Growth prediction for rubber tree and intercropped forest trees to facilitate environmental services valuation in South Thailand
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Abstract. Nattharom N, Roongtawanreongsri S, Bumrungsri S. 2020. Growth prediction for rubber trees and intercropped forest trees to facilitate environmental services valuation in South Thailand. Biodiversitas 21: 2019-2034. Tree growth parameters are necessary for valuing ecological services of trees in both natural forest and agroforest. These parameters are difficult to measure annually, and thus often lack the information needed in valuation. This study aimed to use regression analysis to create growth models for diameter at breast height (DBH), total height (TH), and merchantable height (MH) of Hevea brasiliensis Mull-Arg. (rubber tree) and five economic forest trees that are preferred by rubber farmers for intercropping, including Hopea odorata Roxb., Shorea roxburghii G.Don., Swietenia macrophylla King., Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb., and Azadirachta excelsa (Jack) Jacobs. Data were collected from 39 rubber plantations that contain rubber trees and the intercropped tree species at different ages in three provinces in South Thailand. The data were modelled using regression analysis with curve fitting to find the best-fitted curve to a given set of points by minimizing the sum of the squares of the residuals and standard error of the regression of the points from the curve. The results arrived at 21 models for the DBH, TH, and MH growth of rubber and the intercropped trees, in the forms of, power, sigmoid and exponential trends that vary according to the type of trees. The models can be used to predict tree growth parameters, which are useful for determining the value of ecosystem services such as carbon dioxide sequestration, oxygen production, and timber production.
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References
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Bumrungsri S, Sawangchote P, Tapedontree J, Nattharom N, Bauloi K, Chatchai N, Billasoy S. 2011. Litter fall and decomposition rate, density of earthworm, carbon storage, diversity of birds and bats in rubber agroforestry and monoculture rubber plantation at Thamod District, Phatthalung Province. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand. [Thai]
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Cao QV. 2004. Annual tree growth prediction from periodic measurements. In: Proceedings of the 12th biennial southern silvicultural research conference in Biloxi, Beau Rivage Resort and Casino, 24-28 February 2003.
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Sakai A, Visaratana T, Vacharangkura T. 2010. Size distribution and morphological damage to 17-yar-old Hopea odorata Roxb. planted in fast-growing tree Stands in Northeast Thailand. Thai Journal of Forest 29 (3): 16–25.
Sakai A,Visaratana T,Vacharangkura T, Thai-Ngam R, Nakamura S. 2014. Growth performance of four dipterocarp species planted in a leucaena leucocephala plantation and in an open site on degraded land under a tropical monsoon climate. Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly 48 (1): 95–104.
Sathapong P. 1970. Growth of Mahogany. http://forprod.forest.go.th/forprod/ebook/FastGrowingTree/pdf/??????????????????????????????.pdf
Shono K, Snook LK. 2006. Growth of big-leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) in natural forests in Belize. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 18 (1): 66–73.
Silpi U, Thaler P, Kasemsap P et al. 2006. Effect of tapping activity on the dynamics of radial growth of Hevea brasiliensis trees. Tree Physiology 26 (12): 1579–1587.
Takimoto A, Nair PKR, Nair VD. 2008. Carbon stock and sequestration potential of traditional and improved agroforestry systems in the West African Sahel. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 125 (1): 159–166.
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.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol4.html
Tong PS, Ng FSP. 2008. Effect of light intensity on growth, leaf production, leaf lifespan and leaf nutrient budgets of Acacia mangium,
Cinnamomum iners, Dyera costulata, Eusideroxylon zwageri and Shorea roxburghii. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 20 (3): 218–234.
Trephattanasuwan P, Diloksumpun S, Staporn D, Ratanakaew J. 2008. Carbon storage in biomass of some tree species planted at the PuParn Royal Development Study Centre, Sakon Nakhon Province. http://frc.forest.ku.ac.th/frcdatabase/bulletin/ws_document/R195301.pdf
Villamor GB, Le QB, Djanibekov U, van Noordwijk M, Vlek PLG. 2014. Biodiversity in rubber agroforests, carbon emissions, and rural livelihoods: an agent-based model of landuse dynamics in lowland Sumatra. Environmental Modelling and Software 61: 155–165.
Visaratana T, Kiratiprayoon S, Pitpreecha K, Vutivijarn T, Kumpan T, Phatong S, Nakamura S. 1991. Probability for planting of Dalbergia cochinchinensis, Afzelia xylocarpa, Dipterocarpus alatus and Hopea odorata under canopy of Leucaena leucocephala and opened site. Royal Forest Department, Bangkok, Thailand. [Thai]
Westfall JA, Laustsen KM. 2006. A merchantable and total height model for tree species in Maine. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 23: 241–249.
Yolasi?maz HA, Kele? S. 2009. Changes in carbon storage and oxygen production in forest timber biomass of Balci Forest Management Unit in Turkey between 1984 and 2006. African Journal of Biotechnology 8 (19): 4872–4883.
Barbier E, Baumgärtner S, Chopra K, Costello C, Duraiappah A, Hassan R, Kinzig K, Lehman M, Pascual U, Polasky S, Perrings C. 2009. The valuation of ecosystem services. In: Naeem S, Bunker DE, Hector A Loreau M, Perrings C (eds) Biodiversity, Ecosystem Functioning, and Human Wellbeing: An Ecological and Economic Perspective. Oxford University Press.
Booranatam W, Jantama A, Jantama P, Pachana P, Bamrungwong P, Petying P, Boonmorakot P. 2003. Planting some economic forest trees as intercropping in rubber plantation. Rubber Research Institute of Thailand, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok, Thailand. [Thai]
Brack C. 1999. Measuring parts of a single tree. https://fennerschool-associated.anu.edu.au/mensuration/tree.htm
Brown S, Gillespie AJR, Lugo AE. 1989. Biomass estimation methods for tropical forests with applications to forest inventory data. Forest Science 35 (4): 881–902.
Bumrungsri S, Sawangchote P, Tapedontree J, Nattharom N, Bauloi K, Chatchai N, Billasoy S. 2011. Litter fall and decomposition rate, density of earthworm, carbon storage, diversity of birds and bats in rubber agroforestry and monoculture rubber plantation at Thamod District, Phatthalung Province. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand. [Thai]
Cameron AC, Windmeijer FAG. 1997. An R-squared measure of goodness of fit for some common nonlinear regression models. Journal of Econometrics 77 (2): 329–342.
Cao QV. 2004. Annual tree growth prediction from periodic measurements. In: Proceedings of the 12th biennial southern silvicultural research conference in Biloxi, Beau Rivage Resort and Casino, 24-28 February 2003.
Grogan J, Mark Schulze M, Jurandir G. 2010. Survival, growth and reproduction by big-leaf mahogany (Swietenia Macrophylla) in open clearing vs. forested conditions in Brazil. New Forests 40 (3): 335–47.
Hongthong B. 1991. Growth of 6 Dipterocarp species under difference shade. http://app.dnp.go.th/opac/multimedia/research/1110_40.pdf
Kittitornkool J, Bumrungsri S, Kheowvongsri P, Tongkam P, Waiyarat R, Nattharom N, Uttamunee W. 2014. A comparative study of integrated dimensions of sustainability between agroforest and monoculture rubber plantations. https://www.biodconference.org/wp-content/uploads
/2017/03/12.-page-073-078.pdf
Linder S. 1981. Understanding and predicting tree growth. https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/5287/1/SFS160.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2MjFV_mz9gxYRbCR0kKy
RLJcw5AFPDUBn3ZDB2AVAXlAVzzyW6Jy6xef4
Luoma V, Saarinen N, Wulder MA, White JC, Vastaranta M, Holopainen M, Hyyppä J. 2017. Assessing precision in conventional field measurements of individual tree attributes. Forests 8 (2): 1–16.
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, 2018. The project for the promotion of economic forest tree for sustainable economic social and environmental. http://www.mnre.go.th/th/infographic/detail/341
Ogawa H, Yoda K, Ogino K, Kira T. 1965. Comparative ecological studies on three main types of forest vegetation in Thailand. II. Plant Biomass. Nature and Life in Southeast Asia 4: 49–80.
Fernández MP, Basauri J, Madariaga C, Menéndez-Miguélez M, Olea R, Zubizarreta-Gerendiain A. 2017. Effects of thinning and pruning on stem and crown characteristics of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don). IForest 10 (2): 383–390.
Forestry Research Center. 2009. Study Project on Tree Plantation Promotion for Long-Term Saving. Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand. [Thai]
Roo Q, Negreros-castillo P, Mize CW. 2014. Mahogany growth and mortality and the relation of growth to site characteristics in a natural forest in Quintana Roo, Mexico. 60 (5): 907–913.
Rubber Authority of Thailand. 2012. The rubber replanting aid fund act B.E. 2530. http://www.rubber.co.th/ewtadmin/ewt/rubber_eng/download/
article/article_20121224115405.pdf
Saaludin N, Harun S, Yahya Y, Ahmad WSCW. 2014. Modeling individual tree diameter increment for Dipterocarpaceae and non-Dipterocarpaceae in tropical rainforest. Journal of Research in Agriculture and Animal Science 2 (3): 1–8.
Sakai A, Visaratana T, Vacharangkura T. 2010. Size distribution and morphological damage to 17-yar-old Hopea odorata Roxb. planted in fast-growing tree Stands in Northeast Thailand. Thai Journal of Forest 29 (3): 16–25.
Sakai A,Visaratana T,Vacharangkura T, Thai-Ngam R, Nakamura S. 2014. Growth performance of four dipterocarp species planted in a leucaena leucocephala plantation and in an open site on degraded land under a tropical monsoon climate. Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly 48 (1): 95–104.
Sathapong P. 1970. Growth of Mahogany. http://forprod.forest.go.th/forprod/ebook/FastGrowingTree/pdf/??????????????????????????????.pdf
Shono K, Snook LK. 2006. Growth of big-leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) in natural forests in Belize. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 18 (1): 66–73.
Silpi U, Thaler P, Kasemsap P et al. 2006. Effect of tapping activity on the dynamics of radial growth of Hevea brasiliensis trees. Tree Physiology 26 (12): 1579–1587.
Takimoto A, Nair PKR, Nair VD. 2008. Carbon stock and sequestration potential of traditional and improved agroforestry systems in the West African Sahel. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 125 (1): 159–166.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2006. 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories. https://www.ipccnggip
.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol4.html
Tong PS, Ng FSP. 2008. Effect of light intensity on growth, leaf production, leaf lifespan and leaf nutrient budgets of Acacia mangium,
Cinnamomum iners, Dyera costulata, Eusideroxylon zwageri and Shorea roxburghii. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 20 (3): 218–234.
Trephattanasuwan P, Diloksumpun S, Staporn D, Ratanakaew J. 2008. Carbon storage in biomass of some tree species planted at the PuParn Royal Development Study Centre, Sakon Nakhon Province. http://frc.forest.ku.ac.th/frcdatabase/bulletin/ws_document/R195301.pdf
Villamor GB, Le QB, Djanibekov U, van Noordwijk M, Vlek PLG. 2014. Biodiversity in rubber agroforests, carbon emissions, and rural livelihoods: an agent-based model of landuse dynamics in lowland Sumatra. Environmental Modelling and Software 61: 155–165.
Visaratana T, Kiratiprayoon S, Pitpreecha K, Vutivijarn T, Kumpan T, Phatong S, Nakamura S. 1991. Probability for planting of Dalbergia cochinchinensis, Afzelia xylocarpa, Dipterocarpus alatus and Hopea odorata under canopy of Leucaena leucocephala and opened site. Royal Forest Department, Bangkok, Thailand. [Thai]
Westfall JA, Laustsen KM. 2006. A merchantable and total height model for tree species in Maine. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 23: 241–249.
Yolasi?maz HA, Kele? S. 2009. Changes in carbon storage and oxygen production in forest timber biomass of Balci Forest Management Unit in Turkey between 1984 and 2006. African Journal of Biotechnology 8 (19): 4872–4883.