The virulence improvement of Beauveria bassiana in infecting Cylas formicarius modulated by various chitin based compounds
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Abstract. Saputro TB, Prayogo Y, Rohman FL, Alami NH. 2019. The virulence improvement of Beauveria bassiana in infecting Cylas formicarius modulated by various chitin based compounds. Biodiversitas 20: 2486-2493. Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is one of alternative carbohydrate source with an important role in food production, animal feed industries, and as raw materials for other derivatives. However, severe losses are constantly occurred in its production due to a notorious pest known as sweet potato weevil (Cylas formicarius). The chemical insecticides commonly used to treat the pest, but have not been efficient in eliminating C.formicarius. Beauveria bassiana is well known as a biological control agent, has been identified to effectively eliminate the pest. The aim of this research is to observe the optimum concentration of several chitin-based compounds in improving the virulence of B. bassiana. The research was conducted by the addition of chitin from various sources - insects, crustaceans and mollusk shells in a growth medium of B. Bassiana. Moreover, conidia produced by B.bassiana was exposed to C.formicarius to investigate the mortality rate of this insect. The results showed four different characteristics of colonies - velvety, wooly, pellicular, and farinaceous. The 1% chitin from Tellina sp, (P9), was found to be the best treatment which increased the growth of the colony diameter attaining 6.7cm in 20 days, increased the conidia viability that reaches 93.5%. In addition, the highest mortality percentage of C. formicarius was 91.67% in P9 at 6 days after infection. Overall, this research gave new potential sources of chitin that can be applied in improving the virulence of B. Bassiana in eliminating C. formicarius.
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References
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Ahuluheluw N., Pinontoan O., Rante CS., Senewe E. 2012. Penyebaran Hama Cylas formicarius F. pada Tanaman Ubi Jalar (Ipomea batatas L.) Di Beberapa Ketinggian Tempat Propinsi Sulawesi Utara. Lecture of Plants Pests and Desease Agriculture. Sam Ratulangi University Manado.
Akbar W., Lord JC., Nechols JR., Howard RW. 2004. Diatomaceous Earth Increase The Efficacy of Beauveria bassiana Againts Tribolium castaneum Larvae and Increases Conidia Attachment. J of Econ Entomol. 92: 273-280.
Alavo TBC., Sermann H., Bochow H. 2002. Biocontrol of Aphid Using Verticillium lecanii in Greenhouse: Factor Reducing The Effectiveness of The Entomopathogenic Fungus. J Arch Pythopathol and Plant Protect. 34(6): 407-424.
Anderson RD., Bell AS., Biandford S., Paaijmans, KP., Thomas, MB. 2011. Coomparative Growth Cinetics and Virulence of Four Different Isolates of Entomophatogenic Fungi in The Hous Fly (Musca domestica L.) Journal of Invertebr Pathol. 107: 179-184.
Barbosa CC., Monteiro AC., Correia Ado CB. 2002. Growth and Sporulation of Verticillium lecanii Isolates Under Different Nutrional Conditions. Pesq Agropec Bras. 37(6): 821-829.
Baretto C., Staats A., Schrank., Vainstein MH. 2004. Distribution of Chitinases in The Entomophatogen Metharizium anisopliae and Effect of N-acetylglucosamine in Protein Secretion. Current Microbiol. 48: 102-107.
Devi PSVP and Bai RM. 2015. Biochemical Activity in The Haemolymp of Silk Worm L. During The Infection of Fungal Pathogen Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. International J of Multidisiplinary Res and Develop .2(5): 320-322.
Dubouskiy IM., Whitten MMA., Kryukov VY., Yaroslavtseva ON., Erizanova EV., Greig C., Mukherjee K., Vilcinskas A., Mitkovets, PV., Glupov, V., Butt, TM. 2013. More Than Colour Change-Insect Melanism, Diseases Resistance and Fecundity. Proceeding of The Royal B Society: 2-10.
Fernandez MS and Arias S.L. 2002. Biomimetric Processes Through The Study of Mineralized Shells. J. CIMAT Universida de Chile, Chili.
Gaborty A., Salem HM., Fauda MA., Abas, AA., Ibrahim AA. 2014. Pathogenicity Induced by The Entomopathogenic Fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metharizium anisopliae in Agrotis ipsilon (Hubn.) J of Radiation Res & Appl Sci. 7(1): 95-100.
Guerrero JP., Jansson HB., Salinasand J., Lopez-Llorca LV. 2007. Effect of Chitosan on Hyphal Growth and Spore Germination of Plant Pathogenic and Biocontrol Fungi. J of Appl Microbiol. 104:541-553.
Herlinda S., Muhammad DU., Yulia P., Suwandi. 2006. Kerapatan dan viabilitas spora Beauveria bassiana akibat subkultur dan pengayaan media, serta virulensinya terhadap larva Plutella xylostella (Linn.). JHPT Tropika. 2:70-80.
Hou CX., Qin GX., Guo XJ. 2013. Differentially Expressed Genus in The Cuticle and Hemolymph of The Silkworm Bombyx mori Injected with The Fungus Beauveria bassiana. J of Insect Sci. 13(138): 1-17.
Jaronski S.T. 2014. Mass Production of Entomopathogenic Fungi: State of the Art. USA: Elsevier Inc
Kassa A., Brownbridge M., Parker BL., Skimer, M., Gouli, V., Gouli, S., Guo, M., Lee, F., Hata, T. 2015. Whey for Mass Production on Beauveria bassiana and Metharizium anisopliae. Mycol Res. 112(5): 583-591.
Kim JS., Lee SJ., Skinner M., Parker BL. 2014. A Novel Approach Beauveria bassiana Granules Applied to Nursery Soil for Management of Rice Water Weevils in Paddy Fields. Pest Manag Sci. 70(8): 1186-1191.
Khosvari R., Sendi JJ., Zibaee A., Shokrgozar. 2015. Virulence of four Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) (Asc: Hypocreales) isolates on rose sawfly Arge rosae under laboratory condition. J. Of King Saud University Sci. 27 (1): 43-53
Kusumaningsih T., Masykur A., Arief U. 2004. Synthesis of Chitosan from Chitin of Escargot (Achatina fulica). Biofarmasi . Vol 2(2): 64-68.
Lazzarini GMJ., Rocha LFN., Luz C. 2006. Impact of Moisture on in Vitro Germination of Metharizium anisopliae. Beauveria bassiana and Their Activity on Triatoma infestans. Mycol Res. 110(4): 485-492.
Liu H., Skinner M., Brownbridge M., Parker BL. 2003. Characterization of Beauveria bassiana and Metharizium ansiopliae Isolates for Management of Tarnished Plant Bug Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae). J Inventebr Pathol. 82(3): 139-147.
Lobo LS., Luz, C., Fernandes, EK., Juarez, MP., Pedrini, N. 2015. Assessing Gene Expression During Pathogenesis: uses of QRT-PCR to Follow Toxin Production in The Entomopathogenic Fungus Beauveria bassiana During Infection and Immune Response of The Insect Host Triatoma infestans. J Invertebr Pathol. 128: 14-21
Lopes RB., Martins I., Souza DA., Faria M. 2013. Influence of Some Parameters on The Germination Assessment of Mycopesticides. J of Invertebr Pathol. 112(3): 236-242.
Lovallo N., Barrat BIP., Legge M., Cor-Faster D. 2000. Effects of Microtones aethiopoides parasitism on Haemolymph Protein Composition Across Alternate Hosts. Entomopl Exp et Appl. 95: 213-216.
Magan N. 2001. Physiological Approaches to Improving The Ecological Fitness of Fungal Biocontrol Agents. Di dalam: Butt TM., Jackson, C., Magan, Editor. Fungi as Biocontrol Agents Progress, Problems, and Potential. London: CABI Publishing. Hal. 239-251.
Mardiana Y., Salbiah D., Laoh JH. 2015. The Use of Several Concentrations Beauveria bassiana Vuillemin Local to Control Maruca testulalis Geyer At Long Beans Plant (Vigna sinensis L.) JOM Faperta. Vol 2. No. 1
Meyling NN and Eilenberg J. 2007. Ecology of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae in temperate agroecosystems: Potential for conservation biological control. Biol Cont. 43 Elesevier
Mondal S., Baksi S., Koris A. Vatai G. 2016. Journey of enzymes in entomopathogenic, Pacific Science Review A: Natural Science and Engineering 18 (2016) 85e99.
Mwanburi, A., Laing, MD., Miller, RM. 2015. Effect of Surfactans and Temperature on Germination and Vegetative Growth Beauveria bassiana. Brizalian J of Microbiol. 48(1): 67-74.
Nithya PR., Reji Rani OP., Shifa BS. 2015. Effect of Nitrogenous Polysaccharides in Sporulation of Entomopathogenic fungus, Lecanicillium lecanii (Zimmermann) Zare and Gams. Inter J of Appl and Pure Sci and Agric. Vol. 1(4).
Ondiaka S., Maniania NK., Nyamasyo GHN., Nderitu JH. 2008 Virulence of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae to sweet potato weevil Cylas puncticollis and effects on fecundity and egg viability. Ann. Appl. Biol. 153:41-48
Ondiaka SN., Masinde EW., Koenraadt CJM., Taken W., Mukbana WR. 2015. Effects of Fungus Infection on Feeding and Survival of Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) On Plants Sugars. Bio Med Central. 8(35):2-11.
Ortiz-Urquiza A., Keyhani NO. 2013. Action on The Surface Entomophatogenic Fungi Versus The Insect Cuticle. Insect. 4(3): 367-374.
Prayogo Y., Tengkano W., Marwoto. 2005. Prospek Cendawan Entomopatogen Metarhizium anisopliae untuk Mengendalikan Ulat Grayak Spodoptera litura pada Kedelai. Jurnal Litbang Pertanian 24 (1).
Prayogo Y. 2009. Kajian Cendawan Entomopatogen Lecanicillium lecanii (Zimm.) (Viegas) Zare & Gams Untuk Menekan Perkembangan Telur Hama Pengisap Polong Kedelai Riptortus linearis (F.) (Hemiptera: Alydidae). Disertasi. Bogor: Sekolah Pascasarjana Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Rajitna K and Shavithri G. 2014. Amino Acid Profiles in The Haemolimph of Silk worm Bombyx mori L. Infected with Fungal Pathogen Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. Inter J of Appl Biol & Pharma Technol. 5(1): 163-166.
Reddy GVP., McConnel J., Badilles AE. 2012. Estimation of The Population Density of The Sweet Potato Weevils on Mariana Islands. J. Entomol. Acarol. Res.44:20-23
Reddy GV.P., Zhoo Z., Humber RA. 2014. Laboratory and Field Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Fungi for The Management of The Sweet Potato Weevil, Cylas formicarius (Coleoptera: Brentidae). J of Invertebr Pathol. 122:10-15
Rehner SA., Minnis AM., Sung CH., Luangsa-ard JJ., Devotto L.,Humber RA. 2011. Phylogeni and Systematics of The Anamorphic Entomophatogenic Fungi Genus Beauveria. Mycologia. 103(5): 1055-1073.
Ricario J., Guerri-Agulla B., Serra-Sarrias MJ., Rubio-Liorca G., Asensio L., Barranco P., Lopez-Liorca LV. 2013. Evaluation of The Pathogenicity of Multiple Isolates of Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Clacivipitaceae) on Rynchorporus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) for The Assessment of Solid Formulation Under Simulted Field Conditions. Florida Entomol. 96(4): 1311-1329.
Rohman FL., Saputro TB., Prayogo Y. 2017. Pengaruh Penambahan Senyawa Berbasis Kitin Terhadap Pertumbuhan Cendawan Entomopatogen Beauveria bassiana. Jurnal Sains Dan Seni ITS Vol. 6, No. 2 (2017) 2337-3520 (2301-928X Print).
Rosalind R. 2000. The effect of certain nutrients on conidial germination of Beauveria bassiana and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus. Agricl Res Service, Tektran, USDA.
Seyoum E., Bateman RP., Charnley AK. 2002. The Effect of Metharizium anisopliae var. acridum on Haemolymph Energy Reserves an Flight Capability in The Desert Locust Schistocerca gregaria. J of Appl Entomol. 126(2-3): 119-124.
Smith TP and Hammond AM. 2006. Comparative susceptibility of sweet potato weevil (Coleoptera: Brentidae) to Selected Insectisides. J. Econ. Entomol. 99:2024-2029
Taurisia PP., Meitini W., Proborini., Murhantoro I. 2015. The Effect of Media on The Growth and Biomass of Fungi Alternaria alternata (Fries) Keissler. Jurnal Biologi. Vol. 19 No. 1.
Tefera T., and Pringle KL. 2003. Food Consumption by Chillo partellus (Lepidoptera: Pyrilidae) Larvae Infected with Beauveria bassiana and Metharizium anisopliae and Effects of Feeding Natural Versus Artificial Diets on Mortality and Mycosis. J of Invertebr Pathol. 84(3): 220-225.
Trizelia. 2005. Cendawan Entomopatogen Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. (Deutromycotina: Hyphomycete): Keragaman Genetik, Karakterisasi Fisiologi dan Virulensinya terhadap Crocidolomia pavonana (F.) (Lepidoptera: Pyrilidae). Disertasi. Bogor: Sekolah Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Ahuluheluw N., Pinontoan O., Rante CS., Senewe E. 2012. Penyebaran Hama Cylas formicarius F. pada Tanaman Ubi Jalar (Ipomea batatas L.) Di Beberapa Ketinggian Tempat Propinsi Sulawesi Utara. Lecture of Plants Pests and Desease Agriculture. Sam Ratulangi University Manado.
Akbar W., Lord JC., Nechols JR., Howard RW. 2004. Diatomaceous Earth Increase The Efficacy of Beauveria bassiana Againts Tribolium castaneum Larvae and Increases Conidia Attachment. J of Econ Entomol. 92: 273-280.
Alavo TBC., Sermann H., Bochow H. 2002. Biocontrol of Aphid Using Verticillium lecanii in Greenhouse: Factor Reducing The Effectiveness of The Entomopathogenic Fungus. J Arch Pythopathol and Plant Protect. 34(6): 407-424.
Anderson RD., Bell AS., Biandford S., Paaijmans, KP., Thomas, MB. 2011. Coomparative Growth Cinetics and Virulence of Four Different Isolates of Entomophatogenic Fungi in The Hous Fly (Musca domestica L.) Journal of Invertebr Pathol. 107: 179-184.
Barbosa CC., Monteiro AC., Correia Ado CB. 2002. Growth and Sporulation of Verticillium lecanii Isolates Under Different Nutrional Conditions. Pesq Agropec Bras. 37(6): 821-829.
Baretto C., Staats A., Schrank., Vainstein MH. 2004. Distribution of Chitinases in The Entomophatogen Metharizium anisopliae and Effect of N-acetylglucosamine in Protein Secretion. Current Microbiol. 48: 102-107.
Devi PSVP and Bai RM. 2015. Biochemical Activity in The Haemolymp of Silk Worm L. During The Infection of Fungal Pathogen Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. International J of Multidisiplinary Res and Develop .2(5): 320-322.
Dubouskiy IM., Whitten MMA., Kryukov VY., Yaroslavtseva ON., Erizanova EV., Greig C., Mukherjee K., Vilcinskas A., Mitkovets, PV., Glupov, V., Butt, TM. 2013. More Than Colour Change-Insect Melanism, Diseases Resistance and Fecundity. Proceeding of The Royal B Society: 2-10.
Fernandez MS and Arias S.L. 2002. Biomimetric Processes Through The Study of Mineralized Shells. J. CIMAT Universida de Chile, Chili.
Gaborty A., Salem HM., Fauda MA., Abas, AA., Ibrahim AA. 2014. Pathogenicity Induced by The Entomopathogenic Fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metharizium anisopliae in Agrotis ipsilon (Hubn.) J of Radiation Res & Appl Sci. 7(1): 95-100.
Guerrero JP., Jansson HB., Salinasand J., Lopez-Llorca LV. 2007. Effect of Chitosan on Hyphal Growth and Spore Germination of Plant Pathogenic and Biocontrol Fungi. J of Appl Microbiol. 104:541-553.
Herlinda S., Muhammad DU., Yulia P., Suwandi. 2006. Kerapatan dan viabilitas spora Beauveria bassiana akibat subkultur dan pengayaan media, serta virulensinya terhadap larva Plutella xylostella (Linn.). JHPT Tropika. 2:70-80.
Hou CX., Qin GX., Guo XJ. 2013. Differentially Expressed Genus in The Cuticle and Hemolymph of The Silkworm Bombyx mori Injected with The Fungus Beauveria bassiana. J of Insect Sci. 13(138): 1-17.
Jaronski S.T. 2014. Mass Production of Entomopathogenic Fungi: State of the Art. USA: Elsevier Inc
Kassa A., Brownbridge M., Parker BL., Skimer, M., Gouli, V., Gouli, S., Guo, M., Lee, F., Hata, T. 2015. Whey for Mass Production on Beauveria bassiana and Metharizium anisopliae. Mycol Res. 112(5): 583-591.
Kim JS., Lee SJ., Skinner M., Parker BL. 2014. A Novel Approach Beauveria bassiana Granules Applied to Nursery Soil for Management of Rice Water Weevils in Paddy Fields. Pest Manag Sci. 70(8): 1186-1191.
Khosvari R., Sendi JJ., Zibaee A., Shokrgozar. 2015. Virulence of four Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) (Asc: Hypocreales) isolates on rose sawfly Arge rosae under laboratory condition. J. Of King Saud University Sci. 27 (1): 43-53
Kusumaningsih T., Masykur A., Arief U. 2004. Synthesis of Chitosan from Chitin of Escargot (Achatina fulica). Biofarmasi . Vol 2(2): 64-68.
Lazzarini GMJ., Rocha LFN., Luz C. 2006. Impact of Moisture on in Vitro Germination of Metharizium anisopliae. Beauveria bassiana and Their Activity on Triatoma infestans. Mycol Res. 110(4): 485-492.
Liu H., Skinner M., Brownbridge M., Parker BL. 2003. Characterization of Beauveria bassiana and Metharizium ansiopliae Isolates for Management of Tarnished Plant Bug Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae). J Inventebr Pathol. 82(3): 139-147.
Lobo LS., Luz, C., Fernandes, EK., Juarez, MP., Pedrini, N. 2015. Assessing Gene Expression During Pathogenesis: uses of QRT-PCR to Follow Toxin Production in The Entomopathogenic Fungus Beauveria bassiana During Infection and Immune Response of The Insect Host Triatoma infestans. J Invertebr Pathol. 128: 14-21
Lopes RB., Martins I., Souza DA., Faria M. 2013. Influence of Some Parameters on The Germination Assessment of Mycopesticides. J of Invertebr Pathol. 112(3): 236-242.
Lovallo N., Barrat BIP., Legge M., Cor-Faster D. 2000. Effects of Microtones aethiopoides parasitism on Haemolymph Protein Composition Across Alternate Hosts. Entomopl Exp et Appl. 95: 213-216.
Magan N. 2001. Physiological Approaches to Improving The Ecological Fitness of Fungal Biocontrol Agents. Di dalam: Butt TM., Jackson, C., Magan, Editor. Fungi as Biocontrol Agents Progress, Problems, and Potential. London: CABI Publishing. Hal. 239-251.
Mardiana Y., Salbiah D., Laoh JH. 2015. The Use of Several Concentrations Beauveria bassiana Vuillemin Local to Control Maruca testulalis Geyer At Long Beans Plant (Vigna sinensis L.) JOM Faperta. Vol 2. No. 1
Meyling NN and Eilenberg J. 2007. Ecology of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae in temperate agroecosystems: Potential for conservation biological control. Biol Cont. 43 Elesevier
Mondal S., Baksi S., Koris A. Vatai G. 2016. Journey of enzymes in entomopathogenic, Pacific Science Review A: Natural Science and Engineering 18 (2016) 85e99.
Mwanburi, A., Laing, MD., Miller, RM. 2015. Effect of Surfactans and Temperature on Germination and Vegetative Growth Beauveria bassiana. Brizalian J of Microbiol. 48(1): 67-74.
Nithya PR., Reji Rani OP., Shifa BS. 2015. Effect of Nitrogenous Polysaccharides in Sporulation of Entomopathogenic fungus, Lecanicillium lecanii (Zimmermann) Zare and Gams. Inter J of Appl and Pure Sci and Agric. Vol. 1(4).
Ondiaka S., Maniania NK., Nyamasyo GHN., Nderitu JH. 2008 Virulence of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae to sweet potato weevil Cylas puncticollis and effects on fecundity and egg viability. Ann. Appl. Biol. 153:41-48
Ondiaka SN., Masinde EW., Koenraadt CJM., Taken W., Mukbana WR. 2015. Effects of Fungus Infection on Feeding and Survival of Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) On Plants Sugars. Bio Med Central. 8(35):2-11.
Ortiz-Urquiza A., Keyhani NO. 2013. Action on The Surface Entomophatogenic Fungi Versus The Insect Cuticle. Insect. 4(3): 367-374.
Prayogo Y., Tengkano W., Marwoto. 2005. Prospek Cendawan Entomopatogen Metarhizium anisopliae untuk Mengendalikan Ulat Grayak Spodoptera litura pada Kedelai. Jurnal Litbang Pertanian 24 (1).
Prayogo Y. 2009. Kajian Cendawan Entomopatogen Lecanicillium lecanii (Zimm.) (Viegas) Zare & Gams Untuk Menekan Perkembangan Telur Hama Pengisap Polong Kedelai Riptortus linearis (F.) (Hemiptera: Alydidae). Disertasi. Bogor: Sekolah Pascasarjana Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Rajitna K and Shavithri G. 2014. Amino Acid Profiles in The Haemolimph of Silk worm Bombyx mori L. Infected with Fungal Pathogen Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. Inter J of Appl Biol & Pharma Technol. 5(1): 163-166.
Reddy GVP., McConnel J., Badilles AE. 2012. Estimation of The Population Density of The Sweet Potato Weevils on Mariana Islands. J. Entomol. Acarol. Res.44:20-23
Reddy GV.P., Zhoo Z., Humber RA. 2014. Laboratory and Field Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Fungi for The Management of The Sweet Potato Weevil, Cylas formicarius (Coleoptera: Brentidae). J of Invertebr Pathol. 122:10-15
Rehner SA., Minnis AM., Sung CH., Luangsa-ard JJ., Devotto L.,Humber RA. 2011. Phylogeni and Systematics of The Anamorphic Entomophatogenic Fungi Genus Beauveria. Mycologia. 103(5): 1055-1073.
Ricario J., Guerri-Agulla B., Serra-Sarrias MJ., Rubio-Liorca G., Asensio L., Barranco P., Lopez-Liorca LV. 2013. Evaluation of The Pathogenicity of Multiple Isolates of Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Clacivipitaceae) on Rynchorporus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) for The Assessment of Solid Formulation Under Simulted Field Conditions. Florida Entomol. 96(4): 1311-1329.
Rohman FL., Saputro TB., Prayogo Y. 2017. Pengaruh Penambahan Senyawa Berbasis Kitin Terhadap Pertumbuhan Cendawan Entomopatogen Beauveria bassiana. Jurnal Sains Dan Seni ITS Vol. 6, No. 2 (2017) 2337-3520 (2301-928X Print).
Rosalind R. 2000. The effect of certain nutrients on conidial germination of Beauveria bassiana and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus. Agricl Res Service, Tektran, USDA.
Seyoum E., Bateman RP., Charnley AK. 2002. The Effect of Metharizium anisopliae var. acridum on Haemolymph Energy Reserves an Flight Capability in The Desert Locust Schistocerca gregaria. J of Appl Entomol. 126(2-3): 119-124.
Smith TP and Hammond AM. 2006. Comparative susceptibility of sweet potato weevil (Coleoptera: Brentidae) to Selected Insectisides. J. Econ. Entomol. 99:2024-2029
Taurisia PP., Meitini W., Proborini., Murhantoro I. 2015. The Effect of Media on The Growth and Biomass of Fungi Alternaria alternata (Fries) Keissler. Jurnal Biologi. Vol. 19 No. 1.
Tefera T., and Pringle KL. 2003. Food Consumption by Chillo partellus (Lepidoptera: Pyrilidae) Larvae Infected with Beauveria bassiana and Metharizium anisopliae and Effects of Feeding Natural Versus Artificial Diets on Mortality and Mycosis. J of Invertebr Pathol. 84(3): 220-225.
Trizelia. 2005. Cendawan Entomopatogen Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. (Deutromycotina: Hyphomycete): Keragaman Genetik, Karakterisasi Fisiologi dan Virulensinya terhadap Crocidolomia pavonana (F.) (Lepidoptera: Pyrilidae). Disertasi. Bogor: Sekolah Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor.
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