Variation of seed sizes and its effect on germination and seedling growth of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla)
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Abstract. Pramono AA, Syamsuwida D, Putri KP. 2019. Variation of seed sizes and its effect on germination and seedling growth of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla). Biodiversitas 20: 2576-2582. To get high-quality seeds, the size of seed is often suggested to be criteria of selection in seed collection. However, the size is not always effective to be used as a basis for seed selection. The study is aimed to determine the variation of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) seed sizes and its effect on the germination and seedlings growth. The fruits were collected from stands of mahogany in Jonggol and Parung Panjang, Bogor District, Indonesia. The seeds were grouped into 5 classes based on seed size. The observation was conducted on seed viability of each size class as well as the growth of seedlings until 3 months old. The results showed that the seed size of mahogany was affected by position of the seeds inside the fruit, the mother trees, and fruit size. The seeds size of < 6 cm long had significantly lower germination rate and capacity than those seeds of more than 6 cm long. The size of seeds affected the initial growth of seedlings, but did not influence the subsequent growth of seedling after 3 months old. The selection of seeds was done by removing the seeds of less than 6 cm long.
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References
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Pramono AA, Palupi ER, Siregar IZ, Kusmana C. 2016. Characteristics of Surian Flower. Fruit and Seed Productions (Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) M. Roem.) in Sumedang, West Java. Trop Life Sci Res 27(1):77-91.
Ratnaningrum YWN, Indrioko S. 2015. Response of flowering and seed production of sandalwood (Santalum album Linn. Santalaceae) to climate changes. Procedia Environ Sci 28(2015): 665-675.
Rawat K, Bakshi M. 2011. Provenance variation wallic in cone, seed and seedling characteristics in natural populations of Pinus hiana A.B. Jacks (Blue Pine) in India. Ann For Res 54(1): 39-55.
Shankar U, Synrem IL. 2012. Variation in morphometric traits of fruits and seeds of Prunus nepaulensis Steud. in Meghalaya. India. Trop Ecol 53(3):273-286.
Singh O, Sofi AH. 2011. Clone variation of seed traits. germination and seed- ling growth in Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. clonal seed orchard. Ann For Res 54(2):139-149.
Suita E, Nurhasybi. 2008. Pengaruh ukuran benih terhadap perkecambahan dan pertumbuhan bibit tanjung (Mimusops elengi L.). JMHT XIV(2): 41-46.
Susko DJ, Lovett-Doust L. 2000. Patterns of seed mass variation and their effects on seedling traits in Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae). Am J Bot 87(1):56–66.
Susko DJ, Cavers PB. 2008. Seed size effects and competitive ability in Thlaspi arvense L. (Brassicaceae). Botany 86(3): 259-267.
Takahashi A, Shimada T, Shibata M. 2011. Variation in seed production schedule among individual trees of a deciduous oak species Quercus serrata: its relation to seed characteristics. Plant Ecol 212(9):1527-1535.
Ugese FD, Mbah BN, Baiyeri PK. 2010. Agroecological variation in the fruits and nuts of shea butter tree (Vitellaria paradoxa C. F. Gaertn.) in Nigeria. Agroforest Syst 79(2):201-211.
Wulandari W, Bintoro A, Duryat. 2015. Pengaruh ukuran berat benih terhadap perkecambahan benih merbau darat (Intsia palembanica). JSL 3 (2):79-88.
Yulyatin A, Diratmaja IGPA. 2015. Pengaruh ukuran benih kedelai terhadap kualitas benih. Agros 17(2):166-172.
Abdelbasit, Elmagboul H, Mahgoup S, ElDoma A. 2014. Variation in seed morphometric characteristics and germination of Acacia tortilis subspecies raddiana and subspecies spirocarpa among three provenances in Sudan. GJBB 3(2): 191-196.
Ager AA, Stettle RF. 1983. Local variation in seeds of ponderosa pine. Can J Bot 61: 1337-1344.
Arellano G, Peco B. 2012.Testing the role of seed size in annual legume seedling performance under experimental autumn moisture conditions. J Veg Sci 23(4):690-697.
Bahri S, Saukani. 2017. Pengaruh ukuran biji dan media tanam terhadap perkecambahan dan pertumbuhan bibit karet (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.). J Agrosamudra 4(1):58-70.
Carón MM, De Frenne P, Brunet J. 2014 . Latitudinal variation in seeds characteristics of Acer platanoides and A. pseudoplatanus. Plant Ecol 215(8): 911-925.
Castro J. 1999. Seed mass versus seedling performance in Scots pine : a maternally dependent trait. New Phytol 144(1): 153–161.
Chiveu CJ, Dangasuk OG, Omunyin ME et al. 2009. Quantitative variation among Kenyan populations of Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. for gum production, seed and growth traits. New Forests 38(1):1-14.
Coutts SR, Caplat P, Cousins K et al. 2012. Reproductive ecology of Pinus nigra in an invasive population: individual- and population-level variation in seed production and timing of seed release. Ann Forest Sci 69(4):467-476.
Divakara BN, Alur AS, Tripati S. 2010. Genetic variability and relationship of pod and seed traits in Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre.. a potential agroforestry tree. Int J Plant Prod 4 (2): 129-141.
Fredrick C, Muthuri C, Ngamau K et al. 2015. Provenance variation in seed morphological characteristics. germination and early seedling growth of Faidherbia albida. J Hortic For 7(5):127-140.
Guan J, Yu H, Zhang J et al. 2013. Study on Seed Morphology and Genetic Diversity of Jatropha curcas L. from Different Provenances Advance. Int J Food Sci Technol 5(2): 169-173.
Harper JL, Lovell E, Moore KG. 1970. The shapes and sizes of seeds. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 1(1970):327-356.
Hasnah TM. 2013. Pengaruh ukuran benih terhadap pertumbuhan bibit nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) . Wana Benih 14(2):119-134.
Heryana N, Rusli, Indriati G. 2008. Pengaruh ukuran benih terhadap pertumbuhan bibit makadamia (Macadamia integrifolia). Agrin 12(1):35-41.
Kang H, Jaschek G, Bawa KS. 1992. Variation in seed and seedling traits in Pithecellobium pedicellare a tropical rain forest tree . Oecologia 91(2): 239-244.
Kelly BA, Gourlet-Fleury S, Bouvet J. 2007. Impact of agroforestry practices on the ?owering phenology of Vitellaria paradoxa in parklands in southern Mali. Agroforest Syst. 71:67-75.
Kumar H, Lal SB, Wani AM et al. 2017. Seed Size Correlates with Germination Traits in Terminalia arjuna Genotypes. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 6(8): 2896-2903.
Lombardo JA, McCarthy BC. 2008. Silvicultural treatment effects on oak seed production and predation by acorn weevils in southeastern Ohio. For Ecol Manage 255(7): 2566-2576.
Mkwezalamba I, Munthali CRY, Missanjo E. 2015. Phenotypic variation in fruit morphology among provenances of Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst. IJFR. DOI: 10.1155/2015/73541.
Munthali CRY, Chirwa PW, Akinnifesi FK. 2012. Phenotypic variation in fruit and seed morphology of Adansonia digitata L. (Baobab) in five selected wild populations in Malawi. Agroforest Syst 85(2): 279-290.
Norghauer JM, Nock CA, Grogan J. 2011. The importance of tree size and fecundity for wind dispersal of big-leaf mahogany. PLoS ONE 6(3): e17488.
Okullo JBL, Hall JB, Obua J. 2004. Lea?ng. ?owering and fruiting of Vitellaria paradoxa subsp. nilotica in savannah parklands in Uganda. Agroforest Syst. 60(1):77–91
Ouarda HE, Naghmouchi S, Walker DJ et al. 2008. Variability in the pod and seed parameters and nuclear DNA content of Tunisian populations of Ceratonia siliqua L. Agroforest Syst 74(1):73–81.
Pramono AA, Palupi ER, Siregar IZ, Kusmana C. 2016. Characteristics of Surian Flower. Fruit and Seed Productions (Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) M. Roem.) in Sumedang, West Java. Trop Life Sci Res 27(1):77-91.
Ratnaningrum YWN, Indrioko S. 2015. Response of flowering and seed production of sandalwood (Santalum album Linn. Santalaceae) to climate changes. Procedia Environ Sci 28(2015): 665-675.
Rawat K, Bakshi M. 2011. Provenance variation wallic in cone, seed and seedling characteristics in natural populations of Pinus hiana A.B. Jacks (Blue Pine) in India. Ann For Res 54(1): 39-55.
Shankar U, Synrem IL. 2012. Variation in morphometric traits of fruits and seeds of Prunus nepaulensis Steud. in Meghalaya. India. Trop Ecol 53(3):273-286.
Singh O, Sofi AH. 2011. Clone variation of seed traits. germination and seed- ling growth in Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. clonal seed orchard. Ann For Res 54(2):139-149.
Suita E, Nurhasybi. 2008. Pengaruh ukuran benih terhadap perkecambahan dan pertumbuhan bibit tanjung (Mimusops elengi L.). JMHT XIV(2): 41-46.
Susko DJ, Lovett-Doust L. 2000. Patterns of seed mass variation and their effects on seedling traits in Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae). Am J Bot 87(1):56–66.
Susko DJ, Cavers PB. 2008. Seed size effects and competitive ability in Thlaspi arvense L. (Brassicaceae). Botany 86(3): 259-267.
Takahashi A, Shimada T, Shibata M. 2011. Variation in seed production schedule among individual trees of a deciduous oak species Quercus serrata: its relation to seed characteristics. Plant Ecol 212(9):1527-1535.
Ugese FD, Mbah BN, Baiyeri PK. 2010. Agroecological variation in the fruits and nuts of shea butter tree (Vitellaria paradoxa C. F. Gaertn.) in Nigeria. Agroforest Syst 79(2):201-211.
Wulandari W, Bintoro A, Duryat. 2015. Pengaruh ukuran berat benih terhadap perkecambahan benih merbau darat (Intsia palembanica). JSL 3 (2):79-88.
Yulyatin A, Diratmaja IGPA. 2015. Pengaruh ukuran benih kedelai terhadap kualitas benih. Agros 17(2):166-172.