The diversity of useful plants and botanical knowledge of the Rejang Tribe in Kepahiang District, Bengkulu Province, Indonesia
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Abstract. Wiryono, Sriwahyuni, Winanda GA, Saprinurdin, Nurliana S. 2019. The diversity of useful plants and botanical knowledge of the Rejang Tribe in Kepahiang District, Bengkulu Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 3599-3607. The rural people derive multiple benefits from the highly diverse plants in their traditional gardens and the nearby natural forests. However, the conversion of natural forests and traditional gardens into monoculture plantations in many areas has reduced the plant diversity, which in turn has also reduced the botanical knowledge, especially among the younger generation. This study was conducted to know: (i) the diversity of plant species used by the people of Rejang tribe in Kota Agung Village, Kepahiang District, Bengkulu Province, Indonesia, (ii) the correlation between age and botanical knowledge, and (iii) the effect of gender on the botanical knowledge. Data were collected through interviews with five key informants and 68 villagers, and the data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using t-test and regression analyses. The results showed that the Rejang people in Kota Agung Village used 130 plant species for 12 different purposes. The three top use categories were food, medicine, and ornament. The botanical knowledge was positively correlated with age, and women had better botanical knowledge than men, presumably due to the longer time they spend in taking care of the homegardens. This study confirms the worldwide trend that there is a decline in botanical knowledge among young people.
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References
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Andesmora EV, Muhadiono, Hilwan I. 2017. Ethnobotany Hiang Indigenous Forest, Kerinci. J. Trop. Life. Science 7 (2): 95-101.
Aswani S, Lemahieu A, Sauer WHH. 2018. Global trends of local ecological knowledge and future implications. PLoS ONE 13 (4): e0195440. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195440
Ayantunde, A.A., Briejer, M., Hiernaux, P. et al. 2008. Botanical Knowledge and its Differentiation by Age, Gender and Ethnicity in Southwestern Niger. Hum Ecol 36: 881. DOI: 10.1007/s10745-008-9200-7
Batoro J, Siswanto D. 2017. Ethnomedicinal survey of plants used by local society in Poncokusumo district, Malang, East Java Province, Indonesia. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2017, 3 (2), 158-167; doi: 10.3329/ajmbr.v3i2.33563
Bhat S, Bhandary MJ, Rajanna L. 2014. Plant diversity in the homegardens of Karwar, Karnataka, India. Biodiversitas 15 (2): 229-235.
Caniago I, Siebert SF. Medicinal plant ecology, knowledge and conservation in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Econ Bot. 1998; 52: 229–250. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02862141
Cholchester M, Boscolo M, Contreras-Hermosilla, et al. 2006. Justice in the forest: Rural livelihoods and forest law enforcement. CIFOR. Bogor. Indonesia
Coe FG, Anderson GJ. 1996. Ethnobotany of the Garífuna of Eastern Nicaragua. Econ Bot 50: 71-107.
Cuadra VP, Cambi V, Ruda MA, et al. 2012. Consequences of the Loss of Traditional Knowledge: The risk of injurious and toxic plants growing in kindergartens. Ethnobot Res App 10:077-094
Darmawan R, Klasen S, Nuryanto N. 2016. Migration and deforestation in Indonesia, EFForTS Discussion Paper Series, No. 19, Collaborative Research Centre 990 "EFForTS, Ecological and Socioeconomic Functions of Tropical Lowland Rainforest Transformation Systems (Sumatra, Indonesia)", Göttingen,http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:7-webdoc-3967-7
De Albuquerque U. P., Soldati G. T., Sieber S. S., Ramos M. A., De Sá J. C., De Souza L. C. The use of plants in the medical system of the Fulni-ô people (NE Brazil): a perspective on age and gender. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2011;133(2):866–873. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.11.021
Estrada-Castillón E,Villarreal-Quintanilla JA, Rodríguez-Salinas MM et al. 2018. Ethnobotanical Survey of Useful Species in Bustamante, Nuevo León, Mexico Human Ecology; New York Vol. 46, Iss. 1, (Feb 2018): 117-132. DOI:10.1007/s10745-017-9962-x
FAO. 2016. Global forest assessment 2015. How are the world’ forests changing? FAO. Rome
Gómez-Baggethun E, Reyes-García V. 2013. Reinterpreting Change in Traditional Ecological Knowledge. Hum Ecol 41:643-647
Hariyadi B, Ticktin T. 2012. Uras: Medicinal and Ritual Plants of Serampas, Jambi Indonesia Ethnobot Res Appl 10:133-149
Hidayat S, Fijridiyanto IA. 2002. Traditional plant use in Gunung Halimun National Park. Berita Biologi (6) 1: 125-130
Himawa Y, Mapongmetsem PM. 2018. Crop diversity and typology of homegardens of Galimtignere (Adamawa, Cameroon). International Journal of Agroforestry and Silviculture 6(2): 343-353
Iskandar J, Iskandar BS, Partasasmita R. 2018. Review. The impact of social and economic change on domesticated plant diversity with special reference to wet rice and homegarden farming of West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19(2): 565-577. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d190227
Iskandar J, Iskandar BS, Pratasasmita R. 2018. Review: the impact of social and economic change on domesticated plant diversity with special reference to wet rice field and homegarden farming of West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19 (2): 502-514
Jose S. 2009. Agroforestry for ecosystem services and environmental benefits: an overview. Agroforest syst. 2009. 76:1-10. DOI 10.1007/s.10457-009-9229-7
King KFS. 2010. The history of agroforestry. Page 3-12 in Stepler HA, Nair PKR. Agroforestry a decade of development. ICRAF. Nairobi. Kenya.
Korale-Gedera P, Weerahewa J, Pushpakumara G et al. 2012. Commercial orientation and its effects on plant diversity in homegrdens: an empirical investigation of rural households in Sri Lanka. Sri Lankan journal of agricultural economics 14 (1): 17-42.
Kehlenbeck K, Maass B. 2004. Crop diversity and classification of homegardens in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Agroforest Syst (2004) 63: 53. https://doi.org/10.1023/B: AGFO.0000049433.95038.25
Langenberger G, Prigge V, Martin K, Belonias B, Sauerborn J. 2009. Ethnobotanical knowledge of Philippine lowland farmers and its application in agroforestry. Agrofor Syst 7:173-194.
Mathez-Stiefel, SL., Brandt, R., Lachmuth, S. et al. 2012 Are the Young Less Knowledgeable? Local Knowledge of Natural Remedies and Its Transformations in the Andean Highlands. Hum Ecol 40: 909. DOI: 10.1007/s10745-012-9520-5
Miguéis GdS, da silva RH, Júnior GAD, et al. 2019. Plants used by the rural community of Bananal, Mato Grosso, Brazil: Aspects of popular knowledge. PlosOne. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210488
Nurlian, Daulay H. 2008. Kesetaraan gender dalam pembagian kerja pada keluarga petani ladang (studi kasus analisa isu gender pada keluarga petani ladang di Desa Cot Rambong, Kecamatan Kuala, Kabupaten Nagan Raya, NAD). Jurnal Harmoni Sosial II(2): 76-82
Pamungkas RN, Indriyani S, Luchman Hakim L. 2013. The ethnobotany of homegardens along rural corridors as a basis for ecotourism planning: a case study of Rajegwesi village, Banyuwangi, Indonesia. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES). 3 (8): 60-69.
Pilgrim SE, Cullen LC, Smith DJ, Pretty J. 2008. Ecological knowledge is lost in wealthier communities and countries. Environ Sci Technol 42 (4): 1004-1009.
Prihatini J, Iskandar J, Partasasmita R, Nurjaman D.2028. The impacts of traditional homegarden conversion into the commercial one: a case study in Sukapura Village of the upstream Citarum watershed, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas (19) 5:1926-1940
Putra RA, Wiryono, Aprianto E. 2012. Studi Etnobotani Suku Serawai di Kelurahan Sukarami Kecamatan Selebar Kota Bengkulu. Naturalis 1 (3): 214-224. [Indonesian]
Quinlan MB, Quinlan RT. 2007. Modernization and medicinal plant knowledge in a Caribbean horticultural village. Med Anthrophol Q, New series 21 (2): 169-192.
Rahayu M, Rugayah. 2010. Local knowledge and utilization of plants by local communities Kabaena Island, Southeast Sulawesi. Berita Biologi 10 (1): 67-75. [Indonesian]
Ramirez CR. 2007. Ethnobotany and the loss of traditional knowledge in the 21st century. Ethnobot Res App 5:245-247.
Rao MR, Rao BRR. 2006. Medicinal plants in tropical homegardens. Pages 205-232 in Kumar BM, Nair PKR (Eds.). Tropical homegardens: A time-tested example of sustainable agroforestry. Springer. The Netherland.
Rathore S, Tiwari J K, Zubair A Malik . 2015. Ethnomedicinal survey of herbaceous flora traditionally used in health care practices by inhabitants of dhundsir gad watershed of garhwal himalaya, india. Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., 4(4): 65–78
Roy S, Uddin MZ, Hassan MA, Rahman MM. 2008. Medico-botanical report on the Chakma community of Bangladesh. Bangladesh j. Plant taxon. 15(1): 67-72
Saxon E, Roquemore 2111. Palm Oil in Boucher D, Elias P, Lininger K, et al (eds.) 2011. The root of the problem. What is the driving force of tropical deforestation today? Tropical Forest and Climate Initiative. Union of Concerned Scientists.
Saynes-Vásquez A, Vibrans H, Vergara-Silva F, Caballero J. 2016. Intracultural Differences in Local Botanical Knowledge and Knowledge Loss among the Mexican Isthmus Zapotecs. PLoS ONE 11 (3): e0151693. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151693
Schunko C, Grasser S, Vogl C R. 2016. Intracultural variation of knowledge about wild plant uses in the Biosphere Reserve Grosses Walsertal (Austria) Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. Vol. 8, article 23 doi: 10.1186/1746-4269-8-23
Setalaphruk C, Price LL. 2007. Children's traditional ecological knowledge of wild food resources: a case study in a rural village in Northeast Thailand. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 3: 33-44.
Soemarwoto O. 1983. Ekologi, lingkungan hidup dan pembangunan. Penerbit Djambatan. Jakarta
Sousa RdS, Hanazaki N, Lopes JB, de Barros RFM. 2012 Are Gender and Age Important in understanding the Distribution of Local Botanical Knowledge in Fishing Communities of the Parnaíba Delta EnvironmentalProtection Area? Ethnobot Res Appl 10:551-559
Suryana, Iskandar J, Parikesit, Partasasmita R. 2018. Ethnobotany of tree ferns in Pasir Menyan Hamlet, Sukamandi VillageSubang, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19 (6): 2044-2051
Timsuksai P, Nguyen DT, Rambo AT. 2015. Homegardens of the Cao Lan, a Tai-Speaking Ethnic Minority in Vietnam's Northern Mountains. Southeast Asian Studies 4 (2): 365-383
Teklehaymanot T, Giday M. 2007. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by people in Zegie Peninsula, Northwestern Ethiopia. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. Vol. 3, article 12 doi: 10.1186/1746-4269-3-12.
Torres-Avilez W, de Medeiros PM, Albuquerque UP. 2016. Effect of Gender on the Knowledge of Medicinal Plants: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. doi: 10.1155/2016/6592363
Tongco Ma.D. 2007. Purposive sampling as a tool for informant selection. Ethnobot Res Appl 5:147-158.
Udawatta RP, Godsey LD. Agroforestry comes of age: putting science into practice. Agroforest Syst (2010) 79:1–4 DOI 10.1007/s10457-010-9296-9
Uniyal SK, Singh KN, Jamwal P, Lal B. 2006. Traditional use of medicinal plants among the tribal communities of Chhota Bhangal, Western Himalaya. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2:14
Vandebroek I, Balick MJ .2012. Globalization and Loss of Plant Knowledge: Challenging the Paradigm. PLoS ONE 7 (5): e37643. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037643
Voeks. 2007. Are women reservoirs of traditional plant knowledge? Gender, ethnobotany and globalization in Northeast Brazil. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 28: 7-20
Whitney, C.W., Luedeling, E., Tabuti, J.R.S. et al. 2018. Crop diversity in homegardens of southwest Uganda and its importance for rural livelihoods.Agric Hum Values 35 (2):399-424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-017-9835-3
Wiryono, Nurliana S. 2011. The knowledge of Bengkulu University’s forestry students of tree diversity in their campus. Nusantara Biosicence 22: 98-103.
Wiryono, Puteri VNU, Senoaji G. 2016. The diversity of plant species, the types of plant uses and the estimate of carbon stock in agroforestry system in Harapan Makmur Village, Bengkulu, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 7 (1): 249-255
Wiryono, Japriyanto, Erniwati. 2017. The diversity of locally utilized plants and local botanical knowledge in Central Bengkulu District, Bengkulu Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 17 (2):1589-1595
Wiryono, Wanandi Y, Ilahi AK, Deselina, Senoaji G, Siswahyono. 2019. The local knowledge of the plant names and uses by Semende tribe people in Kaur District, Bengkulu Province,Indonesia. Biodiversitas (20) 3: 754-761
Woldeyes F, Astaw Z, Demissew S, Roussel B.2016. Homegardens (Aal-oos-gad) of the Basket People of Southwestern Ethiopia: Sustainable ecosystem characterizing a traditional landscape. Ethnobotany Research & Applications 14:549-563 (2016)
Zank S, Hanazaki N (2017) The coexistence of traditional medicine and biomedicine: A study with local health experts in two Brazilian regions. PLoS ONE 12(4): e0174731.
Andesmora EV, Muhadiono, Hilwan I. 2017. Ethnobotany Hiang Indigenous Forest, Kerinci. J. Trop. Life. Science 7 (2): 95-101.
Aswani S, Lemahieu A, Sauer WHH. 2018. Global trends of local ecological knowledge and future implications. PLoS ONE 13 (4): e0195440. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195440
Ayantunde, A.A., Briejer, M., Hiernaux, P. et al. 2008. Botanical Knowledge and its Differentiation by Age, Gender and Ethnicity in Southwestern Niger. Hum Ecol 36: 881. DOI: 10.1007/s10745-008-9200-7
Batoro J, Siswanto D. 2017. Ethnomedicinal survey of plants used by local society in Poncokusumo district, Malang, East Java Province, Indonesia. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2017, 3 (2), 158-167; doi: 10.3329/ajmbr.v3i2.33563
Bhat S, Bhandary MJ, Rajanna L. 2014. Plant diversity in the homegardens of Karwar, Karnataka, India. Biodiversitas 15 (2): 229-235.
Caniago I, Siebert SF. Medicinal plant ecology, knowledge and conservation in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Econ Bot. 1998; 52: 229–250. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02862141
Cholchester M, Boscolo M, Contreras-Hermosilla, et al. 2006. Justice in the forest: Rural livelihoods and forest law enforcement. CIFOR. Bogor. Indonesia
Coe FG, Anderson GJ. 1996. Ethnobotany of the Garífuna of Eastern Nicaragua. Econ Bot 50: 71-107.
Cuadra VP, Cambi V, Ruda MA, et al. 2012. Consequences of the Loss of Traditional Knowledge: The risk of injurious and toxic plants growing in kindergartens. Ethnobot Res App 10:077-094
Darmawan R, Klasen S, Nuryanto N. 2016. Migration and deforestation in Indonesia, EFForTS Discussion Paper Series, No. 19, Collaborative Research Centre 990 "EFForTS, Ecological and Socioeconomic Functions of Tropical Lowland Rainforest Transformation Systems (Sumatra, Indonesia)", Göttingen,http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:7-webdoc-3967-7
De Albuquerque U. P., Soldati G. T., Sieber S. S., Ramos M. A., De Sá J. C., De Souza L. C. The use of plants in the medical system of the Fulni-ô people (NE Brazil): a perspective on age and gender. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2011;133(2):866–873. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.11.021
Estrada-Castillón E,Villarreal-Quintanilla JA, Rodríguez-Salinas MM et al. 2018. Ethnobotanical Survey of Useful Species in Bustamante, Nuevo León, Mexico Human Ecology; New York Vol. 46, Iss. 1, (Feb 2018): 117-132. DOI:10.1007/s10745-017-9962-x
FAO. 2016. Global forest assessment 2015. How are the world’ forests changing? FAO. Rome
Gómez-Baggethun E, Reyes-García V. 2013. Reinterpreting Change in Traditional Ecological Knowledge. Hum Ecol 41:643-647
Hariyadi B, Ticktin T. 2012. Uras: Medicinal and Ritual Plants of Serampas, Jambi Indonesia Ethnobot Res Appl 10:133-149
Hidayat S, Fijridiyanto IA. 2002. Traditional plant use in Gunung Halimun National Park. Berita Biologi (6) 1: 125-130
Himawa Y, Mapongmetsem PM. 2018. Crop diversity and typology of homegardens of Galimtignere (Adamawa, Cameroon). International Journal of Agroforestry and Silviculture 6(2): 343-353
Iskandar J, Iskandar BS, Partasasmita R. 2018. Review. The impact of social and economic change on domesticated plant diversity with special reference to wet rice and homegarden farming of West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19(2): 565-577. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d190227
Iskandar J, Iskandar BS, Pratasasmita R. 2018. Review: the impact of social and economic change on domesticated plant diversity with special reference to wet rice field and homegarden farming of West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19 (2): 502-514
Jose S. 2009. Agroforestry for ecosystem services and environmental benefits: an overview. Agroforest syst. 2009. 76:1-10. DOI 10.1007/s.10457-009-9229-7
King KFS. 2010. The history of agroforestry. Page 3-12 in Stepler HA, Nair PKR. Agroforestry a decade of development. ICRAF. Nairobi. Kenya.
Korale-Gedera P, Weerahewa J, Pushpakumara G et al. 2012. Commercial orientation and its effects on plant diversity in homegrdens: an empirical investigation of rural households in Sri Lanka. Sri Lankan journal of agricultural economics 14 (1): 17-42.
Kehlenbeck K, Maass B. 2004. Crop diversity and classification of homegardens in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Agroforest Syst (2004) 63: 53. https://doi.org/10.1023/B: AGFO.0000049433.95038.25
Langenberger G, Prigge V, Martin K, Belonias B, Sauerborn J. 2009. Ethnobotanical knowledge of Philippine lowland farmers and its application in agroforestry. Agrofor Syst 7:173-194.
Mathez-Stiefel, SL., Brandt, R., Lachmuth, S. et al. 2012 Are the Young Less Knowledgeable? Local Knowledge of Natural Remedies and Its Transformations in the Andean Highlands. Hum Ecol 40: 909. DOI: 10.1007/s10745-012-9520-5
Miguéis GdS, da silva RH, Júnior GAD, et al. 2019. Plants used by the rural community of Bananal, Mato Grosso, Brazil: Aspects of popular knowledge. PlosOne. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210488
Nurlian, Daulay H. 2008. Kesetaraan gender dalam pembagian kerja pada keluarga petani ladang (studi kasus analisa isu gender pada keluarga petani ladang di Desa Cot Rambong, Kecamatan Kuala, Kabupaten Nagan Raya, NAD). Jurnal Harmoni Sosial II(2): 76-82
Pamungkas RN, Indriyani S, Luchman Hakim L. 2013. The ethnobotany of homegardens along rural corridors as a basis for ecotourism planning: a case study of Rajegwesi village, Banyuwangi, Indonesia. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES). 3 (8): 60-69.
Pilgrim SE, Cullen LC, Smith DJ, Pretty J. 2008. Ecological knowledge is lost in wealthier communities and countries. Environ Sci Technol 42 (4): 1004-1009.
Prihatini J, Iskandar J, Partasasmita R, Nurjaman D.2028. The impacts of traditional homegarden conversion into the commercial one: a case study in Sukapura Village of the upstream Citarum watershed, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas (19) 5:1926-1940
Putra RA, Wiryono, Aprianto E. 2012. Studi Etnobotani Suku Serawai di Kelurahan Sukarami Kecamatan Selebar Kota Bengkulu. Naturalis 1 (3): 214-224. [Indonesian]
Quinlan MB, Quinlan RT. 2007. Modernization and medicinal plant knowledge in a Caribbean horticultural village. Med Anthrophol Q, New series 21 (2): 169-192.
Rahayu M, Rugayah. 2010. Local knowledge and utilization of plants by local communities Kabaena Island, Southeast Sulawesi. Berita Biologi 10 (1): 67-75. [Indonesian]
Ramirez CR. 2007. Ethnobotany and the loss of traditional knowledge in the 21st century. Ethnobot Res App 5:245-247.
Rao MR, Rao BRR. 2006. Medicinal plants in tropical homegardens. Pages 205-232 in Kumar BM, Nair PKR (Eds.). Tropical homegardens: A time-tested example of sustainable agroforestry. Springer. The Netherland.
Rathore S, Tiwari J K, Zubair A Malik . 2015. Ethnomedicinal survey of herbaceous flora traditionally used in health care practices by inhabitants of dhundsir gad watershed of garhwal himalaya, india. Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., 4(4): 65–78
Roy S, Uddin MZ, Hassan MA, Rahman MM. 2008. Medico-botanical report on the Chakma community of Bangladesh. Bangladesh j. Plant taxon. 15(1): 67-72
Saxon E, Roquemore 2111. Palm Oil in Boucher D, Elias P, Lininger K, et al (eds.) 2011. The root of the problem. What is the driving force of tropical deforestation today? Tropical Forest and Climate Initiative. Union of Concerned Scientists.
Saynes-Vásquez A, Vibrans H, Vergara-Silva F, Caballero J. 2016. Intracultural Differences in Local Botanical Knowledge and Knowledge Loss among the Mexican Isthmus Zapotecs. PLoS ONE 11 (3): e0151693. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151693
Schunko C, Grasser S, Vogl C R. 2016. Intracultural variation of knowledge about wild plant uses in the Biosphere Reserve Grosses Walsertal (Austria) Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. Vol. 8, article 23 doi: 10.1186/1746-4269-8-23
Setalaphruk C, Price LL. 2007. Children's traditional ecological knowledge of wild food resources: a case study in a rural village in Northeast Thailand. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 3: 33-44.
Soemarwoto O. 1983. Ekologi, lingkungan hidup dan pembangunan. Penerbit Djambatan. Jakarta
Sousa RdS, Hanazaki N, Lopes JB, de Barros RFM. 2012 Are Gender and Age Important in understanding the Distribution of Local Botanical Knowledge in Fishing Communities of the Parnaíba Delta EnvironmentalProtection Area? Ethnobot Res Appl 10:551-559
Suryana, Iskandar J, Parikesit, Partasasmita R. 2018. Ethnobotany of tree ferns in Pasir Menyan Hamlet, Sukamandi VillageSubang, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19 (6): 2044-2051
Timsuksai P, Nguyen DT, Rambo AT. 2015. Homegardens of the Cao Lan, a Tai-Speaking Ethnic Minority in Vietnam's Northern Mountains. Southeast Asian Studies 4 (2): 365-383
Teklehaymanot T, Giday M. 2007. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by people in Zegie Peninsula, Northwestern Ethiopia. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. Vol. 3, article 12 doi: 10.1186/1746-4269-3-12.
Torres-Avilez W, de Medeiros PM, Albuquerque UP. 2016. Effect of Gender on the Knowledge of Medicinal Plants: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. doi: 10.1155/2016/6592363
Tongco Ma.D. 2007. Purposive sampling as a tool for informant selection. Ethnobot Res Appl 5:147-158.
Udawatta RP, Godsey LD. Agroforestry comes of age: putting science into practice. Agroforest Syst (2010) 79:1–4 DOI 10.1007/s10457-010-9296-9
Uniyal SK, Singh KN, Jamwal P, Lal B. 2006. Traditional use of medicinal plants among the tribal communities of Chhota Bhangal, Western Himalaya. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2:14
Vandebroek I, Balick MJ .2012. Globalization and Loss of Plant Knowledge: Challenging the Paradigm. PLoS ONE 7 (5): e37643. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037643
Voeks. 2007. Are women reservoirs of traditional plant knowledge? Gender, ethnobotany and globalization in Northeast Brazil. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 28: 7-20
Whitney, C.W., Luedeling, E., Tabuti, J.R.S. et al. 2018. Crop diversity in homegardens of southwest Uganda and its importance for rural livelihoods.Agric Hum Values 35 (2):399-424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-017-9835-3
Wiryono, Nurliana S. 2011. The knowledge of Bengkulu University’s forestry students of tree diversity in their campus. Nusantara Biosicence 22: 98-103.
Wiryono, Puteri VNU, Senoaji G. 2016. The diversity of plant species, the types of plant uses and the estimate of carbon stock in agroforestry system in Harapan Makmur Village, Bengkulu, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 7 (1): 249-255
Wiryono, Japriyanto, Erniwati. 2017. The diversity of locally utilized plants and local botanical knowledge in Central Bengkulu District, Bengkulu Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 17 (2):1589-1595
Wiryono, Wanandi Y, Ilahi AK, Deselina, Senoaji G, Siswahyono. 2019. The local knowledge of the plant names and uses by Semende tribe people in Kaur District, Bengkulu Province,Indonesia. Biodiversitas (20) 3: 754-761
Woldeyes F, Astaw Z, Demissew S, Roussel B.2016. Homegardens (Aal-oos-gad) of the Basket People of Southwestern Ethiopia: Sustainable ecosystem characterizing a traditional landscape. Ethnobotany Research & Applications 14:549-563 (2016)
Zank S, Hanazaki N (2017) The coexistence of traditional medicine and biomedicine: A study with local health experts in two Brazilian regions. PLoS ONE 12(4): e0174731.
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- WIRYONO WIRYONO, YUSUF WANANDI, AISYAH KURNIA ILAHI, DESELINA DESELINA, GUNGGUNG SENOAJI, SISWAHYONO SISWAHYONO, The local knowledge of the plant names and uses by Semende tribe people in Kaur District, Bengkulu Province, Indonesia , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 20 No. 3 (2019)
- HERY SUHARTOYO, ALI MUNAWAR, WIRYONO WIRYONO, Returning biodiversity of rehabilitated forest on a coal mined site at Tanjung Enim, South Sumatra , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 13 No. 1 (2012)
- WIRYONO, PAUL KRISTIANSEN, LISA LOBRY DE BRUYN, SAPRINURDIN, STEFFANIE NURLIANA, Ecosystem services provided by agroforestry home gardens in Bengkulu, Indonesia: Smallholder utilization, biodiversity conservation, and carbon storage , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 24 No. 5 (2023)
- WIRYONO, AGUNG HASAN LUKMAN, STEFFANIE NURLIANA, The species diversity and composition of seedlings for degraded land rehabilitation in different phytogeographical regions in Indonesia , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 23 No. 11 (2022)