Habitat preference and spatial distribution model of threatened species Saurauia microphylla in Mt. Slamet, Central Java, Indonesia
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Abstract. Helmanto H, Nisyawati, Robiansyah I, Zulkarnaen RN, Fikriyya N. 2020. Habitat preference and spatial distribution model of threatened species Saurauia microphylla in Mt. Slamet, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 2946-2954. Saurauia microphylla de Vriese has the potentials for medicinal uses, yet it is listed in the IUCN Red List under Vulnerable status. The natural population of this species is only found in highlands one of which is in Mount Slamet, Central Java, Indonesia. This study aims to determine the population structure, habitat preference and predicted spatial distribution of S. microphylla in the Mount Slamet area. The method used was purposive sampling by establishing 103 observation plots with size of 20x20 m2 for each plot. The research parameters recorded were abiotic variables and biotic associations. Data were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to determine the most influencing environmental factors on the presence of S. microphylla. Species association of S. microphylla was analyzed using the Jaccard index equation. Spatial distribution model was analyzed using Maxent (Maximum Entropy) software. The results showed that S. microphylla populations were found in highland forest areas with elevations of 1689-2265 m above sea level, slope of 3-40°, temperature of 16°-26°C, air humidity of 49.3-90%, soil pH 5.8-7, soil moisture 5-70% and canopy cover of 0-92%. Our analyses revealed that elevation is the most influential factor in the presence of S. microphylla. There are 20 tree species which found around S. microphylla habitat with 4 species have significant association with the species. The spatial distribution model showed that S. microphylla spread across all the slopes of Mount Slamet with the southwestern slope was predicted had the most extensive habitat suitability for the species and become smaller to the north, east, and south slopes.
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References
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Whittaker RH, Likens GE. 1973. Primary production: the biosphere and man. Human Ecology 1(4): 357-369.
Wihermanto. 2004. Dispersion pattern interspecific association and population status of threatened plants on submontane and montane zones of Mount Gede-Pangrango National Park. Biodiversitas 5(1): 17-22.
Worldclim. 2020. Version2 WorldClim - Global Climate. http://worldclim.org/version2. Downloaded on 15 January 2020.
Badan Informasi Geospasial. 2020a. Peta demnas Indonesia. http://tides.big.go.id/DEMNAS/ Downloaded on 15 Januari 2020. [Indonesian]
Badan Informasi Geospasial. 2020b. Peta Rupa Bumi Indonesia. https://tanahair.indonesia.go.id/portal-web/download/perwilayah Downloaded on 11 January 2020. [Indonesian]
Barbour BM, Burk JK, Pitts WD. 1980. Terrestrial Plant Ecology. The Benjamin-Cummings, New York.
Briggs M. 2015. A new name in New Guinea Saurauia Willd. (Actinidiaceae). Kew Bulletin 70: 50-51.
Conn BJ, Damas KQ. 2013. A new species of Saurauia (Actinidiaceae) from Papua New Guinea. Telopea 15: 9-12.
Dolezal J, Srutek M. 2002. Altitudinal Changes in Composition and Structure of Mountain-Temperate Vegetation: A Case Study from Western Carpathians. Journal of Plant Ecology 158(16): 201-221.
Ewusie JY. 1990. Pengantar Ekologi Tropika, Membicarakan Alam Tropis Afrika, Asia, Pasifik dan Dunia Baru. Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung. [Indonesian]
Heddy S, Soemitro SB, Soekartomo S. 1986. Pengantar Ekologi. C.V. Rajawali, Jakarta. [Indonesian]
Hoover MS, Girmansyah D, Wiriadinata H, Hunter JM. 2009. Exploration of high elevation liana colonies on Mt. Slamet, Central Java, Indonesia. Reinwardtia 13(1): 45-67.
Hutapea A, Hutahaen S, Ilyas S. 2018. Influence of pirdot leaf Saurauia vulcanii Korth extract on the blood glucose rate and histologic description of the retina of male mice (Mus musculus Stain DDW). Asian Journal of Pharmacceutical and Clinical Research 11(11): 389-392.
IUCN. 2020. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2019-3. http://www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 11 March 2020.
Jongman RHG, ter Braak CJF, van Tongeren OFR. 1987. Data Analysis in Community and Landscape Ecology. Pudoc, Wageningen.
Kadji MH, Runtuwene MRJ, Citraningtyas G. 2013. Phytochemical test and antioxidant activity of soyogik leaf ethanol extract (Saurauia bracteosa DC). Pharmacon 5(1): 13-17.
Kaufman PB. 1989. Plants: Their Biology and Importance. Harper & Row Publishers Inc, New York.
Kent M, Coker P. 1992. Vegetation Description and Analysis: A Practical Approach. Belhaven Press, London.
Kurniawan A, Parikesit. 2008. Tree species distribution along the environmental gradients in Pananjung Pangandaran Nature Reserve, West Java. Biodiversitas 9(4): 275-279.
Kuswanda W, Setyawati T. 2015. Habitat preference of Sunda Pangolin (Manis javanica Desmarest, 1822) around Siranggas Wildlife Reserve, North Sumatera. Jurnal Penelitian Hutan dan Konservasi Alam 13(1): 43-56.
Leathwick JR, Elith J, Hastie T. 2006. Comparative performance of generalized additive models and multivariate adaptive regression splines for statistical modelling of species distributions. Ecological Modelling 199: 188-196.
Ludwig JA, Quartet L, Reynolds JF. 1988. Statistical ecology: a primer in methods and computing (Vol. 1). John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Maukar MA, Runtuwene MRJ, Pontoh J. 2013. Fitochemistry content analysis of toxicity test of methanol extract of soyogik leaf (Sauraula bracteosa DC.) using maseration method. Ilmiah Sains 13(2): 99-101.
Morin PJ. 2011. Community ecology 2nd edition. Blackwell publishing Ltd, West Sussex.
Muaja AD, Koleangan HSJ, Runtuwene MRJ. 2013. Toxicity test through BSLT method and phytochemical content analysis of soyogic leaf extract (Saurauia bracteosa DC.) through Soxhletation method. Journal of Natural Products 2(2): 115-118.
Mueller-Dombois D, Ellenberg H. 1974. Aims and methods of vegetation ecology. Blackburn Press Caldwell. New Jersey.
Polunin N. 1990. Pengantar Geografi Tumbuhan dan Beberapa Ilmu Serumpun. Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta. [Indonesian]
Pratomo I, Hendrasto M. 2012. The Eruption Characteristic of Slamet Mountain-Central Jawa. In: In: Maryanto I, Noerdjito M, Partomihardjo T. Ekologi Gunung Slamet. LIPI-Unsoed, Purwokerto. [Indonesian]
Purnomo DW, Magandhi M, Kuswantoro F, Risna RA, Witono JR. 2015. Developing Plant Collections on the Regional Botanic Gardens in Framework of Plant Conservation Strategy in Indonesia. Buletin Kebun Raya 18(2): 111-124.
Rafidah AR. 2013. Actinidiaceae. In: Kiew R, Chung RCK, Saw LG, Soepadmo E (eds), Flora of Peninsular Malaysia Series II: Seed Plants. Forest Research Institute, Kuala Lumpur.
Raharjo S. 2020. Panduan Analisis Faktor dan Interpretasi dengan SPSS Lengkap. https://www.spssindonesia.com/2018/12/analisis-faktor-dan-interpretasi-spss.html Downloaded on 9 february 2020. [Indonesian]
Robiansyah I, Davy AJ. 2015. Population status and habitat preferences of critically endangered Dipterocarpus littoralis in West Nusakambangan, Indonesia. Makara Journal of Science 19(4):150-160.
Sala OE, Chapin FS, Armesto JJ, Berlow E, Bloomfield J, Dirzo R, Huber-Sanwald E, Huenneke LF, Jackson RB, Kinzig A, Leemans R, Lodge DM, Mooney HA, Oesterheld M, Poff NL, Sykes MT, Walker BH, Walker M, Wall DH. 2000. Global Biodiversity Scenarios for the Year 2100. Science 287: 1770-1774.
Sidiyasa K. 2011. Jenis-jenis tumbuhan hutan asli Kalimantan yang berpotensi sebagai sumber pangan di Kabupaten Malinau dan Berau Kalimantan Timur; Prosiding Seminar Hasil-Hasil Penelitian BPTKSDA. Balai Penelitian Teknologi Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam, Balikpapan, 3 November 2011. [Indonesian]
Sitorus P. 2015. Characterization simplisia and ethanolic extract of pirdot (Saurauia vulcanii Korth) leaves and study of antidiabetic effect in alloxan induced diabetic mice. International Journal of ChemTech 8(6): 789-794.
Soemarno S, Girmansyah D. 2012. The Condition of Nature Forest Area of Slamet Mountain, Central Java. In: Maryanto I, Noerdjito M, Partomihardjo T. Ekologi Gunung Slamet. LIPI-Unsoed, Purwokerto. [Indonesian]
Takeuchi W. 2008. Saurauia taylorii (Actinidiaceae), a distinctive new species from the Kaijende High-lands of Papua New Guinea. Blumea 53: 335-340.
Van Steenis CGCJ. 1972. The Mountain Flora of Java. Brill, Leiden.
Walter KS, Gillett HJ. 1998. IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. Compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge.
Whittaker RH, Likens GE. 1973. Primary production: the biosphere and man. Human Ecology 1(4): 357-369.
Wihermanto. 2004. Dispersion pattern interspecific association and population status of threatened plants on submontane and montane zones of Mount Gede-Pangrango National Park. Biodiversitas 5(1): 17-22.
Worldclim. 2020. Version2 WorldClim - Global Climate. http://worldclim.org/version2. Downloaded on 15 January 2020.
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