Assessment of the health status of the Sidi R'Ghies forest, Oum El Bouaghi, north-east Algerian
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Abstract. Rached-Kanouni M, Zerrouki A, Lahmar M, Beldjazia A, Kara K, Ababsa. 2020. Assessment of the health status of the Sidi R'Ghies forest, Oum El Bouaghi, north-east Algerian. Biodiversitas 21: 1980-1988. In recent decades, the forest of Sidi R'Ghies has been degraded by human activity. The establishment of the state of the massif by a diagnosis on different forest plots is part of a project of monitoring and silvicultural management. The purpose of this study is to assess the health status of the Sidi R'Ghies forest. The methodology used was the visual assessment of the tree crown of the dominant species (i.e. Aleppo pine and holm oak) according to the protocols DEPEFEU, DEPERIS, and ICP Forests. These protocols were selected for adoption based on field observations and their applicability in record time. The results obtained indicate that the health status of the trees within the studied plots is declining. The DEPEFEU value index shows an average of 2.20 for Aleppo pine and 1.95 for holm oak while the DEPERIS has an average level of 4.56 in Aleppo pine and 3.07 in holm oak. ICP Forests has also contributed to providing clearer information on the consequences of this health situation by deducting an average visibility rate of 1.24 and 1.63; social status of 2.17 and 2.11 and competition of 1.71 and 2.49 for Aleppo pine and holm oak respectively. In general, the health status of the tree crown is average and almost adapted to the environmental conditions. In contrast, the carrying capacity of biodiversity is low and needs to be improved.
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References
Anderegg WRL, Berry JA, Field CB. 2012a. Linking definitions, mechanisms, and modeling of drought-induced tree death.Trends Plant Sciences 17:693-700.
Anderegg WRL, Anderegg LDL, Berry JA, Field CB, 2014. Loss of whole-tree hydraulic conductance during severe drought and multi-year forest die-off. Oecologia 175: 11-23.
Barthelemy D, Caraglio Y. 2007. Plant architecture: a dynamic, multilevel and comprehensive approach to plant form, structure and ontogeny. Ann Bot 99(3):375–407.
Belloula S, Beghami Y. 2018. Assessment of the Dynamics of Atlas Cedar Decline (Cedrus atlantica Manetti) by Remote Sensing in the Aurès area, Algeria. The Arab World Geographer 21(2-3): 154-167.
Braem S. 2009. Suivi de l’état sanitaire en Forêt de Soignes bruxelloise. Rapport complet, 39 p. [France]
Braem S. 2011. Suivi de l’état sanitaire en Forêt de Soignes bruxelloise. Rapport complet 83p. [France]
Cameron AD. 2002. Importance of early selective thinning in the development of long-term stand stability and improved log quality: a review. Forestry 75: 25-35.
Cater M. 2015. A 20-Year Overview of Quercus robur L. Mortality and Crown Conditions in Slovenia. Forests 6(3): 581-593.
Dobbertin M. 2005. Tree growth as indicator of tree vitality and of tree reaction to environmental stress: a review. Crown defoliation improves tree mortality models. European Journal of Forest Research 124: 319-333.
Delaporte A, Zanella A, Vincenta G, Bugeata M, Damesina C, Bazota C. 2017. Structural and functional differences in the belowground compartment of healthy and declining beech trees. Applied Soil Ecology 117-118: 106-116.
Denman S, Brown N, Kirk S, Jeger M, Webberet J. 2014. A description of the symptoms of Acute Oak Decline in Britain and a comparative review on causes of similar disorders on oak in Europe. Forestry 87(4): 535-551.
Eickenscheidt N, Wellbrock N. 2014. Consistency of defoliation data of the national training courses for the forest condition survey in Germany from 1992 to 2012. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 186(1): 257-275.
Eichhorn J, Icke R, Isenberg A, Paar U, Schonfelder E. 2005. Temporal development of crown condition of beech and oak as a response variable for integrated evaluations. European Journal of Forest Research 124: 335-347.
Galiano L, Martinez-Vilalta J, Sabate S, Lloret F. 2012. Determinants of drought effects on crown condition and their relationship with depletion of carbon reserves in a Mediterranean holm oak forest. Tree Physiology (32)4: 478-489.
Garber SM, Maguire DA. 2005. The response of vertical foliage distribution to spacing and species composition in mixed conifer stands in central Oregon. Forest ecology and management, 211(3) : 341-355.
Gauquelin X. 2010. Guide de gestion des forêts en crise sanitaire 47- 50. [France]
Gerard B, Bréda N. 2014. Radial distribution of carbohydrate reserves in the trunk of declining European beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.). Annals of Forest Science 71 (6): 675-682.
Girard F, Vennetier M, Ouarmim S, Caraglio Y, Misson L. 2011. Polycyclism, a fundamental tree growth process, decline with recent climate change: the example of Pinus halepensis Mill. in Mediterranean France. Trees 25 (2) : 311-322.
Gricar J, De Luis M, Hafner P, Levani T. 2013. Anatomical characteristics and hydrologic signals in treerings of oaks (Quercus robur L.). Trees - Structure and Function (27)6: 1669-1680.
Gustafson EJ, Sturtevant BR. 2013. Modeling Forest Mortality Caused by Drought Stress: Implications for Climate Change. Ecosystems 16(1): 60-74.
Helama S, Laanelaid A, Raisio J, Tuomenvirta H. 2009. Oak decline in Helsinki portrayed by tree-rings, climate and soil data. Plant and Soil 319(1-2): 163-174.
Helama S, Laanelaid A, Raisio J, Makela HM, Hilasvuori E, Jungner H, Sonninen E. 2014. Oak decline analyzed using intraannual radial growth indices, delta C-13 series and climate data from a rural hemiboreal landscape in southwesternmost Finland. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 186(8): 4697-4708.
Ke?a N, Koufakis I, Dietershagen J, Nowakowska JA, Oszako T. 2016. European oak decline phenomenon in relation to climatic changes. Folia Forestalia Polonica, Series A-Forestry 58 (3): 170-177
Keenan RJ, Reams GA, Achard F, De Freitas JV, Grainger A, Lindquist E. 2015. Dynamics of global forest area: results from the FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015. Forest Ecology and Management 352: 9-20.
Klein T, DiMatteo G, Rotenberg E, Cohen S, Yakir D. 2013. Differential ecophysiological response of a major Mediterranean pine species across a climatic gradient. Tree Physiology 33(1):26-36.
Lee CA, Voelker S, Holdo RM, Muzika RM. 2014. Tree architecture as a predictor of growth and mortality after an episode of red oak decline in the Ozark Highlands of Missouri, USA. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 44(9): 1005-1012.
Linares JC, Taïqui L, Camarero JJ. 2011. Increasing drought sensitivity and decline of Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica) in the Moroccan Middle Atlas forests. Forests 2(3): 777-796.
Lindner M, Maroschek M, Netherer S, Kremer A, Barbati A, Garcia-Gonzalo J, Seidl R, Delzon S, Corona P, Kolström M, Lexer MJ, Marchetti M. 2010. Climate change impacts, adaptive capacity, and vulnerability of European forest ecosystems. Forest Ecology and Management 259: 698-709.
Mace GM, Norris K, Fitter AH. 2012. Biodiversity and ecosystem services: A multilayered relationship. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 27(1):19-25.
Martinez-Vilalta J, Lloret F, Breshears DD. 2012. Drought-induced forest decline: causes, scope and implications. Biology Letters 8(5): 689-691.
Michelot A, Simard S, Rathgeber C, Dufrene E, Damesin C. 2012. Comparing the intra-annual wood formation of three European species (Fagus sylvatica, Quercus petraea and Pinus sylvestris) as related to leaf phenology and non-structural carbohydrate dynamics. Tree Physiology 32(8): 1033-1045.
Misson L, Limousin JM, Rodriguez R, Letts MG. 2010. Leaf physiological responses to extreme droughts in Mediterranean Quercus ilex forest. Plant Cell Environ 33(11): 1898-1910.
Morcillo L, Gallego D, González E, Alberto Vilagrosa A. 2019. Forest Decline Triggered by Phloem Parasitism-Related Biotic Factors in Aleppo Pine (Pinus halepensis). Forests 10(8): 2-18.
Nageleisen LM. 2010. Quelques Indicateurs de la Santé des Forêts Françaises. Paris. [France]
Nageleisen LM. 2011. Manuel de Notation des dommages forestiers (symptômes, causes, état des cimes). Paris. [France]
Niu SL, Luo YQ, Li DJ, Cao SH, Xia JY, Li JW, Smith MD. 2014. Plant growth and mortality under climatic extremes: An overview. Environmental & Experimental Botany 98: 13-19.
Ostry M, Venette R, Juzwik J. 2011. Decline as a disease category: Is it helpful? Phytopathology 101(4):404-409.
Pontius J, Hallett R. 2014. Comprehensive Methods for Earlier Detection and Monitoring of Forest Decline. For Sci 60(6): 1156 -1163.
Poot P, Veneklaas EJ. 2012. Species distribution and crown decline are associated with contrasting water relations in four common sympatric eucalypt species in southwestern Australia. Plant Soil 364: 409-423.
Robisoa M, Rajoelison G, Rabenilalana M, Rakoto H. (2008). Définition d’un état zéro et mise en place d’un système de suivi écologique permanent de l’Arboretum de la station forestière de Mandraka. Centre for development and environment (cde). ESAPP-Eastern and Southern Africa Partnership Program 82p.
Rosas T, Galiano L, Ogaya R, Penuelas J, Martinez-Vilalta J. 2013. Dynamics of non-structural carbohydrates in three Mediterranean woody species following long-term experimental drought. Frontiers in Plant Science 4: 1-16.
Seidling W. 1999. Räumliche Struktureiner subspontanen Population von Taxus baccata, Jungpflanzen. Flora 194: 439-451.
Terrab A, Paun O, Talavera S, Tremetsberger K, Arista M, Stuessy TF. 2006. Genetic diversity and population structure in natural populations of Moroccan Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica; Pinacea) determined with cpSSR markers. American Journal of Botany 93:1274-1280.
Thabeet A, Vennetier M, Gadbin-Henry C, Denelle N, Roux M, Caraglio Y, Vila B. 2009. Response of Pinus sylvestris L. to recent climatic events in the French Mediterranean region. Trees Struct Funct 23(4): 843-853
Thomas FM, Blank R, Hartmann G. 2002. Abiotic and biotic factors and their interactions as causes of oak decline in Central Europe. Forest Pathology 3: 277-307.
Toïgo M, Vallet P, Perot T, Bontemps JD, Piedallu C, Courbaud B. 2015. Overyielding in mixed forests decreases with site productivity. Journal of Ecology 103(2): 502-512.
Touhami I, Chirino E, Aouinti H, Khorchani A, Elaieb MT, Khaldi A, Nasr Z. 2019. Decline and dieback of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) forests in the Mediterranean basin: a case study of Kroumirie, Northwest Tunisia. J For Res 28(3): 1-17.
Tulik M. 2014. The anatomical traits of trunk wood and their relevance to oak (Quercus robur L.) vitality. European Journal of Forest Research 133(5): 845-855.
Vicente-Serrano SM, Lasanta T, Gracia C. 2010. Aridification determines changes in forest growth in Pinus halepensis forests under semiarid Mediterranean climate conditions. Agric. For. Meteorol 150(4): 614-628.
Vitale M, Proietti C, Cionni I, Fischer R, De Marco A. 2014. Random Forests Analysis: a Useful Tool for Defining the Relative Importance of Environmental Conditions on Crown Defoliation. Water Air and Soil Pollution 225 (6): 1-17.
Woo SY. 2009. Forest decline of the world: A linkage with air pollution and global warming. African Journal of Biotechnology 8 (25): 7409-7414.
Anderegg WRL, Anderegg LDL, Berry JA, Field CB, 2014. Loss of whole-tree hydraulic conductance during severe drought and multi-year forest die-off. Oecologia 175: 11-23.
Barthelemy D, Caraglio Y. 2007. Plant architecture: a dynamic, multilevel and comprehensive approach to plant form, structure and ontogeny. Ann Bot 99(3):375–407.
Belloula S, Beghami Y. 2018. Assessment of the Dynamics of Atlas Cedar Decline (Cedrus atlantica Manetti) by Remote Sensing in the Aurès area, Algeria. The Arab World Geographer 21(2-3): 154-167.
Braem S. 2009. Suivi de l’état sanitaire en Forêt de Soignes bruxelloise. Rapport complet, 39 p. [France]
Braem S. 2011. Suivi de l’état sanitaire en Forêt de Soignes bruxelloise. Rapport complet 83p. [France]
Cameron AD. 2002. Importance of early selective thinning in the development of long-term stand stability and improved log quality: a review. Forestry 75: 25-35.
Cater M. 2015. A 20-Year Overview of Quercus robur L. Mortality and Crown Conditions in Slovenia. Forests 6(3): 581-593.
Dobbertin M. 2005. Tree growth as indicator of tree vitality and of tree reaction to environmental stress: a review. Crown defoliation improves tree mortality models. European Journal of Forest Research 124: 319-333.
Delaporte A, Zanella A, Vincenta G, Bugeata M, Damesina C, Bazota C. 2017. Structural and functional differences in the belowground compartment of healthy and declining beech trees. Applied Soil Ecology 117-118: 106-116.
Denman S, Brown N, Kirk S, Jeger M, Webberet J. 2014. A description of the symptoms of Acute Oak Decline in Britain and a comparative review on causes of similar disorders on oak in Europe. Forestry 87(4): 535-551.
Eickenscheidt N, Wellbrock N. 2014. Consistency of defoliation data of the national training courses for the forest condition survey in Germany from 1992 to 2012. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 186(1): 257-275.
Eichhorn J, Icke R, Isenberg A, Paar U, Schonfelder E. 2005. Temporal development of crown condition of beech and oak as a response variable for integrated evaluations. European Journal of Forest Research 124: 335-347.
Galiano L, Martinez-Vilalta J, Sabate S, Lloret F. 2012. Determinants of drought effects on crown condition and their relationship with depletion of carbon reserves in a Mediterranean holm oak forest. Tree Physiology (32)4: 478-489.
Garber SM, Maguire DA. 2005. The response of vertical foliage distribution to spacing and species composition in mixed conifer stands in central Oregon. Forest ecology and management, 211(3) : 341-355.
Gauquelin X. 2010. Guide de gestion des forêts en crise sanitaire 47- 50. [France]
Gerard B, Bréda N. 2014. Radial distribution of carbohydrate reserves in the trunk of declining European beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.). Annals of Forest Science 71 (6): 675-682.
Girard F, Vennetier M, Ouarmim S, Caraglio Y, Misson L. 2011. Polycyclism, a fundamental tree growth process, decline with recent climate change: the example of Pinus halepensis Mill. in Mediterranean France. Trees 25 (2) : 311-322.
Gricar J, De Luis M, Hafner P, Levani T. 2013. Anatomical characteristics and hydrologic signals in treerings of oaks (Quercus robur L.). Trees - Structure and Function (27)6: 1669-1680.
Gustafson EJ, Sturtevant BR. 2013. Modeling Forest Mortality Caused by Drought Stress: Implications for Climate Change. Ecosystems 16(1): 60-74.
Helama S, Laanelaid A, Raisio J, Tuomenvirta H. 2009. Oak decline in Helsinki portrayed by tree-rings, climate and soil data. Plant and Soil 319(1-2): 163-174.
Helama S, Laanelaid A, Raisio J, Makela HM, Hilasvuori E, Jungner H, Sonninen E. 2014. Oak decline analyzed using intraannual radial growth indices, delta C-13 series and climate data from a rural hemiboreal landscape in southwesternmost Finland. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 186(8): 4697-4708.
Ke?a N, Koufakis I, Dietershagen J, Nowakowska JA, Oszako T. 2016. European oak decline phenomenon in relation to climatic changes. Folia Forestalia Polonica, Series A-Forestry 58 (3): 170-177
Keenan RJ, Reams GA, Achard F, De Freitas JV, Grainger A, Lindquist E. 2015. Dynamics of global forest area: results from the FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015. Forest Ecology and Management 352: 9-20.
Klein T, DiMatteo G, Rotenberg E, Cohen S, Yakir D. 2013. Differential ecophysiological response of a major Mediterranean pine species across a climatic gradient. Tree Physiology 33(1):26-36.
Lee CA, Voelker S, Holdo RM, Muzika RM. 2014. Tree architecture as a predictor of growth and mortality after an episode of red oak decline in the Ozark Highlands of Missouri, USA. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 44(9): 1005-1012.
Linares JC, Taïqui L, Camarero JJ. 2011. Increasing drought sensitivity and decline of Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica) in the Moroccan Middle Atlas forests. Forests 2(3): 777-796.
Lindner M, Maroschek M, Netherer S, Kremer A, Barbati A, Garcia-Gonzalo J, Seidl R, Delzon S, Corona P, Kolström M, Lexer MJ, Marchetti M. 2010. Climate change impacts, adaptive capacity, and vulnerability of European forest ecosystems. Forest Ecology and Management 259: 698-709.
Mace GM, Norris K, Fitter AH. 2012. Biodiversity and ecosystem services: A multilayered relationship. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 27(1):19-25.
Martinez-Vilalta J, Lloret F, Breshears DD. 2012. Drought-induced forest decline: causes, scope and implications. Biology Letters 8(5): 689-691.
Michelot A, Simard S, Rathgeber C, Dufrene E, Damesin C. 2012. Comparing the intra-annual wood formation of three European species (Fagus sylvatica, Quercus petraea and Pinus sylvestris) as related to leaf phenology and non-structural carbohydrate dynamics. Tree Physiology 32(8): 1033-1045.
Misson L, Limousin JM, Rodriguez R, Letts MG. 2010. Leaf physiological responses to extreme droughts in Mediterranean Quercus ilex forest. Plant Cell Environ 33(11): 1898-1910.
Morcillo L, Gallego D, González E, Alberto Vilagrosa A. 2019. Forest Decline Triggered by Phloem Parasitism-Related Biotic Factors in Aleppo Pine (Pinus halepensis). Forests 10(8): 2-18.
Nageleisen LM. 2010. Quelques Indicateurs de la Santé des Forêts Françaises. Paris. [France]
Nageleisen LM. 2011. Manuel de Notation des dommages forestiers (symptômes, causes, état des cimes). Paris. [France]
Niu SL, Luo YQ, Li DJ, Cao SH, Xia JY, Li JW, Smith MD. 2014. Plant growth and mortality under climatic extremes: An overview. Environmental & Experimental Botany 98: 13-19.
Ostry M, Venette R, Juzwik J. 2011. Decline as a disease category: Is it helpful? Phytopathology 101(4):404-409.
Pontius J, Hallett R. 2014. Comprehensive Methods for Earlier Detection and Monitoring of Forest Decline. For Sci 60(6): 1156 -1163.
Poot P, Veneklaas EJ. 2012. Species distribution and crown decline are associated with contrasting water relations in four common sympatric eucalypt species in southwestern Australia. Plant Soil 364: 409-423.
Robisoa M, Rajoelison G, Rabenilalana M, Rakoto H. (2008). Définition d’un état zéro et mise en place d’un système de suivi écologique permanent de l’Arboretum de la station forestière de Mandraka. Centre for development and environment (cde). ESAPP-Eastern and Southern Africa Partnership Program 82p.
Rosas T, Galiano L, Ogaya R, Penuelas J, Martinez-Vilalta J. 2013. Dynamics of non-structural carbohydrates in three Mediterranean woody species following long-term experimental drought. Frontiers in Plant Science 4: 1-16.
Seidling W. 1999. Räumliche Struktureiner subspontanen Population von Taxus baccata, Jungpflanzen. Flora 194: 439-451.
Terrab A, Paun O, Talavera S, Tremetsberger K, Arista M, Stuessy TF. 2006. Genetic diversity and population structure in natural populations of Moroccan Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica; Pinacea) determined with cpSSR markers. American Journal of Botany 93:1274-1280.
Thabeet A, Vennetier M, Gadbin-Henry C, Denelle N, Roux M, Caraglio Y, Vila B. 2009. Response of Pinus sylvestris L. to recent climatic events in the French Mediterranean region. Trees Struct Funct 23(4): 843-853
Thomas FM, Blank R, Hartmann G. 2002. Abiotic and biotic factors and their interactions as causes of oak decline in Central Europe. Forest Pathology 3: 277-307.
Toïgo M, Vallet P, Perot T, Bontemps JD, Piedallu C, Courbaud B. 2015. Overyielding in mixed forests decreases with site productivity. Journal of Ecology 103(2): 502-512.
Touhami I, Chirino E, Aouinti H, Khorchani A, Elaieb MT, Khaldi A, Nasr Z. 2019. Decline and dieback of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) forests in the Mediterranean basin: a case study of Kroumirie, Northwest Tunisia. J For Res 28(3): 1-17.
Tulik M. 2014. The anatomical traits of trunk wood and their relevance to oak (Quercus robur L.) vitality. European Journal of Forest Research 133(5): 845-855.
Vicente-Serrano SM, Lasanta T, Gracia C. 2010. Aridification determines changes in forest growth in Pinus halepensis forests under semiarid Mediterranean climate conditions. Agric. For. Meteorol 150(4): 614-628.
Vitale M, Proietti C, Cionni I, Fischer R, De Marco A. 2014. Random Forests Analysis: a Useful Tool for Defining the Relative Importance of Environmental Conditions on Crown Defoliation. Water Air and Soil Pollution 225 (6): 1-17.
Woo SY. 2009. Forest decline of the world: A linkage with air pollution and global warming. African Journal of Biotechnology 8 (25): 7409-7414.
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