Isolation of lupeol from Grewia lasiocarpa stem bark: Antibacterial, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity activities
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
Issue
Section
Articles
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
Abstract
Abstract. Akwu N, Naidoo Y, Singh M, Thimmegowda SC, Nundkumar N, Lin J. 2020. Isolation of lupeol from Grewia lasiocarpa stem bark: Antibacterial, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity activities. Biodiversitas 21: 5684-5691. Lupeol a pentacyclic triterpenoid, was extracted from the stem bark of Grewia lasiocarpa. Stem bark was macerated with chloroform (CHCl3) at 25 ± 2°C, and then purified using a silica gel column. The mobile phase was hexane (100%) and hexane: ethyl acetate (80:20) as the mobile phase. The structure of lupeol was identified by 1HNMR, and 13C NMR spectral data, compared with reported data. The antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of lupeol were evaluated using agar-well diffusion against six clinic bacteria isolates, namely Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 314588), and Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 14026) Gram-positive bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (ATCC BAA-1683). The antioxidants assays were performed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Cytotoxicity activity was carried out by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay was carried out against HEK293 (human embryonic kidney), HeLa (cervical carcinoma), and MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma) cell lines. The concentration range of lupeol was 240-15 µg/mL. Lupeol at the concentration of 240 and 120 µg/mL have no antibacterial activity against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (ATCC BAA-1683). The antioxidant activity was dose-dependent, while cytotoxic activities were observed in HEK293, HeLa, and MCF-7 cells. This study was the first report on the extraction, isolation, and biological activities of lupeol, from the stem bark of G. lasiocarpa.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
References
Akwu NA, Naidoo Y, Singh M. 2019a. A comparative study of the proximate, FTIR analysis and mineral elements of the leaves and stem bark of Grewia lasiocarpa E. Mey. ex Harv.: An indigenous southern African plant. S Afr J Bot.123:9-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.01.028
Akwu NA, Naidoo Y, Singh M. 2019b. Cytogenotoxic and biological evaluation of the aqueous extracts of Grewia lasiocarpa: An Allium cepa assay. S Afr J Bot.125:371-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.009
Akwu NA, Naidoo Y, Singh M, Nundkumar N, Lin J. 2019c. Phytochemical screening, in vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxicity potentials of Grewia lasiocarpa E. Mey. ex Harv. S Afr J Bot.123:180-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.03.004
Alamgir ANM. 2017. Therapeutic use of medicinal plants and their extracts: volume 1: pharmacognosy (Vol. 73). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63862-1
Altemimi A, Lakhssassi N, Baharlouei A, Watson DG, Lightfoot DA. 2017. Phytochemicals: Extraction, isolation, and identification of bioactive compounds from plant extracts. Plants. 6(4), 42.
https://doi.org/10.3390/plants6040042
Amoussa AMO, Lagnika L, Bourjot M, Vonthron-Senecheau C, Sanni A. 2016. Triterpenoids from Acacia ataxacantha DC: antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. BMC complementary and alternative medicine.16:284. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1266-y
Arung ET, Kusuma, IW, Suwinarti W. 2018. Identification and evaluation of bioactivity in forest plants used for medicinal purposes by the Kutai community of East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas.19(1):253-259. https://doi: 10.13057/biodiv/d190134
Badami S, Gupta MK, Ramaswamy S, Rai SR, Nanjaian M, Bendell DJ, Subban R, Bhojaraj S. 2004. Determination of betulin in Grewia tiliaefolia by HPTLC. Journal of separation science 27:129-13.https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200301599
Bajoriniene A, Leitmeyer KC, Struelens MJ, Kokki MH. 2019. Investing in Public Health Microbiology Laboratories in Western Balkan Countries Enhances Health Security from Communicable Disease Threats in Europe. Frontiers in public health, 7, 8.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00008
Balde E, Camara A, Traoré M, Baldé N, Megalizzi V, Pieters L, Balde A. 2019. The hypoglycemic and cytotoxic activity of the leave extract of Combretum glutinosum Perr ex DC. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry.8:2230-2237.
Benzie IF, Strain JJ. 1996. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of "antioxidant power": the FRAPassay.Anal.Biochem.239,70-76.https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1996.0292
Beserra FP, Xue M., Azevedo Maia, GLA, Rozza AL, Pellizzon CH, Jackson CJ. 2018. Lupeol, a pentacyclic triterpene, promotes migration, wound closure, and contractile effect in vitro: Possible involvement of PI3K/Akt and p38/ERK/MAPK Pathways. Molecules 23:2819-2835. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23112819
Bhagat S, Misra G. 1974. Chemical constituents of Grewia rothii. Indian journal of chemistry.
Boon R, Pooley E, 2010. Pooley's trees of eastern South Africa. Flora and Fauna Publications Trust.
Braca A, Sortino C, Politi M, Morelli I, Mendez J, 2002. Antioxidant activity of flavonoids from Licania licaniae flora. J. Ethnopharmacol. 79, 379-381.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00413-5
Can-Cauich CA, Sauri-Duch E, Moo-Huchin VM, Betancur-Ancona D, Cuevas-Glory L.F. 2019. Effect of extraction method and specie on the content of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of pumpkin oil from Yucatan, Mexico. Food Chemistry 285, 186-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.01.153
Chattopadhyay S, Pakrashi SC. 1975. Studies on Indian medicinal plants. 34. Triterpenes from Grewia asiatica. In: Indian Chemical Soc 92 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Rd, 553-553. https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201302767131
Chen Q, Wang Q, Zhu J, Xiao Q, Zhang L. 2018. Reactive oxygen species: key regulators in vascular health and diseases. British journal of pharmacology, 175(8), 1279-1292.https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.13828
Cordell G.A. 2015. Ecopharmacognosy and the responsibilities of natural product research to sustainability. Phytochemistry Letters 11, 332-346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2014.09.003
Da H, Gu XJ, Xiao PG. 2015. Medicinal plants: Chemistry, biology and omics. Woodhead Publishing.
Dwivedi BK. Manigauha A. 2017. In-vitro antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect of ethanolic fraction of the leaves of Grewia asiatica Linn. in rats. Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 3, 167-171.
Gallo MB. Sarachine MJ. 2009. Biological activities of lupeol. Int. J. Biomed. Pharm. Sci, 3(1), 46-66.
Ghosh AK, Brindisi M, Shahabi D, Chapman ME, Mesecar AD. 2020. Drug Development and Medicinal Chemistry Efforts Toward SARS-Coronavirus and Covid-19 Therapeutics. ChemMedChem, 15, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1002/cmdc.202000223
Goyal PK. 2012. Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of the genus Grewia: a review. International journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences.4:72-78.
Gurupriya S, Cathrine L, Ramesh J. 2018. In vitro antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of lupeol isolated from the methanolic extract of Andrographis echioides leaves. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry.7:768-775.
Jahan N, and Makbul SAA. 2020. Phytochemical and Pharmacological Appraisal of Barks from Unani Medicinal Plants. In Plant-derived Bioactives (pp. 523-548). Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1761-7_22
Jain P, Bari S. 2010. Isolation of lupeol, stigmasterol and campesterol from petroleum ether extract of woody stem of Wrightia tinctoria. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences.9:163. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajps.2010.163.167
Jaspers WJMM, Bashir AK, Zwerving JS, Malingre TM. 1986. Investigation of Grewia bicolor Juss. J Ethnopharmacol.17:205. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(86)90109-1
Jayasinghe U, Balasooriya B, Bandara A, Fujimoto Y. 2004. Glycosides from Grewia damine and Filicium decipiens. Nat Prod Res.18:499-502. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410310001620538
Joshee N, Dhekney SA, Parajuli P. (Eds.). 2019. Medicinal Plants: From Farm to Pharmacy. Springer.Nature.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31269-5
Lambertini E, Lampronti I, Penolazzi L, Khan MTH, Ather A, Giorgi G, Gambari R, Piva R. 2005. Expression of estrogen receptor ? gene in breast cancer cells treated with transcription factor decoy is modulated by Bangladeshi natural plant extracts. Oncology Research Featuring Preclinical and Clinical Cancer Therapeutics 15:69-79. https://doi.org/10.3727/096504005775082057
Lobo V, Patil A, Phatak A, Chandra N. 2010. Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health. Pharmacognosy reviews 4, 118.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.70902
Kumari V, Kaushal K, Sharma AK, Mishra RC, Soni P. 2018. Some phytochemicals found in medicinal plants used in cancer-a review. Med Chem (Los Angeles), 8, 423-425. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0444.1000491
Ma C, Zhang HJ, Tan GT, Hung NV, Cuong NM, Soejarto DD, Fong HH. 2006. Antimalarial compounds from Grewia bilamellata. J Nat Prod.69:346-350. https://doi.org/10.1021/np050313d
Moradkhani S, Kobarfard F, Ayatollahi SAM. 2014. Phytochemical investigations on chemical constituents of Achillea tenuifolia Lam. Iranian journal of pharmaceutical research: IJPR.13:1049.
Mosmann T. 1983. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays.Journal of Immunological Methods. 65, 55-63.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(83)90303-4
Oribayo O, Owolabi M, Ukpo G, Shode F. 2018. Antioxidant activity of some Nigerian medicinal plants used in malaria treatment.Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research.2, 18-22. https://doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v2i1.4
Ogunlaja OO. 2017. Phytochemical, elemental and biological studies of three ficus species (Moraceae) found in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (Doctoral dissertation, University of KwaZulu-Natal). https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7e56/57f675fec72c6cc4ccbf02ed3667a4ca3b45.pdf
Papadopoulou P, Misseyanni A, Marouli C. 2020. Current Environmental Health Challenges: Part I-Exposures and Research Trends. In Handbook of Research on Emerging Developments and Environmental Impacts of Ecological Chemistry (pp. 1-37). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1241-8.ch001
Patel S, Srivastava S, Singh MR, Singh D. 2018. Preparation and optimisation of chitosan-gelatin films for sustained delivery of lupeol for wound healing. International journal of biological macromolecules.107:1888-1897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.056
Perez C, Pauli M, Bazerque P. 1990. An Antibiotic Assay by Agar Well Diffusion Method. Acta Biologiae et Medicinae Experimentalis 15, 113-115.
Pramodini G, Khasim SM, Alam P, Zaki S 2018. Evaluation of anthelmintic activity of ethanolic extract of Grewia flavescens Juss whole plant.
Saleem M. 2009. Lupeol, a novel anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer dietary triterpene. Cancer letters 285:109-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2009.04.033
Rauf A, Uddin G, Khan H, Raza M, Zafar M, Tokuda H. 2016. Anti-tumour-promoting and thermal-induced protein denaturation inhibitory activities of ?-sitosterol and lupeol isolated from Diospyros lotus L. Natural product research, 30(10), 1205-1207. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2015.1046381
Sánchez-Burgos J, Ramírez-Mares M, Gallegos-Infante J, González-Laredo R, Moreno-Jiménez M, Cháirez-Ramírez M, Medina-Torres L, Rocha-Guzmán N. 2015. Isolation of lupeol from white oak leaves and its anti-inflammatory activity. Industrial crops and products 77:827-832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.09.056
Shukla R, Sharma DC, Baig MH, Bano S, Roy S, Provazník IA, Kamal M. 2016. Antioxidant, Antimicrobial Activity and Medicinal Properties of Grewia asiatica L. Medicinal Chemistry 12, 211-216. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573406411666151030110530
Sidhu JS, Zafar TA. 2020. Fruits of Indian Subcontinent and Their Health Benefits. In Herbal Medicine in India (pp. 451-478). Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7248-3_28
Silva ATM, Magalhães CG, Duarte LP, Mussel WN, Ruiz ALTG, Shiozawa L, Carvalho JE, Trindade IC, Filho, SA. 2017. Lupeol and its esters: NMR, powder XRD data and in vitro evaluation of cancer cell growth. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 53:e00251. https://doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902017000300251
Sinha J. Purwar S. Chuhan SK. Rai G. 2015. Nutritional and medicinal potential of Grewia subinaequalis DC.(syn. G. asiatica.)(Phalsa). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 9, 594-612. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR2015.5724
Soujanya B, Kumar AK, Sreedhar M, Aparna K, Reddy KR. 2017. Quantification of Lupeol in Selected Commercial Coloured Cultivars of Mango (Mangifera indi+ca L.) Cultivated in Telangana Region. Int J Pure App Biosci.5:2141-2146. https://doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.5730
Swargiary G, Rawal M, Singh M, and Mani S. 2020. Molecular Approaches to Screen Bioactive Compounds from Medicinal Plants. In Plant-derived Bioactives (pp. 1-32). Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1761-7_1
Tchimene MK, Nwaehujor CO, Ezenwali M, Okoli CC, Iwu MM. 2016. Free radical scavenging activity of lupeol isolated from the methanol leaf extract of Crateva adansonii Oliv.(Capparidaceae). Int. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. Res 8:419-426.
Teoh JY, Hirai HW, Ho JM, Chan FC, Tsoi KK, Ng CF. 2019. Global incidence of prostate cancer in developing and developed countries with changing age structures. PloS one, 14(10). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221775
Thirugnanasambandan V, Kannayiram S. 2016. Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties of Grewia umbelliferea. Journal of Harmonized Research in Pharmacy. 5, 95-106.
Ullah W, Uddin G, Siddiqui BS. 2012. Ethnic uses, pharmacological and phytochemical profile of genus Grewia. Journal of Asian natural products research.14:186-195. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286020.2011.639764
Vithana MD., Singh Z, and Johnson SK. 2019. Regulation of the levels of health promoting compounds: Lupeol, mangiferin and phenolic acids in the pulp and peel of mango fruit: A review. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 99(8), 3740-3751. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9628
Wal P, Wal A, Sharma G, Rai AK. 2011. Biological activities of lupeol. Syst Rev Pharm
2:96-103. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-8453.86298
Weekes LM. 2020. Improving Use of Medicines and Medical Tests in Primary Care. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2333-5
World Health Day 2011. Combat Antimicrobial Resistance. Available from: http://www.who.int/world-health-day/2011/WHD201_FS_EN.pdf. [Last accessed on 2020 May11].
Zia-Ul-Haq M, Shahid SA, Muhammed S, Qayum M, Khan I, Ahmad S. 2012. Antimalarial, antiemetic and antidiabetic potential of Grewia aslatica L. leaves. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 6, 3087-3092. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR12.028
Akwu NA, Naidoo Y, Singh M. 2019b. Cytogenotoxic and biological evaluation of the aqueous extracts of Grewia lasiocarpa: An Allium cepa assay. S Afr J Bot.125:371-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.009
Akwu NA, Naidoo Y, Singh M, Nundkumar N, Lin J. 2019c. Phytochemical screening, in vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxicity potentials of Grewia lasiocarpa E. Mey. ex Harv. S Afr J Bot.123:180-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.03.004
Alamgir ANM. 2017. Therapeutic use of medicinal plants and their extracts: volume 1: pharmacognosy (Vol. 73). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63862-1
Altemimi A, Lakhssassi N, Baharlouei A, Watson DG, Lightfoot DA. 2017. Phytochemicals: Extraction, isolation, and identification of bioactive compounds from plant extracts. Plants. 6(4), 42.
https://doi.org/10.3390/plants6040042
Amoussa AMO, Lagnika L, Bourjot M, Vonthron-Senecheau C, Sanni A. 2016. Triterpenoids from Acacia ataxacantha DC: antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. BMC complementary and alternative medicine.16:284. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1266-y
Arung ET, Kusuma, IW, Suwinarti W. 2018. Identification and evaluation of bioactivity in forest plants used for medicinal purposes by the Kutai community of East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas.19(1):253-259. https://doi: 10.13057/biodiv/d190134
Badami S, Gupta MK, Ramaswamy S, Rai SR, Nanjaian M, Bendell DJ, Subban R, Bhojaraj S. 2004. Determination of betulin in Grewia tiliaefolia by HPTLC. Journal of separation science 27:129-13.https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200301599
Bajoriniene A, Leitmeyer KC, Struelens MJ, Kokki MH. 2019. Investing in Public Health Microbiology Laboratories in Western Balkan Countries Enhances Health Security from Communicable Disease Threats in Europe. Frontiers in public health, 7, 8.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00008
Balde E, Camara A, Traoré M, Baldé N, Megalizzi V, Pieters L, Balde A. 2019. The hypoglycemic and cytotoxic activity of the leave extract of Combretum glutinosum Perr ex DC. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry.8:2230-2237.
Benzie IF, Strain JJ. 1996. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of "antioxidant power": the FRAPassay.Anal.Biochem.239,70-76.https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1996.0292
Beserra FP, Xue M., Azevedo Maia, GLA, Rozza AL, Pellizzon CH, Jackson CJ. 2018. Lupeol, a pentacyclic triterpene, promotes migration, wound closure, and contractile effect in vitro: Possible involvement of PI3K/Akt and p38/ERK/MAPK Pathways. Molecules 23:2819-2835. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23112819
Bhagat S, Misra G. 1974. Chemical constituents of Grewia rothii. Indian journal of chemistry.
Boon R, Pooley E, 2010. Pooley's trees of eastern South Africa. Flora and Fauna Publications Trust.
Braca A, Sortino C, Politi M, Morelli I, Mendez J, 2002. Antioxidant activity of flavonoids from Licania licaniae flora. J. Ethnopharmacol. 79, 379-381.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00413-5
Can-Cauich CA, Sauri-Duch E, Moo-Huchin VM, Betancur-Ancona D, Cuevas-Glory L.F. 2019. Effect of extraction method and specie on the content of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of pumpkin oil from Yucatan, Mexico. Food Chemistry 285, 186-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.01.153
Chattopadhyay S, Pakrashi SC. 1975. Studies on Indian medicinal plants. 34. Triterpenes from Grewia asiatica. In: Indian Chemical Soc 92 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Rd, 553-553. https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201302767131
Chen Q, Wang Q, Zhu J, Xiao Q, Zhang L. 2018. Reactive oxygen species: key regulators in vascular health and diseases. British journal of pharmacology, 175(8), 1279-1292.https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.13828
Cordell G.A. 2015. Ecopharmacognosy and the responsibilities of natural product research to sustainability. Phytochemistry Letters 11, 332-346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2014.09.003
Da H, Gu XJ, Xiao PG. 2015. Medicinal plants: Chemistry, biology and omics. Woodhead Publishing.
Dwivedi BK. Manigauha A. 2017. In-vitro antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect of ethanolic fraction of the leaves of Grewia asiatica Linn. in rats. Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 3, 167-171.
Gallo MB. Sarachine MJ. 2009. Biological activities of lupeol. Int. J. Biomed. Pharm. Sci, 3(1), 46-66.
Ghosh AK, Brindisi M, Shahabi D, Chapman ME, Mesecar AD. 2020. Drug Development and Medicinal Chemistry Efforts Toward SARS-Coronavirus and Covid-19 Therapeutics. ChemMedChem, 15, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1002/cmdc.202000223
Goyal PK. 2012. Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of the genus Grewia: a review. International journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences.4:72-78.
Gurupriya S, Cathrine L, Ramesh J. 2018. In vitro antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of lupeol isolated from the methanolic extract of Andrographis echioides leaves. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry.7:768-775.
Jahan N, and Makbul SAA. 2020. Phytochemical and Pharmacological Appraisal of Barks from Unani Medicinal Plants. In Plant-derived Bioactives (pp. 523-548). Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1761-7_22
Jain P, Bari S. 2010. Isolation of lupeol, stigmasterol and campesterol from petroleum ether extract of woody stem of Wrightia tinctoria. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences.9:163. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajps.2010.163.167
Jaspers WJMM, Bashir AK, Zwerving JS, Malingre TM. 1986. Investigation of Grewia bicolor Juss. J Ethnopharmacol.17:205. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(86)90109-1
Jayasinghe U, Balasooriya B, Bandara A, Fujimoto Y. 2004. Glycosides from Grewia damine and Filicium decipiens. Nat Prod Res.18:499-502. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410310001620538
Joshee N, Dhekney SA, Parajuli P. (Eds.). 2019. Medicinal Plants: From Farm to Pharmacy. Springer.Nature.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31269-5
Lambertini E, Lampronti I, Penolazzi L, Khan MTH, Ather A, Giorgi G, Gambari R, Piva R. 2005. Expression of estrogen receptor ? gene in breast cancer cells treated with transcription factor decoy is modulated by Bangladeshi natural plant extracts. Oncology Research Featuring Preclinical and Clinical Cancer Therapeutics 15:69-79. https://doi.org/10.3727/096504005775082057
Lobo V, Patil A, Phatak A, Chandra N. 2010. Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health. Pharmacognosy reviews 4, 118.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.70902
Kumari V, Kaushal K, Sharma AK, Mishra RC, Soni P. 2018. Some phytochemicals found in medicinal plants used in cancer-a review. Med Chem (Los Angeles), 8, 423-425. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0444.1000491
Ma C, Zhang HJ, Tan GT, Hung NV, Cuong NM, Soejarto DD, Fong HH. 2006. Antimalarial compounds from Grewia bilamellata. J Nat Prod.69:346-350. https://doi.org/10.1021/np050313d
Moradkhani S, Kobarfard F, Ayatollahi SAM. 2014. Phytochemical investigations on chemical constituents of Achillea tenuifolia Lam. Iranian journal of pharmaceutical research: IJPR.13:1049.
Mosmann T. 1983. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays.Journal of Immunological Methods. 65, 55-63.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(83)90303-4
Oribayo O, Owolabi M, Ukpo G, Shode F. 2018. Antioxidant activity of some Nigerian medicinal plants used in malaria treatment.Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research.2, 18-22. https://doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v2i1.4
Ogunlaja OO. 2017. Phytochemical, elemental and biological studies of three ficus species (Moraceae) found in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (Doctoral dissertation, University of KwaZulu-Natal). https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7e56/57f675fec72c6cc4ccbf02ed3667a4ca3b45.pdf
Papadopoulou P, Misseyanni A, Marouli C. 2020. Current Environmental Health Challenges: Part I-Exposures and Research Trends. In Handbook of Research on Emerging Developments and Environmental Impacts of Ecological Chemistry (pp. 1-37). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1241-8.ch001
Patel S, Srivastava S, Singh MR, Singh D. 2018. Preparation and optimisation of chitosan-gelatin films for sustained delivery of lupeol for wound healing. International journal of biological macromolecules.107:1888-1897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.056
Perez C, Pauli M, Bazerque P. 1990. An Antibiotic Assay by Agar Well Diffusion Method. Acta Biologiae et Medicinae Experimentalis 15, 113-115.
Pramodini G, Khasim SM, Alam P, Zaki S 2018. Evaluation of anthelmintic activity of ethanolic extract of Grewia flavescens Juss whole plant.
Saleem M. 2009. Lupeol, a novel anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer dietary triterpene. Cancer letters 285:109-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2009.04.033
Rauf A, Uddin G, Khan H, Raza M, Zafar M, Tokuda H. 2016. Anti-tumour-promoting and thermal-induced protein denaturation inhibitory activities of ?-sitosterol and lupeol isolated from Diospyros lotus L. Natural product research, 30(10), 1205-1207. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2015.1046381
Sánchez-Burgos J, Ramírez-Mares M, Gallegos-Infante J, González-Laredo R, Moreno-Jiménez M, Cháirez-Ramírez M, Medina-Torres L, Rocha-Guzmán N. 2015. Isolation of lupeol from white oak leaves and its anti-inflammatory activity. Industrial crops and products 77:827-832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.09.056
Shukla R, Sharma DC, Baig MH, Bano S, Roy S, Provazník IA, Kamal M. 2016. Antioxidant, Antimicrobial Activity and Medicinal Properties of Grewia asiatica L. Medicinal Chemistry 12, 211-216. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573406411666151030110530
Sidhu JS, Zafar TA. 2020. Fruits of Indian Subcontinent and Their Health Benefits. In Herbal Medicine in India (pp. 451-478). Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7248-3_28
Silva ATM, Magalhães CG, Duarte LP, Mussel WN, Ruiz ALTG, Shiozawa L, Carvalho JE, Trindade IC, Filho, SA. 2017. Lupeol and its esters: NMR, powder XRD data and in vitro evaluation of cancer cell growth. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 53:e00251. https://doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902017000300251
Sinha J. Purwar S. Chuhan SK. Rai G. 2015. Nutritional and medicinal potential of Grewia subinaequalis DC.(syn. G. asiatica.)(Phalsa). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 9, 594-612. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR2015.5724
Soujanya B, Kumar AK, Sreedhar M, Aparna K, Reddy KR. 2017. Quantification of Lupeol in Selected Commercial Coloured Cultivars of Mango (Mangifera indi+ca L.) Cultivated in Telangana Region. Int J Pure App Biosci.5:2141-2146. https://doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.5730
Swargiary G, Rawal M, Singh M, and Mani S. 2020. Molecular Approaches to Screen Bioactive Compounds from Medicinal Plants. In Plant-derived Bioactives (pp. 1-32). Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1761-7_1
Tchimene MK, Nwaehujor CO, Ezenwali M, Okoli CC, Iwu MM. 2016. Free radical scavenging activity of lupeol isolated from the methanol leaf extract of Crateva adansonii Oliv.(Capparidaceae). Int. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. Res 8:419-426.
Teoh JY, Hirai HW, Ho JM, Chan FC, Tsoi KK, Ng CF. 2019. Global incidence of prostate cancer in developing and developed countries with changing age structures. PloS one, 14(10). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221775
Thirugnanasambandan V, Kannayiram S. 2016. Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties of Grewia umbelliferea. Journal of Harmonized Research in Pharmacy. 5, 95-106.
Ullah W, Uddin G, Siddiqui BS. 2012. Ethnic uses, pharmacological and phytochemical profile of genus Grewia. Journal of Asian natural products research.14:186-195. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286020.2011.639764
Vithana MD., Singh Z, and Johnson SK. 2019. Regulation of the levels of health promoting compounds: Lupeol, mangiferin and phenolic acids in the pulp and peel of mango fruit: A review. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 99(8), 3740-3751. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9628
Wal P, Wal A, Sharma G, Rai AK. 2011. Biological activities of lupeol. Syst Rev Pharm
2:96-103. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-8453.86298
Weekes LM. 2020. Improving Use of Medicines and Medical Tests in Primary Care. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2333-5
World Health Day 2011. Combat Antimicrobial Resistance. Available from: http://www.who.int/world-health-day/2011/WHD201_FS_EN.pdf. [Last accessed on 2020 May11].
Zia-Ul-Haq M, Shahid SA, Muhammed S, Qayum M, Khan I, Ahmad S. 2012. Antimalarial, antiemetic and antidiabetic potential of Grewia aslatica L. leaves. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 6, 3087-3092. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR12.028