The growth, pilodyn penetration, and wood properties of 12 Neolamarckia cadamba provenances at 42 months old
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Abstract. Anna N, Supriyanto, Karlinasari L, Sudrajat DJ, Siregar IZ. 2020. The growth, pilodyn penetration, and wood properties of 12 Neolamarckia cadamba provenances at 42 months old. Biodiversitas 21: 1091-1100. Jabon (Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb) Bosser) is a potential tree species for the development of plantation forests and community forests to supply timber demands. Information on the growth characteristics and wood properties of N. cadamba is important for the present and future development, yet. Those data is not available. This study aimed to assess the variations on growth (height, diameter), pilodyn (Pilodyn®) penetration, and physical properties of wood from core sample; and characterize the wood properties of 12 N. cadamba provenances at Parung Panjang, Bogor. The assessment of growth characteristics, pilodyn penetration, and physical properties of wood from core sample was carried out through census (1030 trees) on all provenance (using non-destructive method). The wood properties analysis was carried out using destructive method to one sample for each of the 12 N. cadamba provenances. Growth characteristics observed were the height (numerical scale pole), diameter (calipers), and pilodyn penetration. Meanwhile, the wood properties consisted of wood density, specific gravity, moisture content, fiber length (light microscope), MFA (x-ray diffraction), MOE, and MOR. The results showed that the correlation between the height and moisture content with pilodyn penetration was weak and positive, while the correlation between diameter, wood density, and specific gravity was weak and negative. The result of non-destructive test showed that Gowa provenance is superior. The results of destructive tests to investigate the wood properties of the twelve provenances showed that Batu Licin provenance is superior in terms of specific gravity and MOE, while Gowa provenance is superior in terms of MOR and fiber length. The results of the wood properties (i.e. density, specific gravity, moisture content, MOE, MOR, MFA, and fiber length) of the 12 N. cadamba provenances showed that the woods can be potentially used as non-structural materials only.
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References
Aguiar A, Almeida MH, Borralho N. 2003. Genetic control of growth, wood density and stem characteristics of Pinus pinaster in Portugal. Silva Lusitana. 11(2):131-139.
Anna N, Siregar IZ, Supriyanto, Karlinasari L, Sudrajat DJ. 2018. Genetic variation of growth and its relationship with pilodyn penetration on provenance-progeny trial of jabon (Neolamarkcia cadamba (Roxb) Bosser) at Parung Panjang, Bogor. J Trop Wood Tech 16(2): 160-177
[ASTM]. American Society for Testing and Material. 2005. Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Section Four: Construction. Volume 0410. Wood. D-4442–92 (Reapproved 2003) (Standard Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measurement of Wood and Wood-Base Materials). USA.
[ASTM]. American Society for Testing and Material. 2005. Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Section Four: Construction. Volume 0410. Wood. D-2395–02 (Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Wood and Wood-Based Materials). USA.
Bowyer JL, Shmulsky R, Haygreen JG. 2003. Forest Products and Wood Science: An Introduction. USA: Iowa.
Carrillo I, Valenzuela S, Elissetche JP. 2017. Comparative evaluation of Eucalyptus globulus and E. nitens wood and fiber quality. IAWA Journal 38(1): 105-116. doi: 10.1163/22941932-20170160
Chen Z-Q, Gil MRG, Karlsson B, Lundqvist S-O, Olsson L, Wu HX. 2014. Inheritance of growth and solid wood quality traits in a large Norway spruce population tested at two locations in southern Sweden. Tree Genet Genomes 10(5): 1291–1303.
Clark A, Richard F, Daniels RF, Jordan L. 2006. Juvenile-mature wood transition in Loblolly pine as defined by annual ring specific gravity, proportion of latewood, and microfibril angle. Wood Fiber Sci 38(2): 292-299
Cotterill PP, Dean CA. 1990. Successful tree breeding with index selection. CSIRO Division of Forestry and Forest Product, Australia.
Couto AM, Trugilho PF, Neves TA, Protásio TP, Sá VA. 2013. Modeling of basic density of wood from Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus urophylla using nondestructive methods. Cerne 19(1): 27-34.
Cown DJ. 1978. Comparison of the pylodyn and torsiometer methods for the rapid assessment of wood density in living trees. New Zealand J For Sci 8(3): 384-391.
Ministry of Forestry of Indonesia, 1989. Atlas Kayu Indonesia. Volume I and II. Ministry of Forestry Research and Development Center, Bogor.
Falconer DS, Mackay TFC. 1996. Introduction to quantitative genetics, 4th Ed. Longman Inc. Group U.K.
Gardiner B, Moore J. 2013. Creating the wood supply of the future. In Challenges and Opportunities for the World’s Forests in the 21st Century; Fenning T, Ed;Springer. Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Volume 81 of the Series Forest Science, pp 677-704
Gaspar MJ, Lousada JL, Rodrigues JC, Aguiar A, Almeida MH. 2009. Does selecting for improved growth affect wood quality of Pinus pinaster in Portugal. For Ecol Manag 258: 115-121. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2009.03.046
Hai PH, Duong LA, Toan NQ, Ha TTT. 2015. Genetic variation in growth, stem straightness, pilodyn and dynamic modulus of elasticity in second-generation progeny tests of Acacia mangium at three sites in Vietnam. New For 46: 577–591. doi: 10.1007/s11056-015-9484-6
Hallingbäck HR, Jansson G, Hannrup B. 2008. Genetic parameters for grain angle in 28-year-old Norway spruce progeny trials and their parent seed orchard. Ann For Sci 65(3):1. doi:10.1051/forest:2008005.
Hansen CP. 2000. Application of the pilodyn in forest tree improvement. Danida Forest Seed Center.
Hayatgheibi H, Fries A, Kroon J, Wu H. 2017. Genetic analysis of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) solid wood quality traits. Can J For Res 47(10): 1303–1313.
Hayatgheibi H, Fries A, Kroon J, Wu HX. 2019. Estimation of genetic parameters, provenance performances, and genotype by environment interactions for growth and stiffness in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta). Scandinavian J For Res 34: 1-11. doi:10.1080/02827581.2018.1542025
Hébert F, Krause C, Pourde PY, Achim A, Prégent G, Ménétrier J. 2016. Effect of tree spacing on tree level volume growth, morphology, and wood properties in a 25-year-old Pinus banksiana plantation in the Boreal Forest of Quebec. Forest 7: 276. doi:10.3390/f7110276
Hidayati F, Ishiguri F, Iizuka K, Makino K, Takashima Y, Danarto D, Winanrni WW, Irawati D, Na’iem M, Yakota S, Yoshizawa N. 2013. Growth characteristics, stress-wave velocity, and pilodyn penetration of 15 clones of 12 years old Tectona grandis trees planted at two different sites in Indonesia. J Wood Sci 59(3): 249-254.
Hong Z, Fries A, Wu HX. 2014. High negative genetic correlations between growth traits and wood properties suggest incorporating multiple traits selection including economic weights for the future Scots pine breeding programs. Ann For Sci 71(4): 463–472.
Ishiguri F, Matsui R, Lizuka K, Yokota S, Yoshizawa. 2008. Prediction of the mechanical properties of lumber by stress-wave velocity and Pilodyn penetration of 36-year-old Japanese larch trees. Holz Roh Werkst 66: 275-280. Doi. 10.1007/s00107-008-0251-7
Ishiguri F, Kazuko M, Imam W, Jun T, Yuya T, Kazuya I, Shinso Y. 2012. Relationship between growth and wood properties in Agathis sp planted in Indonesia. Wood Res J 3(1): 1-5.
Kha LD, Chris EH, Nguyen DK, Brian SB, Nguyen DH, Ha HT. 2012. Growth and wood basic density of acacia hybrid clones at three locations in Vietnam. New For 43:13-29. doi 10.1007/s1 1056-011-9263-y
Kien ND, Gunnar J, Chris H, Curt A, Ha HT. 2008. Genetic variation in wood basic density and pilodyn penetration and their relationships with growth, stem straightness, and branch size for Eucalyptus urophylla in Northern Vietnam. New Zealand Journal For Sci 38(1): 160-175.
Koizumi A, Takada K, Ueda K, Katayose T. 1990. Radial growth and wood quality of plus trees of japanese larch I. Radial growth, density, and trunk modulus of elasticity of grafted clones. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 36: 98-102
Liana DF, Hermoso E, Izquierdo ST, Bobadilla I, Íñiguez-González G. 2015. The effect of moisture content on nondestructive probing measurements. Proceedings: 19th International Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation of Wood Symposium. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Lenz P, Auty D, Achim A, Beaulieu J, Mackay J. 2013. Genetic improvement of white spruce mechanical wood traits-early screening by means of acoustic velocity. Forest 4:575-594. Doi:10.3390/f4030575
Mahmud SZ, Hashim R, Saleh AH, Sulaiman O, Saharudin NI, Ngah ML, Masseat K, Husain H. 2017. Physical and mechanical properties of juvenile wood from Neolamarckia cadamba planted in West Malaysia. Maderas. Ciencia y techlogia 19(2): 225-238. Doi:10.4067/S0718-221X2017005000020
Makinen H, Saranpää P, Linder S. 2002. Effect of growth rate on fibre characteristics in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.)Karst.). Holzforschung 56: 449-460
Micko MM, Wang EIC, Taylor FW, Yanchuk AD. 1982. Determination of wood specific gravity in standing white spruce using a pilodyn tester. Forest Chron 58(4): 178-180.
Monteuuis O, Goh DKS, Garcia C, Alloysius D, Gidiman J, Bacilieri R, Chaix G. 2011. Genetic variation of growth and tree quality traits among 42 diverse genetic origins of Tectona grandis planted under humid tropical condition in Sabah, East Malaysia. Tree Gen Genomes 7: 1263-1275
Moore JR, Lyon AJ, Searles GJ, Vihermaa LE. 2009. The effects of site and stand factors on the tree and wood quality of Sitka spruce growing in the United Kingdom. Silva Fennica 43(3): 383-396
Nurhasybi, Sudrajat DJ. 2019. Growth performance of Acacia mangium provenances in Parung Panjang, Bogor and its correlation with physical and mechnical wood properties. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 359 (2019)012003. Doi:10.1088/1755-1315/359/1/012003
Orwa C, Mutua A, Kindt R, Jamnadass R, Anthony S. 2009. Agroforestry tree database: a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0. http://www.worlagroforestry.org/treedb2/AFTPDFS/Anthocephalus_cadamba.pdf.diakses 10 Juni 2016.
Rahayu I, Darmawan W, Nugroho N, Nandika D, Marchal R. 2014. Demarcation point between juvenile and mature wood in sengon (Falcataria moluccana) and jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba). J Trop For Sci 26(3): 331-339.
Raymond CA, MacDonald AC. 1998. Where to shoot your pilodyn: within tree variation in basic density in plantation Eucalyptus globulus and E. nitens in Tasmania. New For 15: 205–221
Rozenberg P, Sype HV. 1996. Genetic variation of the pilodyn-girth relationship in Norway spruce (Picea abies L (Karst)). Ann Sci For 53:1153-1166
Setyadi T, Nirsatmanto A, Sunarti S. 2013. Genetic variation on early growth of jabon (Antocephalus spp.) observed in first generation seedling seed orchard. International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers, Bogor.
Sanhueza RP, White TL, Huber DA, Griffin AR. 2002. Genetic parameters estimates, selection indices and predicted genetic gains from selection of Eucalyptus globulus in Chile. Forest Genetics 9(1):19-29
Shi-jun W, Jian-min X, Guang-you L, Vuokko R, Zhao-hua L, Bao-qi L, Wei W. 2010. Use of the pilodyn for assessing wood properties in standing trees of Eucalyptus clones. J For Res 21(1): 68?72. doi:10.1007/s11676-010-0011-5
Soerianegara I, Lemmens RHMJ. 1993. Plant resources of South-east Asia 5 (1): Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen, Netherlands.
Sprague JR, Talbert JT, Jett JB, Bryant RL. 1983. Utility of the pilodyn in selection for mature wood specific gravity in loblolly pine. For Sci 29: 696–701
Sudrajat DJ, Siregar IZ, Khumaida N, Siregar UJ, Mansur I. 2015. Genetic diversity in white jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq.) based on AFLP markers. AsPac J Mol Biol Biotechnol 22(3): 224-231.
Sudrajat DJ, Siregar IZ, Siregar UJ, Nurhasybi, Mansur I, Khumaida N. 2016. Intraspecific variation on early growth of Neolamarckia cadamba Miq. in provenance-progeny tests in West Java Province, Indonesia. Biotropia 23(1): 10-20. doi: 10.11598/btb.2016.23.1.439
Surles SE, White, Hodge GR. 1995. Genetic estimates for seedling dry weight traits and their relationship with parental breeding values in slash pine. For Sci 41:546-563.
Taylor FW. 1981. Rapid determination of Southern pine specific gravity with a pilodyn tester. For Sci 27: 59–61
Villeneuve M, Morgenstern EK, Sebastian LP. 1987 Estimation of wood density in family tests of jack pine and black spruce using the pilodyn tester. Can J For Res 17: 1147–1149
Wang T, Aitken SN, Rozenberg P, Millie F. 2000. Selection for improved growth and wood density lodgepole pine: Effects on radial patterns of wood variation. Wood Fiber Sci 32(4): 391-403
Warrier KCS, Venkataramanan. 2014. Use of pilodyn for rapid and reliable estimation of wood basic density in clones of Casuarina equisetifolia. Int J Current Res 6(09): 8269-8272
Wang L. Payette S. Begin Y. 2002. Relationships between anatomical and densitometric characteristics of black spruce and summer temperature at tree line in Northern Quebec. Can J For Res 32: 477-486
Weber JC, Larwanou M, Abasse TA, Kalinganire A. 2008. Growth and survival of Prosopis africana provenance tested in Niger and related to rainfall gradients in the West African Sahel. For Ecol Manag 256: 585-592.
Widiyanto A, Siarudin M. 2016. Character of phisical wood of jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba Miq) on longitudinal and radial direction. JHT 4(2): 102-108.
Wu HX, Ivkovic M, Gapare WJ, Matheson A, Baltunis B, Powell M, McRae T. 2008. Breeding for wood quality and profit in Pinus radiata: a review of genetic parameter estimates and implications for breeding and deployment. New Zealand J For Sci 38(1): 56–87.
Yudohartono TP. 2013. Characteristics of jabon growth of Sumbawa provenance at seedling and after planting. Journal of Forest Plant Breeding 7(2): 85-96.
Zhang SY. 1998. Effect of age on the variation, correlations and inheritance of selected wood characteristics in black spruce (Picea mariana). Wood Sci Tech 32: 197-204.
Zhang SY, Chauret G, Ren H. 2002. Impact of initial spacing on plantation black spruce lumber grade yield, bending properties, and MSR yield. Wood Fiber Sci 34: 460-475.
Zhang SY, Yu Q, Chauret G, Koubaa A. 2003. Selection for both growth and wood properties in hybrid clones. J For Sci 49(6): 1-8.
Zobel BJ, JT Talbert. 1984. Applied Forest Tree Improvement. New York: John Willey and Sons. Inc.
Zobel BJ, Jett JB. 1995. Genetics of wood production. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
Anna N, Siregar IZ, Supriyanto, Karlinasari L, Sudrajat DJ. 2018. Genetic variation of growth and its relationship with pilodyn penetration on provenance-progeny trial of jabon (Neolamarkcia cadamba (Roxb) Bosser) at Parung Panjang, Bogor. J Trop Wood Tech 16(2): 160-177
[ASTM]. American Society for Testing and Material. 2005. Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Section Four: Construction. Volume 0410. Wood. D-4442–92 (Reapproved 2003) (Standard Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measurement of Wood and Wood-Base Materials). USA.
[ASTM]. American Society for Testing and Material. 2005. Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Section Four: Construction. Volume 0410. Wood. D-2395–02 (Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Wood and Wood-Based Materials). USA.
Bowyer JL, Shmulsky R, Haygreen JG. 2003. Forest Products and Wood Science: An Introduction. USA: Iowa.
Carrillo I, Valenzuela S, Elissetche JP. 2017. Comparative evaluation of Eucalyptus globulus and E. nitens wood and fiber quality. IAWA Journal 38(1): 105-116. doi: 10.1163/22941932-20170160
Chen Z-Q, Gil MRG, Karlsson B, Lundqvist S-O, Olsson L, Wu HX. 2014. Inheritance of growth and solid wood quality traits in a large Norway spruce population tested at two locations in southern Sweden. Tree Genet Genomes 10(5): 1291–1303.
Clark A, Richard F, Daniels RF, Jordan L. 2006. Juvenile-mature wood transition in Loblolly pine as defined by annual ring specific gravity, proportion of latewood, and microfibril angle. Wood Fiber Sci 38(2): 292-299
Cotterill PP, Dean CA. 1990. Successful tree breeding with index selection. CSIRO Division of Forestry and Forest Product, Australia.
Couto AM, Trugilho PF, Neves TA, Protásio TP, Sá VA. 2013. Modeling of basic density of wood from Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus urophylla using nondestructive methods. Cerne 19(1): 27-34.
Cown DJ. 1978. Comparison of the pylodyn and torsiometer methods for the rapid assessment of wood density in living trees. New Zealand J For Sci 8(3): 384-391.
Ministry of Forestry of Indonesia, 1989. Atlas Kayu Indonesia. Volume I and II. Ministry of Forestry Research and Development Center, Bogor.
Falconer DS, Mackay TFC. 1996. Introduction to quantitative genetics, 4th Ed. Longman Inc. Group U.K.
Gardiner B, Moore J. 2013. Creating the wood supply of the future. In Challenges and Opportunities for the World’s Forests in the 21st Century; Fenning T, Ed;Springer. Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Volume 81 of the Series Forest Science, pp 677-704
Gaspar MJ, Lousada JL, Rodrigues JC, Aguiar A, Almeida MH. 2009. Does selecting for improved growth affect wood quality of Pinus pinaster in Portugal. For Ecol Manag 258: 115-121. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2009.03.046
Hai PH, Duong LA, Toan NQ, Ha TTT. 2015. Genetic variation in growth, stem straightness, pilodyn and dynamic modulus of elasticity in second-generation progeny tests of Acacia mangium at three sites in Vietnam. New For 46: 577–591. doi: 10.1007/s11056-015-9484-6
Hallingbäck HR, Jansson G, Hannrup B. 2008. Genetic parameters for grain angle in 28-year-old Norway spruce progeny trials and their parent seed orchard. Ann For Sci 65(3):1. doi:10.1051/forest:2008005.
Hansen CP. 2000. Application of the pilodyn in forest tree improvement. Danida Forest Seed Center.
Hayatgheibi H, Fries A, Kroon J, Wu H. 2017. Genetic analysis of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) solid wood quality traits. Can J For Res 47(10): 1303–1313.
Hayatgheibi H, Fries A, Kroon J, Wu HX. 2019. Estimation of genetic parameters, provenance performances, and genotype by environment interactions for growth and stiffness in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta). Scandinavian J For Res 34: 1-11. doi:10.1080/02827581.2018.1542025
Hébert F, Krause C, Pourde PY, Achim A, Prégent G, Ménétrier J. 2016. Effect of tree spacing on tree level volume growth, morphology, and wood properties in a 25-year-old Pinus banksiana plantation in the Boreal Forest of Quebec. Forest 7: 276. doi:10.3390/f7110276
Hidayati F, Ishiguri F, Iizuka K, Makino K, Takashima Y, Danarto D, Winanrni WW, Irawati D, Na’iem M, Yakota S, Yoshizawa N. 2013. Growth characteristics, stress-wave velocity, and pilodyn penetration of 15 clones of 12 years old Tectona grandis trees planted at two different sites in Indonesia. J Wood Sci 59(3): 249-254.
Hong Z, Fries A, Wu HX. 2014. High negative genetic correlations between growth traits and wood properties suggest incorporating multiple traits selection including economic weights for the future Scots pine breeding programs. Ann For Sci 71(4): 463–472.
Ishiguri F, Matsui R, Lizuka K, Yokota S, Yoshizawa. 2008. Prediction of the mechanical properties of lumber by stress-wave velocity and Pilodyn penetration of 36-year-old Japanese larch trees. Holz Roh Werkst 66: 275-280. Doi. 10.1007/s00107-008-0251-7
Ishiguri F, Kazuko M, Imam W, Jun T, Yuya T, Kazuya I, Shinso Y. 2012. Relationship between growth and wood properties in Agathis sp planted in Indonesia. Wood Res J 3(1): 1-5.
Kha LD, Chris EH, Nguyen DK, Brian SB, Nguyen DH, Ha HT. 2012. Growth and wood basic density of acacia hybrid clones at three locations in Vietnam. New For 43:13-29. doi 10.1007/s1 1056-011-9263-y
Kien ND, Gunnar J, Chris H, Curt A, Ha HT. 2008. Genetic variation in wood basic density and pilodyn penetration and their relationships with growth, stem straightness, and branch size for Eucalyptus urophylla in Northern Vietnam. New Zealand Journal For Sci 38(1): 160-175.
Koizumi A, Takada K, Ueda K, Katayose T. 1990. Radial growth and wood quality of plus trees of japanese larch I. Radial growth, density, and trunk modulus of elasticity of grafted clones. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 36: 98-102
Liana DF, Hermoso E, Izquierdo ST, Bobadilla I, Íñiguez-González G. 2015. The effect of moisture content on nondestructive probing measurements. Proceedings: 19th International Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation of Wood Symposium. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Lenz P, Auty D, Achim A, Beaulieu J, Mackay J. 2013. Genetic improvement of white spruce mechanical wood traits-early screening by means of acoustic velocity. Forest 4:575-594. Doi:10.3390/f4030575
Mahmud SZ, Hashim R, Saleh AH, Sulaiman O, Saharudin NI, Ngah ML, Masseat K, Husain H. 2017. Physical and mechanical properties of juvenile wood from Neolamarckia cadamba planted in West Malaysia. Maderas. Ciencia y techlogia 19(2): 225-238. Doi:10.4067/S0718-221X2017005000020
Makinen H, Saranpää P, Linder S. 2002. Effect of growth rate on fibre characteristics in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.)Karst.). Holzforschung 56: 449-460
Micko MM, Wang EIC, Taylor FW, Yanchuk AD. 1982. Determination of wood specific gravity in standing white spruce using a pilodyn tester. Forest Chron 58(4): 178-180.
Monteuuis O, Goh DKS, Garcia C, Alloysius D, Gidiman J, Bacilieri R, Chaix G. 2011. Genetic variation of growth and tree quality traits among 42 diverse genetic origins of Tectona grandis planted under humid tropical condition in Sabah, East Malaysia. Tree Gen Genomes 7: 1263-1275
Moore JR, Lyon AJ, Searles GJ, Vihermaa LE. 2009. The effects of site and stand factors on the tree and wood quality of Sitka spruce growing in the United Kingdom. Silva Fennica 43(3): 383-396
Nurhasybi, Sudrajat DJ. 2019. Growth performance of Acacia mangium provenances in Parung Panjang, Bogor and its correlation with physical and mechnical wood properties. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 359 (2019)012003. Doi:10.1088/1755-1315/359/1/012003
Orwa C, Mutua A, Kindt R, Jamnadass R, Anthony S. 2009. Agroforestry tree database: a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0. http://www.worlagroforestry.org/treedb2/AFTPDFS/Anthocephalus_cadamba.pdf.diakses 10 Juni 2016.
Rahayu I, Darmawan W, Nugroho N, Nandika D, Marchal R. 2014. Demarcation point between juvenile and mature wood in sengon (Falcataria moluccana) and jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba). J Trop For Sci 26(3): 331-339.
Raymond CA, MacDonald AC. 1998. Where to shoot your pilodyn: within tree variation in basic density in plantation Eucalyptus globulus and E. nitens in Tasmania. New For 15: 205–221
Rozenberg P, Sype HV. 1996. Genetic variation of the pilodyn-girth relationship in Norway spruce (Picea abies L (Karst)). Ann Sci For 53:1153-1166
Setyadi T, Nirsatmanto A, Sunarti S. 2013. Genetic variation on early growth of jabon (Antocephalus spp.) observed in first generation seedling seed orchard. International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers, Bogor.
Sanhueza RP, White TL, Huber DA, Griffin AR. 2002. Genetic parameters estimates, selection indices and predicted genetic gains from selection of Eucalyptus globulus in Chile. Forest Genetics 9(1):19-29
Shi-jun W, Jian-min X, Guang-you L, Vuokko R, Zhao-hua L, Bao-qi L, Wei W. 2010. Use of the pilodyn for assessing wood properties in standing trees of Eucalyptus clones. J For Res 21(1): 68?72. doi:10.1007/s11676-010-0011-5
Soerianegara I, Lemmens RHMJ. 1993. Plant resources of South-east Asia 5 (1): Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen, Netherlands.
Sprague JR, Talbert JT, Jett JB, Bryant RL. 1983. Utility of the pilodyn in selection for mature wood specific gravity in loblolly pine. For Sci 29: 696–701
Sudrajat DJ, Siregar IZ, Khumaida N, Siregar UJ, Mansur I. 2015. Genetic diversity in white jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq.) based on AFLP markers. AsPac J Mol Biol Biotechnol 22(3): 224-231.
Sudrajat DJ, Siregar IZ, Siregar UJ, Nurhasybi, Mansur I, Khumaida N. 2016. Intraspecific variation on early growth of Neolamarckia cadamba Miq. in provenance-progeny tests in West Java Province, Indonesia. Biotropia 23(1): 10-20. doi: 10.11598/btb.2016.23.1.439
Surles SE, White, Hodge GR. 1995. Genetic estimates for seedling dry weight traits and their relationship with parental breeding values in slash pine. For Sci 41:546-563.
Taylor FW. 1981. Rapid determination of Southern pine specific gravity with a pilodyn tester. For Sci 27: 59–61
Villeneuve M, Morgenstern EK, Sebastian LP. 1987 Estimation of wood density in family tests of jack pine and black spruce using the pilodyn tester. Can J For Res 17: 1147–1149
Wang T, Aitken SN, Rozenberg P, Millie F. 2000. Selection for improved growth and wood density lodgepole pine: Effects on radial patterns of wood variation. Wood Fiber Sci 32(4): 391-403
Warrier KCS, Venkataramanan. 2014. Use of pilodyn for rapid and reliable estimation of wood basic density in clones of Casuarina equisetifolia. Int J Current Res 6(09): 8269-8272
Wang L. Payette S. Begin Y. 2002. Relationships between anatomical and densitometric characteristics of black spruce and summer temperature at tree line in Northern Quebec. Can J For Res 32: 477-486
Weber JC, Larwanou M, Abasse TA, Kalinganire A. 2008. Growth and survival of Prosopis africana provenance tested in Niger and related to rainfall gradients in the West African Sahel. For Ecol Manag 256: 585-592.
Widiyanto A, Siarudin M. 2016. Character of phisical wood of jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba Miq) on longitudinal and radial direction. JHT 4(2): 102-108.
Wu HX, Ivkovic M, Gapare WJ, Matheson A, Baltunis B, Powell M, McRae T. 2008. Breeding for wood quality and profit in Pinus radiata: a review of genetic parameter estimates and implications for breeding and deployment. New Zealand J For Sci 38(1): 56–87.
Yudohartono TP. 2013. Characteristics of jabon growth of Sumbawa provenance at seedling and after planting. Journal of Forest Plant Breeding 7(2): 85-96.
Zhang SY. 1998. Effect of age on the variation, correlations and inheritance of selected wood characteristics in black spruce (Picea mariana). Wood Sci Tech 32: 197-204.
Zhang SY, Chauret G, Ren H. 2002. Impact of initial spacing on plantation black spruce lumber grade yield, bending properties, and MSR yield. Wood Fiber Sci 34: 460-475.
Zhang SY, Yu Q, Chauret G, Koubaa A. 2003. Selection for both growth and wood properties in hybrid clones. J For Sci 49(6): 1-8.
Zobel BJ, JT Talbert. 1984. Applied Forest Tree Improvement. New York: John Willey and Sons. Inc.
Zobel BJ, Jett JB. 1995. Genetics of wood production. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
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