Genetic diversity of mutant napiergrass using Expressed Sequence Tag Simple Sequence Repeat (EST-SSR)
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Abstract. Mansyur, Karti PMH, Abdullah L, Husni A, Lestari P. 2019. Genetic diversity of mutant napiergrass using Expressed Sequence Tag Simple Sequence Repeat (EST-SSR). Biodiversitas 20: 2403-2409. Napiergrass is one of the tropical grasses which has a very important role in developing ruminant livestock, its productivity is high and its nutritional content is quite good. Plant breeding to produce new varieties that have better productivity continues. One of them is through mutation breeding and in vitro culture. The purpose of this research was to look at the genetic diversity among napiergrasses using the Expressed Sequence Tag Simple Sequence Repeat (EST-SSR). This study used 14 SSR molecular markers. The results showed that mutant DNA of napiergrass can be clearly amplified by all the EST-SSR primers used. The average number of alleles was 4.57, the average frequency of the main allele was 42%, and the average value of gene diversity was 0.66. While the PIC average value was 0.60. There were five markers that were very informative and have PIC values ??above 0.7, among others, namely ICMP3045, ICMP3018, PSMP2090, PSMP2209, and PSMP2019. Phylogenetic analysis shows that 37 numbers of napiergrass mutants split into two main clusters at a coefficient of 0.56. The first cluster consists of 26 lines while the second cluster consists of 11 mutants. The parent napiergrass is in the first cluster. There are two pairs of mutants that have the same diversity, namely R20-11 with R 20-20-3 and R100-1 with R100-3.
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References
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Anderson WF, Dien BS, Brandon, SK, Peterson JD. 2008. Assessment of Bermuda grass and bunch grasses as feed stocks for conversion to ethanol. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 145, 13-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12010-007-8041-y
Azevedo ALS, Costa PP, Machado JC, Machado MA, Pereira AV, Silva Ledo FJ. 2012. Cross species amplification of Pennisetum glaucum microsatellite markers in Pennisetum purpureum and genetic diversity of napiergrass accessions. Crop Sci. 52:1776–1785 http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2011.09.0480
Bhandari AP, Sukanya DH, & Ramesh, C. R. 2006. Application of isozyme data in fingerprinting napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) for germplasm management. Genetic. Resources. Crop Evolution, 53, 253-264. http://doi:10.1007/s10722- 004-6120-2
Budak H, Pedraza F, Cregan PB, Baenziger PS, Dweikat I. 2003. Development and utilization of SSRs to estimate the degree of genetic relationships in a collection of pearl millet germplasm. Crop Sci. 43:2284-2290. http://doi:10.2135/cropsci2003.2284
Casas GL, Zingale N, Distefano G, Caruso M, Nicolosi E, Gentile A, La Malfa S. 2017. Genetic diversity in Opuntia spp. cultivated for forage production. JPACD19:1-10
Cheng YK. 1991. Forage Breeding in Taiwan. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Sciences. 4(2): 203 – 210.
Collin HA, Edwards S, 1998. Selection for Somaclonal Variation. In: Collin, H.A. and S. Edwards (Eds.) Plant Cell Culture,. Bios Scientific Publishers, UK, pp: 91-101.
DeVicente MC, Fulton T. 2003. Using molecular marker technology in studies on plant genetic diversity. www.ipgr.cgiar.org/publication/pubfile.asp?ID_PUB=912.
DeWoody JA, Honeycutt RL & Skow LC. 1995. Microsatellite markers in white-tailed deer. J. Hered. 86: 317-319.
Doyle JJ, Doyle JL. 1990. Isolation of plant DNA from fresh tissue. Focus, 12: 13-15.
Elibariki G, Njahira M, Wanjala B, Hosea K, Ndunguru J. 2013. Genetic diversity and identification of duplicates in selected Tanzanian farmer preferred cassava landraces using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. International Journal of Research in Plant Science, 3(4), 81-87.
Gupta PK, Balyan HS, Sharma PC, Ramesh B. 1996. Microsatellites in plants:A new class of molecular markers. Journal of Current Sci. 7 (1): 45 – 54
Harris K, Anderson W, Malik R. 2009. Genetic relationships among napiergrass {Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) nursery accessions using AFLP markers. Plant Genet. Resour. 8:63-70. http://doi:10.1017/S1479262109990165
HenryRJ. 2001. Plant genotyping: the DNA fingerprinting of plants. CABI Publishing, UK.
Hildebrand CE, Torney DC, Wagner RP. 1992. Informativeness of polymorphic DNA markers. LosAlamos Science, 30, 100–102.
Hirata M, Yuyama N, Cai H, 2011. Isolation and characterization of simple sequence repeat markers for the tetraploid forage grass Dactylis glomerata. Plant Breeding 130, 503—506 http://doi:10.1111/j.1439-0523.2010.01831.x
Humpreys. MO. 2005. Genetic improvement of forage crops – past, present and future. Journal of Agricultural Science. 143. 441- 448. http://doi:10.1017/S0021859605005599
Jakob K, Zhou F, Paterson, A. H. 2009. Genetic improvement of C4 grasses as cellulosic biofuel feed stocks. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology. Plant, 45: 291-305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11627-009-9214-x
Jeffreys AJ, Wilson V, Thein SL. 1985. Individual specific fingerprints of human DNA. Nature. 316: 76-79.
Kandel R, Singh HP, Singh BP, Harris-Shultz KR, Anderson WP. 2015. Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Napier Grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) using Microsatellite, Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism and Insertion-Deletion Markers from Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum . [L.] R. Br.). Plant Mol Biol Rep. http://DOI:10.1007/s11105-015-0918-2
Kawube G, Alicai T, Wanjala B, Njahira M, Awalla J, Skilton R. 2015. Genetic Diversity in Napier Grass (Pennisetum purpureum) Assessed by SSR Markers. Journal of Agricultural Science; 7 (7) http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v7n7p147
Lee MK, Tsai WT, Tsai YL, Lin SH. 2010. Pyrolysis of Napier grass in an induction-heating reactor. Journal of Analystical and Applied pyrolysis, 88, 110-116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2010.03.003
Legesse BW, Myburg AA, Pixley KV, Botha AM. 2007. Genetic diversity of African maize inbred lines revealed by SSR markers. Hereditas, 144 (1), 10–17.
Lestari EG, Dewi IS, Yunita R, Wukwadjaja D.2010. Mutation and somaclonal diversity to improve leaf blast disease resistance in fatmawati rice. Buletin Plasma Nutfah. 16 (2): 96-102
Lestari P, Risliawati A, Utami DW, Hidayatun N, Santoso TJ, Chaerani. 2016. Development of SSR-based spesific identity on 29 Indonesian local soybean varieties. Jurnal Biologi Indonesia. 12 (2): 219- 229
Liu K, Muse SV. 2005. PowerMarker: An Integrated analysis enviroment for genetic marker analysis. Bioinformatic Research Center. North Carolina State University. Raleigh.
Lopez Y, Kurashev A, Chase C, Gallo M, Sollenberger L, Altpeter F, Wang J. 2018. Developing and validating microsatellite markers in napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum S.). Euphytica. 214:185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-018-2256-6
Lowe AJ, Thorpe W, Teale A, Hanson J. 2003. Characterisation of germplasm accessions of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum and Pennisetum purpureum × Purpureum glaucum Hybrids) and comparison with farm clones using RADP. Genetic resources and Crop Evolution, 50, 121-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022915009380
Malaviya DR, Raman H, Dear BS, Raman R, Roy AK, Kaushal P, Chandra A, Hughes SJ. 2019. Genetic Diversity and Lineage Based on SSR Markers of Two Genomic Resources among Trifolium Collections Held within the Australian Pastures Genebank. Open Journal of Genetics, 9, 1-14. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ojgen
Medina FIS, Amano E, Tano S. 2005. Mutation Breeding Manual. Forum for Nuclear Coorperation in Asia (FCNA).
Morais RF, Souza BJ, Leite JM, Soares LHB, Alves BJR, Boddy RM, Urquiaga S. 2009. Napiergrass genotypes for bioenergy production by direct biomass combustion. In: Strezov V, Evans TJ, Hayman C. (eds). Thermal conversion of napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) to bio-gas, bio-oil and charcoal. Bioresource Technology, 99, 8394-8399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.02.039
Monden Y, Yamamoto A, Shindo A, Tahara M. 2014. Efficient DNA fingerprinting based on the targeted sequencing of active retrotransposon insertion sites using a bench-top high- throughput sequencing platform. DNA Research. 21: 491-498.
Pan YB, Miller JD, Schnell RJ, Richard J. 2003. Application of microsatellite and RAPD fingerprints in the Florida sugarcane variety program. Sugar Cane International March/April, 19-28.
Pan YB, Scheffler BS, Richard JEP. 2007. High-throughput genotyping of commercial sugarcane clones with microsatellite (SSR) DNA markers. Sugar Technology. 9: 176-181.
Rohlf FJ. 2000. NTSYS-pc: Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis System, Version 2.2. Exeter Software. Setauket, New York
SilvaJ, Bressiani J. 2005. Sucrose synthase molecular marker associated with sugar content in elite sugarcane progeny. Genetics and Molecular Biology. 28: 294-298.
Smith RL, Schweder M, Chowdhury M, Seib J, Schank S. 1993. Development and application of RFLP and RAPD DNA markers in genetic improvement of Pennisetum for biomass and forage production. Biomass Bioenerg 5:51–62
Strezov V, Evans TJ, Hayman C. 2008. Thermal conversion of napiergrass (Pennisetum Purpureum Schum) to bio-gas, bio-oil and charcoal. Bioresour Technol 99:8394–8399
Struwig M, Mienie C, Van Den Berg J, Mucina L, Buys M. 2009. AFLPs are incompatible with RAPD and morphological data in Pennisetum purpureum (Napier grass). Biochem Syst Ecol. 37:645–652
Suhesti S.2015. Mutation Induction and In Vitro Selection of Sugar Cane (Saccharum officinarum L) for Drought Tolerance. [Disertasi]. Institut Pertanian Bogor. [Indonesian]
Sundaram GR, Babu C et al., 2009. Analysis of genetic diversity in napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) as detected by RAPD and ISSR markers. Plant Biochem Biotech 18:181–187
Van Harten AM. 1998. Mutation Breeding; Theory and Practical Applications. Cambridge Univ. Press. Pp 353
Vasil IK, 1987. Developing cell and tissue culture systems for improvement of cereal and grass crop. J. Plant Physiol. 128: 193-218.
Wang C, Yan H, Li J, Zhou S, Liu T, Zhang X, Huang L. 2018. Genome survey sequencing of purple napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum ‘Zise’) and identification of its SSR markers. Mol Breeding 38:94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-018-0849-3
Wang J, Chen Z, Jin S, Hu Z, Huang Y, Dia Y. 2017. Development and characterization of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers based on a full-length cDNA library of Napier Grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum). Genes Genom. http://DOI:10.1007/s13258-017-0536-5
Wang Z, Yan H, Fu X, Li H Gao H. 2013 Development of simple sequence repeat markers and diversity analysis in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Mol Biol Rep 40:3291–3298. http://DOI:10.1007/s11033-012-2404-3
Widoretno W, Megia R, Sudarsono. 2003. Somatic embryo reaction to PEG and its use for in vitro selection of drought stress. HAYATI Bioscience 10 (40): 134 – 139.
Xie XM, Zhou F, Zhang XQ, Zhang JM. 2009. Genetic variability and relationship between MT-1 napiergrass and closely related cultivars assessed by SRAP markers. J. Genet. 88:281-290. http://doi:10.1007/sl2041-009-0041-y
Yamada, T. 2014. Forage Grasses and Legumes – An Introduction, In: Cai H, Yamada T, & Kole C. (Eds). Genetics, Genomics and Breeding Forage Crops. CRC Press. New York. 1-10
Yuan X, Tu M, He Y, Wang W, Jun Li J, Zhou S. 2018. Analysis of Genetic Diversity in 73 Kentucky Bluegrass Materials by SSR and SRAP Markers. Not Bot Horti Agrobo, 46(2):327-335. http://DOI:10.15835/nbha46210916
Zhang Y, Wang XF, Li ZK, Zhang GY, Ma ZY. 2011. Assessing genetic diversity of cotton cultivars using genomic and newly developed expressed sequence tag-derived microsatellite markers. Genetics and Molecular research 10(3): 1462-1470. http://doi:10.4238/vol10-3gmr1277
Zhou F, Dong Z, Xie X 2007. Review on the research and utilization of Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mott in tropical and subtropical areas. Grassl Turf 3:76–82
Anderson WF, Dien BS, Brandon, SK, Peterson JD. 2008. Assessment of Bermuda grass and bunch grasses as feed stocks for conversion to ethanol. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 145, 13-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12010-007-8041-y
Azevedo ALS, Costa PP, Machado JC, Machado MA, Pereira AV, Silva Ledo FJ. 2012. Cross species amplification of Pennisetum glaucum microsatellite markers in Pennisetum purpureum and genetic diversity of napiergrass accessions. Crop Sci. 52:1776–1785 http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2011.09.0480
Bhandari AP, Sukanya DH, & Ramesh, C. R. 2006. Application of isozyme data in fingerprinting napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) for germplasm management. Genetic. Resources. Crop Evolution, 53, 253-264. http://doi:10.1007/s10722- 004-6120-2
Budak H, Pedraza F, Cregan PB, Baenziger PS, Dweikat I. 2003. Development and utilization of SSRs to estimate the degree of genetic relationships in a collection of pearl millet germplasm. Crop Sci. 43:2284-2290. http://doi:10.2135/cropsci2003.2284
Casas GL, Zingale N, Distefano G, Caruso M, Nicolosi E, Gentile A, La Malfa S. 2017. Genetic diversity in Opuntia spp. cultivated for forage production. JPACD19:1-10
Cheng YK. 1991. Forage Breeding in Taiwan. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Sciences. 4(2): 203 – 210.
Collin HA, Edwards S, 1998. Selection for Somaclonal Variation. In: Collin, H.A. and S. Edwards (Eds.) Plant Cell Culture,. Bios Scientific Publishers, UK, pp: 91-101.
DeVicente MC, Fulton T. 2003. Using molecular marker technology in studies on plant genetic diversity. www.ipgr.cgiar.org/publication/pubfile.asp?ID_PUB=912.
DeWoody JA, Honeycutt RL & Skow LC. 1995. Microsatellite markers in white-tailed deer. J. Hered. 86: 317-319.
Doyle JJ, Doyle JL. 1990. Isolation of plant DNA from fresh tissue. Focus, 12: 13-15.
Elibariki G, Njahira M, Wanjala B, Hosea K, Ndunguru J. 2013. Genetic diversity and identification of duplicates in selected Tanzanian farmer preferred cassava landraces using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. International Journal of Research in Plant Science, 3(4), 81-87.
Gupta PK, Balyan HS, Sharma PC, Ramesh B. 1996. Microsatellites in plants:A new class of molecular markers. Journal of Current Sci. 7 (1): 45 – 54
Harris K, Anderson W, Malik R. 2009. Genetic relationships among napiergrass {Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) nursery accessions using AFLP markers. Plant Genet. Resour. 8:63-70. http://doi:10.1017/S1479262109990165
HenryRJ. 2001. Plant genotyping: the DNA fingerprinting of plants. CABI Publishing, UK.
Hildebrand CE, Torney DC, Wagner RP. 1992. Informativeness of polymorphic DNA markers. LosAlamos Science, 30, 100–102.
Hirata M, Yuyama N, Cai H, 2011. Isolation and characterization of simple sequence repeat markers for the tetraploid forage grass Dactylis glomerata. Plant Breeding 130, 503—506 http://doi:10.1111/j.1439-0523.2010.01831.x
Humpreys. MO. 2005. Genetic improvement of forage crops – past, present and future. Journal of Agricultural Science. 143. 441- 448. http://doi:10.1017/S0021859605005599
Jakob K, Zhou F, Paterson, A. H. 2009. Genetic improvement of C4 grasses as cellulosic biofuel feed stocks. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology. Plant, 45: 291-305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11627-009-9214-x
Jeffreys AJ, Wilson V, Thein SL. 1985. Individual specific fingerprints of human DNA. Nature. 316: 76-79.
Kandel R, Singh HP, Singh BP, Harris-Shultz KR, Anderson WP. 2015. Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Napier Grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) using Microsatellite, Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism and Insertion-Deletion Markers from Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum . [L.] R. Br.). Plant Mol Biol Rep. http://DOI:10.1007/s11105-015-0918-2
Kawube G, Alicai T, Wanjala B, Njahira M, Awalla J, Skilton R. 2015. Genetic Diversity in Napier Grass (Pennisetum purpureum) Assessed by SSR Markers. Journal of Agricultural Science; 7 (7) http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v7n7p147
Lee MK, Tsai WT, Tsai YL, Lin SH. 2010. Pyrolysis of Napier grass in an induction-heating reactor. Journal of Analystical and Applied pyrolysis, 88, 110-116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2010.03.003
Legesse BW, Myburg AA, Pixley KV, Botha AM. 2007. Genetic diversity of African maize inbred lines revealed by SSR markers. Hereditas, 144 (1), 10–17.
Lestari EG, Dewi IS, Yunita R, Wukwadjaja D.2010. Mutation and somaclonal diversity to improve leaf blast disease resistance in fatmawati rice. Buletin Plasma Nutfah. 16 (2): 96-102
Lestari P, Risliawati A, Utami DW, Hidayatun N, Santoso TJ, Chaerani. 2016. Development of SSR-based spesific identity on 29 Indonesian local soybean varieties. Jurnal Biologi Indonesia. 12 (2): 219- 229
Liu K, Muse SV. 2005. PowerMarker: An Integrated analysis enviroment for genetic marker analysis. Bioinformatic Research Center. North Carolina State University. Raleigh.
Lopez Y, Kurashev A, Chase C, Gallo M, Sollenberger L, Altpeter F, Wang J. 2018. Developing and validating microsatellite markers in napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum S.). Euphytica. 214:185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-018-2256-6
Lowe AJ, Thorpe W, Teale A, Hanson J. 2003. Characterisation of germplasm accessions of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum and Pennisetum purpureum × Purpureum glaucum Hybrids) and comparison with farm clones using RADP. Genetic resources and Crop Evolution, 50, 121-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022915009380
Malaviya DR, Raman H, Dear BS, Raman R, Roy AK, Kaushal P, Chandra A, Hughes SJ. 2019. Genetic Diversity and Lineage Based on SSR Markers of Two Genomic Resources among Trifolium Collections Held within the Australian Pastures Genebank. Open Journal of Genetics, 9, 1-14. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ojgen
Medina FIS, Amano E, Tano S. 2005. Mutation Breeding Manual. Forum for Nuclear Coorperation in Asia (FCNA).
Morais RF, Souza BJ, Leite JM, Soares LHB, Alves BJR, Boddy RM, Urquiaga S. 2009. Napiergrass genotypes for bioenergy production by direct biomass combustion. In: Strezov V, Evans TJ, Hayman C. (eds). Thermal conversion of napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) to bio-gas, bio-oil and charcoal. Bioresource Technology, 99, 8394-8399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.02.039
Monden Y, Yamamoto A, Shindo A, Tahara M. 2014. Efficient DNA fingerprinting based on the targeted sequencing of active retrotransposon insertion sites using a bench-top high- throughput sequencing platform. DNA Research. 21: 491-498.
Pan YB, Miller JD, Schnell RJ, Richard J. 2003. Application of microsatellite and RAPD fingerprints in the Florida sugarcane variety program. Sugar Cane International March/April, 19-28.
Pan YB, Scheffler BS, Richard JEP. 2007. High-throughput genotyping of commercial sugarcane clones with microsatellite (SSR) DNA markers. Sugar Technology. 9: 176-181.
Rohlf FJ. 2000. NTSYS-pc: Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis System, Version 2.2. Exeter Software. Setauket, New York
SilvaJ, Bressiani J. 2005. Sucrose synthase molecular marker associated with sugar content in elite sugarcane progeny. Genetics and Molecular Biology. 28: 294-298.
Smith RL, Schweder M, Chowdhury M, Seib J, Schank S. 1993. Development and application of RFLP and RAPD DNA markers in genetic improvement of Pennisetum for biomass and forage production. Biomass Bioenerg 5:51–62
Strezov V, Evans TJ, Hayman C. 2008. Thermal conversion of napiergrass (Pennisetum Purpureum Schum) to bio-gas, bio-oil and charcoal. Bioresour Technol 99:8394–8399
Struwig M, Mienie C, Van Den Berg J, Mucina L, Buys M. 2009. AFLPs are incompatible with RAPD and morphological data in Pennisetum purpureum (Napier grass). Biochem Syst Ecol. 37:645–652
Suhesti S.2015. Mutation Induction and In Vitro Selection of Sugar Cane (Saccharum officinarum L) for Drought Tolerance. [Disertasi]. Institut Pertanian Bogor. [Indonesian]
Sundaram GR, Babu C et al., 2009. Analysis of genetic diversity in napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) as detected by RAPD and ISSR markers. Plant Biochem Biotech 18:181–187
Van Harten AM. 1998. Mutation Breeding; Theory and Practical Applications. Cambridge Univ. Press. Pp 353
Vasil IK, 1987. Developing cell and tissue culture systems for improvement of cereal and grass crop. J. Plant Physiol. 128: 193-218.
Wang C, Yan H, Li J, Zhou S, Liu T, Zhang X, Huang L. 2018. Genome survey sequencing of purple napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum ‘Zise’) and identification of its SSR markers. Mol Breeding 38:94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-018-0849-3
Wang J, Chen Z, Jin S, Hu Z, Huang Y, Dia Y. 2017. Development and characterization of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers based on a full-length cDNA library of Napier Grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum). Genes Genom. http://DOI:10.1007/s13258-017-0536-5
Wang Z, Yan H, Fu X, Li H Gao H. 2013 Development of simple sequence repeat markers and diversity analysis in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Mol Biol Rep 40:3291–3298. http://DOI:10.1007/s11033-012-2404-3
Widoretno W, Megia R, Sudarsono. 2003. Somatic embryo reaction to PEG and its use for in vitro selection of drought stress. HAYATI Bioscience 10 (40): 134 – 139.
Xie XM, Zhou F, Zhang XQ, Zhang JM. 2009. Genetic variability and relationship between MT-1 napiergrass and closely related cultivars assessed by SRAP markers. J. Genet. 88:281-290. http://doi:10.1007/sl2041-009-0041-y
Yamada, T. 2014. Forage Grasses and Legumes – An Introduction, In: Cai H, Yamada T, & Kole C. (Eds). Genetics, Genomics and Breeding Forage Crops. CRC Press. New York. 1-10
Yuan X, Tu M, He Y, Wang W, Jun Li J, Zhou S. 2018. Analysis of Genetic Diversity in 73 Kentucky Bluegrass Materials by SSR and SRAP Markers. Not Bot Horti Agrobo, 46(2):327-335. http://DOI:10.15835/nbha46210916
Zhang Y, Wang XF, Li ZK, Zhang GY, Ma ZY. 2011. Assessing genetic diversity of cotton cultivars using genomic and newly developed expressed sequence tag-derived microsatellite markers. Genetics and Molecular research 10(3): 1462-1470. http://doi:10.4238/vol10-3gmr1277
Zhou F, Dong Z, Xie X 2007. Review on the research and utilization of Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mott in tropical and subtropical areas. Grassl Turf 3:76–82
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