elephants in a tropical forest of Northeast India. Gajah 52: 15-23.
de la Torre JA, Cheah C, Lechner AM, Wong EP, Tuuga A, Saaban S, Goossens B, Campos-Arceiz A.2022. Sundaic elephants prefer habitats on the periphery of protected areas. J Appl Eco 59 (12): 2947-2958. DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14286.
de Sharma R, Davidar P, Arumugam N, Sedhupathy A, Puyravaud JP, Selvan KM, P.P. Rahim A, Udayraj S, Parida J, Digal DK, Kanagaraj R, Kakati K, Nigam P, Williams AC, Habib B, Goyal SP. 2021. Pan-India population genetics signifies the importance of habitat connectivity for wild Asian elephant conservation. Glob Ecol Conserv 32: e01888. DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01888.
de Silva S, Wu T, Nyhus P, Weaver A, Thieme A, Johnson J, Wadey J, Mossbrucker A, Vu T, Neang T, Chen BS, Songer M, Leimgruber P. 2023. Land-use change is associated with multi-century loss of elephant ecosystems in Asia. Sci Rep 13: 5996. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30650-8.
Department of Wildlife Conservation [DWC]. 2019. Elephant Census in Sri Lanka 2019. www.ceylonexpeditions.com/elephant-census-in-sri-lanka-2019.
Department of Wildlife National Parks and Plant Conservation [DNP]. 2023. Current Wild Elephant Situation in Thailand. Wildlife Conservation Office, Bangkok. [Thailand]
Desai AA, Riddle H, 2015. Human-Elephant Conflict in Asia. US Fish and Wildlife Service, Asian Elephant Support. www.asianelephantsupport.org/current-projects/tag/human-elephant+conflict.
Dhaka, Bangladesh IUCN/SSC. 2013. Guidelines for Reintroductions and Other Conservation Translocations. Version 1.0. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN Species Survival Commission. www.iucn.org/content/guidelines-reintroductions-and-other-conservation-translocations.
Dhillon P. 2021. How to write a good scientific review article. FBES J 289 (13): 3592-3602. DOI: 10.1111/febs.16565.
Dror S, Harich F, Duangphakdee O, Savini T, Pogány A, Roberts J, Geheran J, Treydte AC. 2020. Are Asian elephants afraid of honeybees? Experimental studies in northern Thailand. Mamm Biol 100: 355-363. DOI: 10.1007/s42991-020-00042-w.
Dubost JM, Deharo E, Palamy S, Her C, Phaekovilay C, Vichith L, Duffillot S, Krief S. 2022. Interspecific medicinal knowledge and MahoutElephant interactions in Thongmyxay District, Laos. Revue d’ethnoécologie 22: 1-36. DOI: 10.4000/ethnoecologie.9705.
Fadillah R, Yoza D, Sribudiani E. 2014. Distribution and estimated production of food elephant Sumatera (Elephas maximus Temminck) around Duri, Mandau District, Bengkalis Regency. Jurnal Online Mahasiswa 1 (2): 1-9. www.neliti.com/publications/201643/sebaran-dan-perkiraan-produksi-pakan-gajah-sumatera-elephas-maximus-sumatranus-t#cite.
Fernando P, De Silva MCR, Jayasinghe LKA, Janaka HK, Pastorini J. 2021. First country-wide survey of the Endangered Asian elephant: towards better conservation and management in Sri Lanka. Oryx 55 (1): 46-55. DOI:10.1017/S0030605318001254
Fernando P, Leimgruber P, Prasad T, Pastorini J. 2012. Problem-elephant translocation: translocating the problem and the elephant? PLoS One. 7 (12): e50917. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050917.
Fernando P. 2015. Managing elephants in Sri Lanka: Where we are and where we need to be. Ceylon J Sci Biol Sci 44 (1): 1-11. DOI: 10.4038/cjsbs.v44i1.7336.
Goossens B, Sharma R, Othman N, Kun-Rodrigues C, Sakong R, Ancrenaz M, Ambu LN, Jue NK, O’Neill RJ, Bruford MW, Chikhi L. 2016. Habitat fragmentation and genetic diversity in natural populations of the Bornean elephant: Implications for conservation. Biol Conserv 196: 80-92. DOI: 10.1016/J.BIOCON.2016.02.008.
Goswami VR, Medhi K, Nichols JD, Oli MK. 2015. Mechanistic understanding of human-wildlife conflict through a novel application of dynamic occupancy models. Conserv Biol 29 (4): 1100-1110. DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12475.
Gunaryadi D, Sugiyo, Hedges S. 2017. Community-based human-elephant conflict mitigation: The value of an evidence-based approach in promoting the uptake of effective methods. PLoS One 12 (5): e0173742. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173742.
Gunawansa TD, Perera K, Apan A, Hettiarachchi NK, Bandara DY. 2023. Greenery change and its impact on human-elephant conflict in Sri Lanka: a model-based assessment using Sentinel-2 imagery. J Remote Sens 44 (16): 5121-5146. DOI: 10.1080/01431161.2023.2244644.
Gunawansa TD, Perera K, Apan A, Hettiarachchi NK. 2023. The human-elephant conflict in Sri Lanka: history and present status. Biodivers Conserv 32: 3025-3052. DOI: 10.1007/s10531-023-02650-7.
Guru BK, Das A. 2021. Cost of human-elephant conflict and perceptions of compensation: Evidence from Odisha, India. J Environ Plan Manag 64 (4): 1770-1794. DOI: 10.1080/09640568.2020.1838264.
Hoare R. 2012. Lessons from 15 years of human-elephant conflict mitigation: Management considerations involving biological, physical and governance issues in Africa. Pachyderm 51: 60-74.
Huang C, Li X, Khanal L, Jiang X. 2019. Habitat suitability and connectivity inform a co-management policy of protected area network for Asian elephants in China. Peer J 7: e6791. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6791.
Innoi P, Trisurat Y, Sukmasuang R. 2021. Population structure and foraging activities of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in the Salakpra Wildlife Sanctuary, Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand. Thai J For 40 (2): 128-141.
Islam MA, Mohsanin S, Chowdhury GW, Chowdhury SU, Aziz MA, Uddin M, Saif S, Chakma S, Akter R, Jahan I, Azam I. 2011. Current status of Asian elephants in Bangladesh. Gajah 35: 21-24.
IUCN Bangladesh. 2016. Status of Asian Elephants in Bangladesh. IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Bangladesh Country Office. www.portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2016-085.pdf.
Jadhav S, Barua M. 2012. The elephant vanishes: impact of human-elephant conflict on people's wellbeing. Health Place 18 (6): 1356-1365. DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.06.019.
Jerang J, Vanitha V, Baskaran N. 2020. Demography, feeding and keeper status of captive Asian elephants in Eastern Arunachal Pradesh, North-eastern India. Gajah 52: 30-38.
Jigme K, Williams AC. 2011. Current status of Asian elephants in Bhutan. Gajah 35: 25-28.
Kalam T, Baishya HK, Smith D. 2018. Lethal fence electrocution: A major threat to Asian elephants in Assam, India. Trop Conserv Sci 11 (4): 194008291881728. DOI: 10.1177/1940082918817283.
Karanth KK, Gopalaswamy AM, Prasad PK, Dasgupta S. 2013. Patterns of human-wildlife conflicts and compensation: Insights from Western Ghats protected areas. Biol Conserv 166: 175-185. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2013.06.027.
Karanth KK, Vanamamalai A. 2020. Wild seve: A novel conservation intervention to monitor and address human-wildlife conflict. Front Ecol Evol 8: 198. DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00198.
Kariyawasam CS, Kumar L, Ratnayake SS. 2020. Potential risks of plant invasions in protected areas of Sri Lanka under climate change with special reference to threatened vertebrates. Climate 8 (4): 51. DOI: 10.3390/cli8040051.
Khounboline K. 2011. Current status of Asian elephants in Lao PDR. Gajah 35: 62-66.
Köpke S, Withanachchi SS, Pathiranage R, Withanachchi CR, Gamage DU, Nissanka TS, Thiel A. 2021. Human-elephant conflict in Sri Lanka: a critical review of causal explanations. Sustainability 13 (15). DOI: 10.3390/su13158625.
Koshy J. 2021. Common survey to count India’s elephant and tiger populations. www.thehindu.com/news/national/common-survey-to-count-indias-elephant-and-tiger-populations/article35885595.ece.
Kroutnoi L, Sriburi T, Wijitkosum S, Nuanyai K. 2020. Determination of stimulating factors of wild Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) dispersal from the Kaeng Krachan National Park to surrounding land use in Thailand. Walailak J Sci Tech 17 (4): 392-404. DOI: 10.48048/wjst.2020.4087.
Kumar MA, Vijayakrishnan S, Singh M. 2018. Whose habitat is it anyway? Role of natural and anthropogenic habitats in conservation of charismatic species. Trop Conserv Sci 11: 1-5. DOI: 10.1177/1940082918788451.
Kuswanda W, Garsetiasih R, Gunawan H, Situmorang ROP, Hutapea FJ, Kwatrina RT, Karlina E, Atmoko T, Zahrah M, Takandjandji M, Gunaryadi D. 2022. Can humans and elephants coexist? a review of the conflict on Sumatra Island, Indonesia. Diversity 14 (6): 420. DOI: 10.3390/d14060420.
La Grange M, Matema C, Nyamukure B, Hoare R. 2022. The virtual fence dynamic: a real through for low-cost and sustainable mitigation of human-elephant conflict in subsistence agriculture? Front Conserv Sci 3:863180. DOI: 10.3389/fcosc.2022.863180.
Lamichhane BR, Subedi N, Pokheral CP, Dhakal M, Acharya KP, Pradhan NMB, Smith JLD, Malla S, Thakuri BS, Yackulic CB. 2018. Using interviews and biological sign surveys to infer seasonal use of forested and agricultural portions of a human?dominated landscape by Asian elephants in Nepal. Ethol Ecol Evol 30: 331-347. DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2017.1405847.
Leimgruber P, Zaw Min OO, Aung M, Kelly DS, Wemmer C, Senior B, Songer M. 2011. Current status of Asian elephants in Myanmar. Gajah 35: 76-86.
Li W, Liu P, Guo X, Wang L, Wang Q, Yu Y, Dai Y, Li L, Zhang L. 2018. Human-elephant conflict in Xishuangbanna prefecture, China: distribution, diffusion, and mitigation. Glob Ecol Conserv 16: e00462. DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00462.
Liefting Y, de Jong JF, Prins HHT. 2018. A new type of elephant fence: Permeable for people and game but not for elephant. Gajah 49: 11-19.
Lim T, Campos-Arceiz A. 2022. A review of human-elephant ecological relations in the Malay Peninsula: Adaptations for coexistence. Diversity 14: 36. DOI: 10.3390/d14010036.
Ling LE, Ariffin M, Manaf LA. 2016. A qualitative analysis of the main threats to Asian elephant conservation. Gajah 44: 16-22.
Liu P, Wen H, Harich FK, He C, Wang L, Guo X, Zhao J, Luo A, Yang H, Sun X, Yu Y, Zheng S, Guo J, Li L, Zhang L. 2017 Conflict between conservation and development: Cash forest encroachment in Asian elephant distributions. Sci Rep 7: 6404. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06751-6.
Lueders I, Young D, Maree L, van der Horst G, Luther I, Botha S, Tindall B, Fosgate G, Ganswindt A, Bertschinger HJ. 2017. Effects of GnRH vaccination in wild and captive African elephant bulls (Loxodonta africana) on reproductive organs and spermatogenesis. Plos One 12 (9): e0178270. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178270.
Madden F, McQuinn B. 2014. Conservation's blind spot: the case for conflict transformation in wildlife conservation. Biol Conserv 178: 97-106. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2014.07.015.
Majumder R. 2022. Human-elephant conflict in West Bengal, India: present status and mitigation measures. Eur J Wildl Res 68 (3). DOI: 10.1007/s10344-022-01583-w.
Maltby M, Bourchier G. 2011. Current status of Asian elephants in Cambodia. Gajah 35: 36-42.
Mariki SB, Svarstad H, Benjaminsen TA. 2015. Elephants over the cliff: Explaining wildlife killings in Tanzania. Land Use Policy 44: 19-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.10.018.
Mekonen, S. 2020. Coexistence between human and wildlife: the nature, causes and mitigations of human-wildlife conflict around Bale Mountains National Park, Southeast Ethiopia. BMC Ecol 20: 51. DOI: 10.1186/s12898-020-00319-1.
Menkham K, Sukmasuang R, Pla-Ard M, Charaspet K, Panganta T, Trisurat Y, Bhumpakphan N. 2019. Population and habitat use of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) and five ungulate species in Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary, Chachoengsao Province, Thailand. Biodiversitas 20 (8): 2213-2221. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d200815
Menkhum K, Pannapalakool M, Sukmasuang R, Charaspet K, Pangunta T, Plala-ard M, Phumpakphan N. 2018. Abundance and distribution of wild elephant even-toed ungulates in Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary. In: Taophimai L. (ed). Forestry Conference 2018: National Forest Reform, Bangkok, 23 August 2018. [Thailand]
Menon V, Bhattacharyya K, Sinha SK, Tiwari SK, Kaul R. 2022. Shared landscapes: optimizing conservation strategies using tiger and elephant sympatry in India. Diversity 14: 1055. DOI: 10.3390/d14121055.
Menon V, Tiwari SK. 2019. Population status of Asian elephants Elephas maximus and key threats. Intl Zoo Yearb 53 (1): 17-30. DOI: 10.1111/izy.12247.
Mohd-Radzi NHS, Karuppannan KV, Abdullah-Fauzi NAF, Mohd-Ridwan AR, Othman N, Abu M, Bakar AL, Gani M, Abdul-Razak MFA, Md-Zain BM. 2022. Determining the diet of wild Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) at human-elephant conflict areas in Peninsular Malaysia using DNA metabarcoding. Biodivers Data J 10: e89752. DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.10.e89752.
Montez D, Leng A. 2021. Status of Asian elephant and human-elephant conflict (HEC) in Asia: A brief and updated review. J Nat Appl Res 1 (1): 28-35.
Mukeka JM, Ogutu JO, Kanga E, Røskaft E. 2019. Human?wildlife conflicts and their correlates in Narok County, Kenya. Glob Ecol and Conserv 18: e00620. DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco. 2019.e00620.
Mumby HS, Plotnik JM. 2018. Taking the elephants’ perspective: remembering elephant behavior, cognition and ecology in human-elephant conflict mitigation. Front Ecol Evol 6: 122. DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00122.
Nad C, Roy R, Roy TB. 2022. Human elephant conflict in changing land-use land-cover scenario in an adjoining region of Buxa tiger reserve, India. Environ Chall 7: 100384. DOI: 10.1016/j.envc.2021.100384.
Naeem S, Ingram JC, Varga A, Agardy T, Barten P, Bennett G, Bloomgarden E, Bremer LL, Burkill P, Cattau M, Ching C, Colby M, Cook DC, Costanza R, DeClerck F, Freund C, Gartner T, Goldman-Benner R, Gunderson J, Jarrett D, Kinzig AP, Kiss A, Koontz A, Kumar P, Lasky JR, Masozera M, Meyers D, Milano F, Naughton-Treves L, Nichols E, Olander L, Olmsted P, Perge E, Perrings C, Polasky S, Potent J, Prager C, Quétier F, Redford K, Saterson K, Thoumi G, Vargas MT, Vickerman S, Weisser W, Wilkie D, Wunder S. 2015. Environment and development get the science right when paying for nature's services. Science 347 (6227): 1206-1207. DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa1403.
Naha D, Dash SK, Chettri A, Roy A, Sathyakumar S. 2020. Elephants in the neighborhood: patterns of crop-raiding by Asian elephants within a fragmented landscape of Eastern India. PeerJ 8: e9399. DOI 10.7717/peerj.9399.
Neupane B, Khatiwoda B, Budhathoki S. 2018. Effectiveness of solar-powered fence in reducing human-wild elephant conflict (HEC) in Northeast Jhapa District, Nepal. J For Nepal 15: 13-27. DOI: 10.3126/forestry. v15i0.24917.
Neupane D, Johnson RL, Risch TS. 2017. How do land-use practices affect human-elephant conflict in Nepal? Wildlife Biol (4). DOI: 10.2981/wlb.00313.
Nguyen VV, Nguyen HTT, Phan TTT, Lee CH. 2023. Determinants of locals’ willingness to participate in human-elephant conflict management: Evidence from Dong Nai Biosphere Reserve, Vietnam. Trees For People 14: 100435. DOI: 10.1016/j.tfp.2023.100435.
Nguyen VV, Phan TTT, Lee Chun-Hung L. 2022. Integrating multiple aspects of human-elephant conflict management in Dong Nai Biosphere Reserve, Vietnam. Glob Ecol Conserv 39: e02285. DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02285.
Nsonsi F, Heymans J, Diamouangana J, Mavinga FB, Breuer T. 2018. Perceived human-elephant conflict and its impact for elephant conservation in northern Congo. Afr J Ecol 56: 208-215. DOI: 10.1111/aje.12435.
Ntukey LT, Munishi LK, Kohi E, Treydte AC. 2022. Land use/cover change reduces elephant habitat suitability in the Wami Mbiki-Saadani Wildlife Corridor, Tanzania. Land 11 (2): 307. DOI: 10.3390/land11020307.
Osei-Owusu Y. 2018. Human-Wildlife Conflict: Elephants-Technical Manual. www.africanelephantfund.org/sites/default/files/gbb-uploads/elephant-technical.pdf.
Othman N, Fernando P, Yoganand K, Ancrenaz M, Alfred RJ, Nathan S, Goossens B. 2013. Elephant conservation and mitigation of human-elephant conflict in Government of Malaysia-UNDP multiple-use forest landscapes project area in Sabah. Gajah 39: 19-23.
Pastorini J, Nishantha HG, Janaka HK, Isler K, Fernando P. 2010. Waterbody use by Asian elephants in Southern Sri Lanka. Trop Conserv Sci 3: 412-422. DOI: 10.1177/194008291000300406.
Perera BMAO. 2009. The human-elephant conflict: a review of current status and mitigation methods. Gajah 30: 41-52.
Pla-Ard M, Khioesree N, Keawdee B, Hungheng W, Chattrakuldee P, Pengthong P, Thongbanthum J, Paansri P, Charaspet K, Panganta T, Chanachai Y, Duengkae P, Marod D, Uthairasmee S, Kaewkrachang T, Bhumpakphan N, Trisurat, Suksavate W, Sungkaew S, Pongpattananurak N, Racharak P, Wiwatwittaya D, Tasen W, Sukmasuang R. 2021. Monitoring the diversity, abundance, activity period and habitat use of wildlife species around the wildlife corridor that connects the natural world heritage site in Thailand. Biodiversitas 22 (11): 1-16. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d221134.
Pla-ard M, Khioesree N, Sungkalak B, Nathalang A, Thomas W, Uthairatsamee S, Paansri P, Chanachai Y, Sukmasuang R. 2021. Population characteristics and habitat suitability of Khao Yai National Park, Thailand for Asian elephant and five ungulate species. Biodiversitas 23 (1): 231-243. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d230129.
Pla-ard M, Sukmasuang R, Srinopawan K. 2019. Population characteristics and habitat suitability of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus Linnaeus, 1758) in the Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. Eur J Ecol 5 (2): 62-71. DOI: 10.2478/eje-2019-0012.
Pla-ard M, Sukmasuang R, Uthairasmee S. 2022. Some population characteristics and viability of captive Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) in Thailand. Biodiversitas 23: 1072-1081. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d230251.
Plotnik JM, Jacobson SL. 2022. A “thinking animal” in conflict: studying wild elephant cognition in the shadow of anthropogenic change. CRBS 46: 101148. DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2022.101148.
Pozo RA, Cusack JJ, McCulloch G, Stronza A, Songhurst A, Coulson T. 2018. Elephant space use is not a good predictor of crop damage. Biol Conserv 228: 241-251. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2018.10.031.
Pradhan NMB, Williams AC, Dhakal M. 2011. Current status of Asian elephants in Nepal. Gajah 35: 87-92. DOI: 10.3126/janr. v4i2.33828.
Prakash TGSL, Wijeratne AW, Fernando P. 2020. Human-elephant conflict in Sri Lanka: patterns and extent. Gajah 51: 16-25.
Promlao P, Bhunpakphan N, Mianmit N. 2019. Mitigation on people-elephant conflicts around Salakpra Wildlife Sanctuary, Kanchanaburi Province. Thai J For 38 (1): 1-12.
Putthiphong P, Sukmasuang R. 2022. Problems of conflict between people and wild elephants in the area of Khao Yai National Park. In: Duengkae P, Bhmpakphan N (eds). Proceeding of the 41st Thailand Wildlife Seminar, 30 November-2 December 2022, Kasetsart University, Bangkok. [Thailand]
Puyravaud JP, Cushman SA, Davidar P, Madappa D. 2017. Predicting landscape connectivity for the Asian elephant in its largest remaining subpopulation. Anim Conserv 20: 225-234. DOI: 10.1111/acv.12314.
Radhakrishnan S. 2018. A note on wildlife poisoning cases from Kerala, South India. Eur J Wildl Res 64 (5): 58. DOI: 10.1007/s10344-018-1218-6.
Rakdee R, Tasen W, Sukmasuang R. 2020. Opinions on the management of human-elephant conflict, Salakpra Wildlife Sanctuary area Kanchanaburi Province. In: Yangklang P (ed). Proceeding of the 8th National Academic Conference 2020, Faculty of Management Science Silpakorn University, 22 May 2020, Nakhon Pathom. [Thailand]
Ram AK, Mondol S, Subedi N, Lamichhane BR, Baral HS, Natarajan L, Amin R, Pandav B. 2021. Patterns and determinants of elephant attacks on humans in Nepal. Ecol Evol 11 (17): 11639-11650. DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7796.
Ram AK, Yadav NK, Subedi N, Pandav B, Mondol S, Khanal B, Kharal DK, Acharya HB, Dhakal BK, Acharya KP, Baral HS, Dahal BR, Mishra R, Naha D, Pradhan NMB, Natarajan L, Lamihhane BR. 2022. Landscape predictors of human-elephant conflicts in Chure Terai Madhesh Landscape of Nepal. Environ Chall 7: 100458. DOI: 10.1016/j.envc.2022.100458.
Rattanawanawong N, Bhumpakphan N, Kutintara U, Sukmasuang R. 2022. Wildlife-vehicle collisions in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand: Impact on native species for some conservation management. Biodiversitas 23 (6): 3050-3061. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d230632.
Reonsomboon T, Sukmasuang R. 2016. Distribution of some wildlife species along the electric elephant keep-out fence around Salakpra Wildlife Sanctuary, Kanchanaburi province. In: Taophimai L (ed). Proceedings of the Forestry Annual Conference 2016: Eco-efficiency based on forestry, Kasetsart University, 1-4 May 2016, Bangkok. [Thailand]
Rogers A, Treves A, Karamagi R, Nyakoojo M, Naughton-Treves L. 2023. Trenches reduce crop foraging by elephants: Lessons from Kibale National Park, Uganda for elephant conservation in densely settled rural landscapes. PLoS ONE 18 (7): e0288115. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288115.
Roy M, Sukumar R. 2015. Elephant corridors in Northern West Bengal. Gajah 43: 26-35.
Roy M, Sukumar R. 2017. Railways and wildlife: A case study of train-elephant collisions in northern west Bengal, India. In: Borda-de-Água L, Barrientos R, Beja P, Pereira H (eds). Railway Ecology. Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57496-7_10.
Saaban S, Othman NB, Yasak MNB, Nor BM, Zafir A, Campos-Arceiz A. 2011. Current status of Asian elephants in peninsular Malaysia. Gajah 35: 67-75.
Saha SK. 2020. Innovative way of human-elephant competition mitigation. J Threat Taxa 12 (11): 16494-16501. DOI: 10.11609/jott.5886.12.11.16494-16501.
Sajla JSF, Famees MF. 2022. Human-elephant conflict: challenges in agriculture Sector in Polonnaruwa District; A study based on literature review. Sri Lanka J Soc Sci Humanity 2: 73-84. DOI: 10.4038/sljssh.v2i1.58
Sakamoto M. 2017. Recent topics on CITES related to Asian elephants in particular. Gajah 47: 42-44.
Sampson C, Leimgruber P, Rodriguez S, McEvoy J, Sotherden E, Tonkyn D. 2019. Perception of human-elephant conflict and conservation attitudes of affected communities in Myanmar. Trop Conserv Sci 12:1-17. DOI: 10.1177/1940082919831242.
Sampson C, McEvoy J, Oo ZM, Chit AM, Chan AN, Tonkyn D, Soe P, Songer M, Williams AC, Reisinger K, Wittemyer G, Leimgruber P. 2018. New elephant crisis in Asia: Early warning signs from Myanmar. PLoS One 13 (3): e0194113. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194113.
Schliesinger J. 2015. Elephants in Thailand vol 1: Mahouts and Their Cultures Today. White Lotus Press, Bangkok, Thailand.
Sengupta A, Binoy VV, Radhakrishna S. 2020. Human-elephant conflict in Kerala, India: A rapid appraisal using compensation records. Hum Ecol 48, 101-109. DOI: 10.1007/s10745-020-00128-6.
Shaffer LJ, Khadka KK, Van Den Hoek J, Naithani KJ. 2019. Human-elephant conflict: a review of current management strategies and future directions. Front Ecol Evol 6: 235. DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00235.
Sharma P, Chettri N, Wangchuk K. 2021. Human-wildlife conflict in the roof of the world: Understanding multidimensional perspectives through a systematic review. Ecol Evol 11 (17): 11569-11586. DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7980.
Sharma P, Panthi S, Yadav SK, Bhatta M, Karki A, Duncan T, Poudel M, Acharya KP. 2020. Suitable habitat of wild Asian elephant in Western Terai of Nepal. Ecol Evol 10: 6112-6119. DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6356.
Sharma R, Goossens B, Heller R, Rasteiro R, Othman N, Bruford MW, Chikhi L. 2018. Genetic analyses favour an ancient and natural origin of elephants on Borneo. Sci Rep 8 (1): 880. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17042-5.
Shrestha S, Shrestha J. 2021. Asian elephants and their status in Nepal: a review. J Agric Nat Resour 4 (2): 227-237. DOI: 10.3126/janr.v4i2.33828.
Siripon S, Trisurat Y, Sukmasuang R. 2014. Impact of land use change on wild elephant habitat in Salakpra Wildlife Sanctuary, Kanchanaburi province. J Wildlife Thailand 21 (1): 138-149. [Thailand]
Songer M, Aung M, Allendorf TD, Calabrese JM, Leimgruber P. 2016. Drivers of change in Myanmar’s wild elephant distribution. Trop Conserv Sci 9 (4): 1-10. DOI: 10.1177/1940082916673749.
Songmanee N, Sukmasuang R, Pothitan R, Sariman S. 2017. Opinions of people on human and elephant conflict problem solution by moat around Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary, Chachoengsao province. Thai J For 36 (2): 107-118.
Su K, Ren J, Yang J, Hou Y, We Y. 2020. Human-elephant conflicts and villagers’ attitudes and knowledge in the Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve, China. Intl J Environ Res 17 (23): 8910. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17238910.
Sukmantoro YW, Alikodra HS, Kartono AP, Efransjah. 2019. Distribution and habitat preferences of Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus) in Riau, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20 (1): 226-235. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d200126.
Sukmasuang R, Thongtip N, Bhumpakphan N. 2013. The Studies of Ecology, Population, Distribution and Health to Solve Elephant Problems in Thailand. Research and Development Projects to Enhance Integrated Competitiveness Agricultural Research Project, Kasetsart University Research and Development Institute, Bangkok. [Thailand]
Sukmasuang R, Vinitpornsawan S, Jitvijak W, Chairat R, Siripunkaw C, Noonto B, Savini C, Charoedong T, Godfree A. 2022. Updating Wild Elephant Status from Thailand. In: Thongtip N (ed). The 2nd International Conference of Elephant and Wildlife Health Management in Asia (ICEW 2022), 15-16 June 2022, Nakhon Pathom Thailand.
Sukmasuang R. 2003. Ecology and population of wild elephants in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary. Thai Wildl J 11 (1): 13-36.
Sukmasuang R. 2009. Population density of Asian elephant in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary. Thai J For 28 (1): 40-50.
Sukmasuang R. 2014. Solving the wild elephant problem in Thailand. In: Duengkae P, Pongchareon (eds). Proceeding of the 35th Thai Wildlife Seminar, 18-19 December 2014, Bangkok. [Thailand]
Sukmasuang R. 2015. Status of wild elephants in Thailand. In: Pongchareon C (ed). Proceeding of Biodiversity Academic Conference, Bangkok. 11 March 2015. [Thailand]
Sukmasuang R. 2016. Current situation and conflict problems between people and wild elephants in Thailand. In: Kamolnorranath S (ed). the10th Zoo Wildlife Seminar, The Future of Wildlife is in Our Hands, Bangkok, 15 July 2016. [Thailand]
Sukmasuang R. 2018. Conservation of Elephants in Thailand. IUCN SSC Public Symposium A Global Perspective on Conservation, Bangkok. [Thailand]
Sukmasuang R. 2019. The Problem of Wild Elephants Falling into the Abyss and Solutions to the Problem, Meeting to Consider Solutions to the Problem of Wild Elephants Falling into Haew Narok Waterfall, Khao Yai National Park, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand. [Thailand]
Suksavate W, Duengkae P, Chaiyes A. 2019. Quantifying landscape connectivity for wild Asian elephant populations among fragmented habitats in Thailand. Glob Ecol Conserv 19: e00685. DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco. 2019.e00685.
Sukumar R, Varma S, Tiwari SKr, Menon V. 2016. Sustainable landscapes and corridors to conserve Asian elephants in India. In: Aguirre AA, R. Sukumar (eds). Tropical Conservation Perspectives on Local and Global Priorities. Oxford University Press, London.
Thant ZM, May R, Røskaft E. 2022. Human-elephant coexistence challenges in Myanmar: An analysis of fatal elephant attacks on humans and elephant mortality. J Nat Conserv 69: 126260. DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2022.126260.
Thongchai S, Dejchaisri S, Sukmasuang R, Thongtipsiridech S, WajjwalkuW, Kaolim N. 2011. Genetic diversity of wild elephant (Elephas maximus Linnaeus, 1758) in the northeastern part of Thailand. Thai Wildlife J 18 (1): 16-33.
Thouless CR, Dublin HT, Blanc JJ, Skinner DP, Daniel TE, Taylor RD, Maisels F, Frederick HL, Bouché P. 2016. African Elephant Status Report 2016. www.portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/SSC-OP-060_A.pdf.
Tiller L, King L, Lala F, Pope F, Thouless C, Wall J, Douglas-Hamilton I. 2022. The outcome of an elephant translocation from Isiolo to Tsavo East National Park, Kenya. Pachyderm 63: 91-98.
Tripathy BR, Liu X, Songer M, Kumar L, Kaliraj S, Chatterjee ND, Wickramasinghe WMS, Mahanta KK. 2021. Descriptive spatial analysis of human-elephant conflict (HEC) distribution and mapping HEC hotspots in Keonjhar Forest Division. India Front Ecol Evol 9: 640624. DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.640624.
van de Water A, King LE, Arkajak R, Arkajak J, can Doormaal N, Ceccarelli V, Sluiter L, Doornwaard SM, Praet V, Owen D, Matteson K. Beehive fences as a sustainable local solution to human-elephant conflict in Thailand. Conserv Sci Pract 2: e260. DOI: 10.1111/csp2.260.
van de Water A, Matteson K. 2018. Human-elephant conflict in western Thailand: Socio-economic drivers and potential mitigation strategies. PLoS One 13 (6): e0194736. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194736.
Vanitha V, Thiyagesan K, Baskaran N. 2010. Daily routine of captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in three management systems of Tamil Nadu, India and its implications for elephant welfare. J Sci Trans Environ Technov 3 (3): 116-122. DOI: 10.20894/stet.116.003.003.002.
Wahed MA, Ullah MR, Irfanullah HMd. 2016. Human-Elephant Conflict Mitigation Measures: Lessons from Bangladesh. IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Bangladesh Country Office, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Wang H, Wang P, Zhao X, Zhang W, Li J, Xu C, Xie P. 2021. What triggered the Asian elephant’s northward migration across southwestern Yunnan? Innovation 2 (3): 100142. DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100142.
Wang J, Chen Y, Sun Y, Lyu Z, Shi K. 2023. Inferring human-elephant coexistence based on characteristics of human-elephant interactions in Nangunhe of Yunnan, China. Chin Geogr Sci 33 (2): 363-376. DOI: 10.1007/s11769-023-1332-6.
Wang J, Chen Y, Sun Y. 2023. Inferring human-elephant coexistence based on characteristics of human-elephant interactions in Nangunhe of Yunnan, China. Chin Geogr Sci 33: 363-376. DOI: 10.1007/s11769-023-1332-6.
Wang W, Wronski T, Yang L. 2024. The status of wildlife damage compensation in China. Animals 14 (2): 292. DOI: 10.3390/ani14020292.
Wannasathit W, Sukmasuang R. 2019. People's opinions on reducing conflicts between people and wild elephants Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary Kaeng Hang Maeo District area Chanthaburi Province. RRBR 14 (2): 160-169.
Warapitiya, CC, Nissanka BM, Ranasinghe NN, Senarathna CD. 2021. Human-elephant conflict in Sri Lanka: A critical review of causal explanations. Sustainability 13: 8625. DOI: 10.3390/ su13158625.
Wettasin M, Chaiyarat R, Sukmasuang R, Tanhan P. 2022. The effects of environmental factors on the distribution of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in the eastern region of Thailand. In: Thapthong S (ed) Proceeding of the National-level Academic Conference on Science and Technology, Phetchabun Rajabhat University, Thailand, 19 March 2022. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40070-3. [Thailand]
Wettasin M, Chaiyarat R, Youngpoy N, Jieychien N, Sukmasuang R, Tanhan P. 2023. Environmental factors induced crop raiding by wild Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) in the Eastern Economic Corridor, Thailand. Sci Rep 13: 13388. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40070-3.
Wijayagunawardane MPB, Short RV, Samarakone TS, Nishany KBM, Harrington H, Perera BVP, Rassool R, Bittner EP. 2016. The use of audio playback to deter crop-raiding Asian elephants. Wildl Soc Bull 40: 375-379. DOI: 10.1002/wsb.652.
Williams C, Tiwari SK, Goswami VR. de Silva S, Kumar A, Baskaran N, Yoganand K, Menon V. 2020. Elephas maximus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T7140A45818198. DOI: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T7140A45818198.en
Wilson G, Desai AA, Sim DA, Linklater WL. 2013. The influence of the invasive weed Lantana camara on elephant habitat use in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, southern India. J Trop Ecol 29: 199207. DOI: 10.1017/S0266467413000205.
Wilson S, Davies TE, Hazarika N, Zimmermann A. 2015. Understanding spatial and temporal patterns of human-elephant conflict in Assam, India. Oryx 49: 140-149. DOI: 10.1017/S0030605313000513.
Xu J, Wei J, Liu W. 2019. Escalating human-wildlife conflict in the Wolong Nature Reserve, China: A dynamic and paradoxical process. Ecol Evol 9 (12): 7273-7283. DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5299.
Yamamoto-Ebina S, Saaban S, Campos-Arceiz A, Takatsuki S (2016) Food habits of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in a rainforest of northern Peninsular Malaysia. Mamm Stud 41 (3): 155?161. DOI: 10.3106/041.041.0306.
Yuphong A, Potithaen R, Sukmasuang R. 2015. People's responses to human-wild elephant conflict: A case study of Salakpra Wildlife Sanctuary, Kanchanaburi Province. In: Phawongrat R (ed). Following in His Majesty's Footsteps; Proceeding of the National Academic Conference. Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, 8-9 December 2015. [Thailand]
Most read articles by the same author(s)
- YAMEERA NANLA, DOKRAK MAROD, PRATEEP DUENGKAE, PAANWARIS PAANSRI, JEDSADA NOOWONG, CHIRANAN MANITOEM, RONGLARP SUKMASUANG, Factors influencing appearance and suitable habitat for wild elephants in the Khao Yai National Park, Thailand , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 25 No. 7 (2024)
- THAKSIN WONGSON, SUPAWAT KHAEWPHAKDEE, WIROON MONGKONSIN, LAUREL E. K. SERIEYS, WAI-MING WONG, MARNOCH YINDEE, RATTAPAN PATTANARANGSAN, WARONG SUKSAVATE, PONGSATORN PROMKUNTOD, CHAIWAT KLAKHAENG, RONGLARP SUKMASUANG, Dietary habits of fishing cats in a human-dominated wetland in Coastal Thailand , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 25 No. 6 (2024)
- RONGLARP SUKMASUANG, PHRAEMAI CHAISOMBOON, PAANWARIS PAANSRI, YONGYUT TRISURAT, PEMIKA KANKA, NORASET KHIOWSREE, BUNYATHIPORN KAEWDEE, KITTIWARA SIRIPATTANUKUL, ANDAMAN CHANKHAO, Abundance and factors affecting the appearance of Siamese fireback and Red junglefowl in the lowland forest of Thailand , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 24 No. 10 (2023)
- WARUT CHALEEKARN, PRATEEP DUENGKAE, CHATTRAPHAS PONGCHAROEN, NANTIDA SUTUMMAWONG, PISUT NAKMUENWAI, SASITHON SIRIPIN, CHANON CHIRACHITMICHI, WUTTSAK KUMMOO, PAANWARIS PAANSRI, WARONG SUKSAVATE, Effect of enviromental factors at multiple landscape scales on bird community in riparian ecosystem at Mun-Chi River confluence, Thailand , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 23 No. 10 (2022)