Level of lead contamination in the blood of Bali cattle associated with their age and geographical location
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I KETUT BERATA
♥
NI NYOMAN WERDI SUSARI
I WAYAN SUDIRA
KADEK KARANG AGUSTINA
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7128-0914
Abstract
Abstract. Berata IK, Susari NNW, Sudira IW, Agustina KK. 2021. Level of lead contamination in the blood of Bali cattle associated with their age and geographical location. Biodiversitas 22: 23-29. Lead contamination is increasingly common and endangers human as well as animal health. Cattle, which is a source of protein for humans, are very sensitive to lead exposure in a polluted environment. Therefore, this study aims to determine the level of lead contamination in the blood of Bali cattle related to their geographical location and age. A total of 300 cattle was drawn as the research sample, consisting of 150 each from the low and the highland. Each comprises of 50 young (<2 years old), 50 at puberty (2-3 years old), and 50 old cattle (>3 years old). The blood sample was taken from their jugular vein and collected in tubes containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as anticoagulants. The lead content was measured using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) method. The results showed average data for the lowlands, which include 0.430 ± 0.411 ppm, 0.792 ± 0.356 ppm, and 1.234 ± 0.533 ppm for young, puberty, and old, respectively. The highlands include 0.047 ± 0.074 ppm, 0.057 ± 0.061 ppm, and 0.089 ± 0.169 ppm for young, puberty, and old, respectively. Furthermore, the ANOVA showed a significantly higher (P<0.05) lead level in the blood of lowlands cattle than the highlands. We also found that in the lowlands, the lead level increased significantly (P<0.05) with the cattle's age, while the highlands show no difference. Based on the results, it is concluded that cattle in the lowlands are more exposed to lead than cattle in the highlands. Also, the increase in the blood lead level associated with age occurs only in cattle of the lowlands.
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References
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Alonso V, Villaverde-Hueso A, Hens M, Morales-Piga A, Abaitua I, and de la Paz MP. 2011. Increase in motor neuron disease mortality in Spain: Temporal and geographical analysis (1990–2015). Amyotroph. Lateral Scler. 12: 192–193.
Barnham KJ, and Bush AI. 2014. Biological metals and metal-targeting compounds in neurodegenerative diseases. Chem. Soc. Rev. 43, 6727–6749.
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Berlekamp J, Herpin U, Mattheis M, Lieth H, Markert B, Weckert V, Wolterbeek, B, Verburg T, Rgenzinner H, and Siewers U. 1998. Geographic classification of heavy metal concentration in mosses and stream sediments in the Federal Republic of Germany. Water, Air, Soil Pollut. 101: 177–195.
Besung INK, Watiniasih NL, Mahardika GNK, Agustina KK, Suwiti NK. 2019. Mineral levels of bali cattle (Bos javanicus) from four different type of land in different rearing areas. Biodiversitas. 20(10): 2931-2936.
Blagojevi? J, Jovanovi? V, Stamenkovi? G, Joji? V, Bugarski-Stanojevi? V, Adna?evi? T and Vujoševi? M. 2012. Age differences in bioaccumulation of heavy metals in populations of the black-striped field mouse, Apodemusagrarius (Rodentia, Mammalia) Int. J. Environ. Res. 6(4): 1045-1052.
Brochin R, Leone S, Phillips D, Shepard, N, Zisa D, and Angerio A. 2008. The cellular effect of lead poisoning and its clinical picture. The Georgetown Undergraduate J. Health Sci. 5(2): 1–8.
Chen YE, Yuan S, Su YQ, Wang L. 2010. Comparison of heavy metal accumulation capacity of some indigenous mosses in Southwest China cities: a case study in Chengdu city. Plant Soil Environ. 56(2): 60–66.
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Draszawka-Bo?zan B. 2014. Effect of heavy metals on living organisms. World Sci. News. 5(2014): 26-34.
Duittoz AH, Tillet Y, Le Bourhis D, and Schibler L. 2016. The timing of puberty (oocyte quality and management). Anim. Reprod. 13(3): 313-333.
El-Moselhy KM, Othman AI, El-Azem HA, and El-Metwally MEA. 2014. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in some tissues of fish in the Red Sea, Egypt. Egypt Basic and Applied Sci. 1: 97-105
Etabe IZ, Contín KC, Olalde CO, and Alonso JV. 2010. Release of lead and other metals from piping into drinking water in the Basque Country (Spain). Gac. Sanit. 24: 460–465
Farkas A, Salánki J, and Specziár A. 2003. Age- and size-specific patterns of heavy metals in the organs of freshwater fish Abramis brama L. populating a low-contaminated site. Water Res. 37(5): 959-964.
Ferreyra H, Beldomenico PM, Marchese K, Romano M, Caselli A, Correa AI, and Uhart M. 2015. Lead exposure affects health indices in free-ranging ducks in Argentina. Ecotoxicol. 24: 735–745.
Garcia MHM, Moreno DH, Rodriguez FS, Beceiro AL, Alvaraez LEF, and Lopez MP. 2011. Sex- and age-dependent accumulation of heavy metals (Cd, Pb and Zn) in liver, kidney and muscle of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) from NW Spain. J. Environ Sci and Health Part A. 4(2): 109-116.
Gi?ejewska A, Szkoda J, Nawrocka A, ?mudzki J, and Gi?ejewski Z. 2017. Can red deer antlers be used as an indicator of environmental and edible tissues’ trace element contamination?. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 24: 11630–11638.
Govind P and Madhuri S. 2014. Heavy metals causing toxicity in animals and fishes. Res. J. Animal, Vet. Fishery Sci. 2(2): 17-23.
Jadoon S and Malik A. 2017. DNA damage by heavy metals in animals and human beings: an overview. Biochem. Pharmacol. 6(3): 1-8.
Jaishankar M, Tseten T, Anbalagan N, Mathew BB, and Beeregowda KN. 2014. Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals. Interdiscip. Toxicol. 7(2): 60-72.
Jang WH, Lim KM, Keunyoung K, Noh JH, Kang S, Chang YK and Chung JH. 2011. Low level of lead can induce phosphatidylserine exposure and erythrophagocytosis: a new mechanism underlying lead-associated anemia. Toxicol. Sci. 122(1): 177-184.
King KE, Darrah TH, Money E, Meentemeyer R, Maguire RL, Nye MD, Michener L, Murtha AP, Jirtle R, Murphy SK, Mendez MA, Robarge W, Vengosh A and Hoyo C. 2015. Geographic clustering of elevated blood heavy metal levels in pregnant women. BMC Pub. Health. 15(1035): 1-12.
Kruchynenko OV, Prus MP, Galat MV, Mykhailiutenko MS, Klymenko OS and Kuzmenko LM. 2018. Content of chemical elements in the liver of cattle with fasciolosis and dicrocoeliosis. Regul. Mech. Biosyst. 9(1): 15-22.
Lamondo D, Soegianto A, Abadi A, and Keman S. 2014. Antioxidant effects of sarang semut (Myrmecodia pendans) on the apoptosis of spermatogenic cells of rats exposed to plumbum. Res J. Pharm Biol. Chem. Sci. 5(4): 282-294.
Leontopoulos S, Gougoulias N, Kantas D, Roka L and Makridis C. 2015. Heavy metal accumulation in animal tissues and internal organs of pig correlated with feed habits. Bulgarian J. Agric. Sci. 21(3): 699-703.
Makridis C, Svarnas C, Rigas N, Gougoulias N, Roka L and Leontopoulos S. 2012. Transfer of heavy metal contaminants from animal feed to animal products. J. Agric. Sci. Tech. 2(A): 149-154.
Malhat F, Hagag M, Saber A, and Fayz AE. 2012. Contamination of cows milk by heavy metal in Egypt. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 88(4): 611-613.
Miller TE, Golemboski IKA, Ha RS, Bunn T, Sanders FS and Dietert RR. 1988. Developmental exposure to lead causes persistent immunotoxicity in fischer 344 rats. Toxicol. Sci. 42: 129-135.
Martin S and Griswold W. 2009. Human health effects of heavy metals. Environ. Sci. Tech. Briefs for Citizens. 5: 1-6.
Muselin F, Trif A, Brezovan D, Stancu A, and Snejana P. 2010. The consequences of chronic exposure to lead on liver, spleen, lungs and kidney arhitectonics in rats. Lucrari ?tiintifice Med. Vet. 43(2): 123-127.
Narozhnykh KN, Konovalova TV, Fedyaev JI, Shishin NI, Syso AI, Olga I, Sebezhko OI, Petukhov VL, Olga S, Korotkevich OS, Kamaldinov EV, Marenkov VG, Osintseva LA, Reimer VA, Nezavitin AG, Demetiev VN, and Osadchuk LV. 2018. Lead content in soil, water, forage, grains, organs and the muscle tissue of cattle in Western Siberia (Russia). Indian J. Ecol. 45(4): 866-871.
Okareh OT and Oladipo TA. 2015. Determination of heavy metals in selected tissues and organs of slaughtered cattle from Akinyele central abattoir, Ibadan, Nigeria. J. Biol. Agric. Healthcare. 5(11): 124-129.
Oymak U, Ulusoy HI, Hastaoglu E, Y?lmaz V and Y?ld?r?m S. 2017. Some heavy metal contents of various slaughtered cattle tissues in Sivas-Turkey. J. Turkeys Chem. Soc. A. 4(3): 721-728.
Pereira GR, Barcellos JOJ, Sessim AG, Tarouco JU, Feijó FD, Neto JB, Prates ER, and Canozzi MEA. 2017. Relationship of post-weaning growth and age at puberty in crossbred beef heifers. R. Bras. Zootec. 46(5): 413-420.
Petroody SSA, Hamidian AH, Ashrafi S, Eagderi S, and Khazaee M. 2017. Study on age-related bioaccumulation of some heavy metals in the soft tissue of rock oyster (Saccostrea cucullata) from Laft Port – Qeshm Island, Iran. Iranian J. Fisheries Sci. 16(3): 897-906.
Pinho S and Ladeiro B. 2012. Phytotoxicity by lead as heavy metal focus on oxidative stress. J. Botany. 2012(369572): 1-10.
Pribadi LW, Maylinda S, Nasich M, and Suyadi S. 2014. Prepubertal growth rate of Bali cattle and its crosses with Simmental breed at lowland and highland environment. J. Agric. Vet. Sci. 7(12): 52-59.
Roggeman S, van den Brink N, der Van Praet N, Blust R, and Bervoets L. 2013. Metal exposure and accumulation patterns in free-range cows (Bos taurus) in a contaminated natural area: Influence of spatial and social behavior. Environ. Pollut.72: 186-199.
Sánchez-Díaz G, Escobar F, Badland H, Arias-Merino G, de la Paz MP, and Alonso-Ferreira V. 2018. Geographic analysis of of motor neuron disease mortality and heavy metals released to rivers in Spain. Int. J. Environ. Res. Pub. Health. 15(2522): 1-10.
Santurtún A, Villar A, Delgado-Alvarado M, and Riancho J. 2016. Trends in motor neuron disease: Association with air lead levels in Spain. Neurol. Sci. 37: 1271–1275.
Sharma P and Dubey RS. 2005. Lead toxicity in Plants. Brazilian J. Plant Physiol. 17: 35-52.
Sharma B, Singh S, and Siddiqi NJ. 2014. Biomedical implications of heavy metals induced imbalances in redox systems: review article. Bio. Med. Res. Int. 2014(640754): 1-26.
Skiba TV, Tsygankova AR, Borisova NS, Narozhnykh KN, Konovalova TV, Sebezhko OI, Korotkevich OS, Petukhov VL, and Osadchuk LV. 2017. Direct determination of copper, lead and cadmium in the whole bovine blood using thick film modified graphite electrodes. J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. 9(6): 958-964.
Torell R, Bruce B., Kvasnicka C. 2003. Methods of determining age of cattle. Cattle Producer's Library - CL 712. Pp. 1-3.
Turkay M, Turker H, and Guven T. 2015. Ultrastructural effects of lead acetate on the spleen of rats. Turk J. Biol. 39: 511-516.
Wani AL, Ara A, and Usmani JA. 2015. Lead toxicity: a review. Interdiscip. Toxicol. 8(2): 55–64.
Abdulkhaliq A, Swaileh KM, Hussein RM, and Matani M. 2012. Levels of metals (Cd, Pb, Cu and Fe) in cow’s milk, dairy products and hen’s eggs from the West Bank, Palestine. Int. Food Res. J. 19(3): 1089-1094.
Alonso V, Villaverde-Hueso A, Hens M, Morales-Piga A, Abaitua I, and de la Paz MP. 2011. Increase in motor neuron disease mortality in Spain: Temporal and geographical analysis (1990–2015). Amyotroph. Lateral Scler. 12: 192–193.
Barnham KJ, and Bush AI. 2014. Biological metals and metal-targeting compounds in neurodegenerative diseases. Chem. Soc. Rev. 43, 6727–6749.
Berata IK, Susari NNW, Kardena IM, Winaya IBO, and Manuaba IBP. 2017.Comparison of lead contamination in innards and muscle tissues of Bali cattle reared in Suwung Landfll. Bali Med. J. 6(1): 147-149.
Berlekamp J, Herpin U, Mattheis M, Lieth H, Markert B, Weckert V, Wolterbeek, B, Verburg T, Rgenzinner H, and Siewers U. 1998. Geographic classification of heavy metal concentration in mosses and stream sediments in the Federal Republic of Germany. Water, Air, Soil Pollut. 101: 177–195.
Besung INK, Watiniasih NL, Mahardika GNK, Agustina KK, Suwiti NK. 2019. Mineral levels of bali cattle (Bos javanicus) from four different type of land in different rearing areas. Biodiversitas. 20(10): 2931-2936.
Blagojevi? J, Jovanovi? V, Stamenkovi? G, Joji? V, Bugarski-Stanojevi? V, Adna?evi? T and Vujoševi? M. 2012. Age differences in bioaccumulation of heavy metals in populations of the black-striped field mouse, Apodemusagrarius (Rodentia, Mammalia) Int. J. Environ. Res. 6(4): 1045-1052.
Brochin R, Leone S, Phillips D, Shepard, N, Zisa D, and Angerio A. 2008. The cellular effect of lead poisoning and its clinical picture. The Georgetown Undergraduate J. Health Sci. 5(2): 1–8.
Chen YE, Yuan S, Su YQ, Wang L. 2010. Comparison of heavy metal accumulation capacity of some indigenous mosses in Southwest China cities: a case study in Chengdu city. Plant Soil Environ. 56(2): 60–66.
Choi YY. 2011. International / National Standards for Heavy Metals in Food. Chemist Gov. Laboratory. Pp. 1-13.
Draszawka-Bo?zan B. 2014. Effect of heavy metals on living organisms. World Sci. News. 5(2014): 26-34.
Duittoz AH, Tillet Y, Le Bourhis D, and Schibler L. 2016. The timing of puberty (oocyte quality and management). Anim. Reprod. 13(3): 313-333.
El-Moselhy KM, Othman AI, El-Azem HA, and El-Metwally MEA. 2014. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in some tissues of fish in the Red Sea, Egypt. Egypt Basic and Applied Sci. 1: 97-105
Etabe IZ, Contín KC, Olalde CO, and Alonso JV. 2010. Release of lead and other metals from piping into drinking water in the Basque Country (Spain). Gac. Sanit. 24: 460–465
Farkas A, Salánki J, and Specziár A. 2003. Age- and size-specific patterns of heavy metals in the organs of freshwater fish Abramis brama L. populating a low-contaminated site. Water Res. 37(5): 959-964.
Ferreyra H, Beldomenico PM, Marchese K, Romano M, Caselli A, Correa AI, and Uhart M. 2015. Lead exposure affects health indices in free-ranging ducks in Argentina. Ecotoxicol. 24: 735–745.
Garcia MHM, Moreno DH, Rodriguez FS, Beceiro AL, Alvaraez LEF, and Lopez MP. 2011. Sex- and age-dependent accumulation of heavy metals (Cd, Pb and Zn) in liver, kidney and muscle of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) from NW Spain. J. Environ Sci and Health Part A. 4(2): 109-116.
Gi?ejewska A, Szkoda J, Nawrocka A, ?mudzki J, and Gi?ejewski Z. 2017. Can red deer antlers be used as an indicator of environmental and edible tissues’ trace element contamination?. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 24: 11630–11638.
Govind P and Madhuri S. 2014. Heavy metals causing toxicity in animals and fishes. Res. J. Animal, Vet. Fishery Sci. 2(2): 17-23.
Jadoon S and Malik A. 2017. DNA damage by heavy metals in animals and human beings: an overview. Biochem. Pharmacol. 6(3): 1-8.
Jaishankar M, Tseten T, Anbalagan N, Mathew BB, and Beeregowda KN. 2014. Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals. Interdiscip. Toxicol. 7(2): 60-72.
Jang WH, Lim KM, Keunyoung K, Noh JH, Kang S, Chang YK and Chung JH. 2011. Low level of lead can induce phosphatidylserine exposure and erythrophagocytosis: a new mechanism underlying lead-associated anemia. Toxicol. Sci. 122(1): 177-184.
King KE, Darrah TH, Money E, Meentemeyer R, Maguire RL, Nye MD, Michener L, Murtha AP, Jirtle R, Murphy SK, Mendez MA, Robarge W, Vengosh A and Hoyo C. 2015. Geographic clustering of elevated blood heavy metal levels in pregnant women. BMC Pub. Health. 15(1035): 1-12.
Kruchynenko OV, Prus MP, Galat MV, Mykhailiutenko MS, Klymenko OS and Kuzmenko LM. 2018. Content of chemical elements in the liver of cattle with fasciolosis and dicrocoeliosis. Regul. Mech. Biosyst. 9(1): 15-22.
Lamondo D, Soegianto A, Abadi A, and Keman S. 2014. Antioxidant effects of sarang semut (Myrmecodia pendans) on the apoptosis of spermatogenic cells of rats exposed to plumbum. Res J. Pharm Biol. Chem. Sci. 5(4): 282-294.
Leontopoulos S, Gougoulias N, Kantas D, Roka L and Makridis C. 2015. Heavy metal accumulation in animal tissues and internal organs of pig correlated with feed habits. Bulgarian J. Agric. Sci. 21(3): 699-703.
Makridis C, Svarnas C, Rigas N, Gougoulias N, Roka L and Leontopoulos S. 2012. Transfer of heavy metal contaminants from animal feed to animal products. J. Agric. Sci. Tech. 2(A): 149-154.
Malhat F, Hagag M, Saber A, and Fayz AE. 2012. Contamination of cows milk by heavy metal in Egypt. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 88(4): 611-613.
Miller TE, Golemboski IKA, Ha RS, Bunn T, Sanders FS and Dietert RR. 1988. Developmental exposure to lead causes persistent immunotoxicity in fischer 344 rats. Toxicol. Sci. 42: 129-135.
Martin S and Griswold W. 2009. Human health effects of heavy metals. Environ. Sci. Tech. Briefs for Citizens. 5: 1-6.
Muselin F, Trif A, Brezovan D, Stancu A, and Snejana P. 2010. The consequences of chronic exposure to lead on liver, spleen, lungs and kidney arhitectonics in rats. Lucrari ?tiintifice Med. Vet. 43(2): 123-127.
Narozhnykh KN, Konovalova TV, Fedyaev JI, Shishin NI, Syso AI, Olga I, Sebezhko OI, Petukhov VL, Olga S, Korotkevich OS, Kamaldinov EV, Marenkov VG, Osintseva LA, Reimer VA, Nezavitin AG, Demetiev VN, and Osadchuk LV. 2018. Lead content in soil, water, forage, grains, organs and the muscle tissue of cattle in Western Siberia (Russia). Indian J. Ecol. 45(4): 866-871.
Okareh OT and Oladipo TA. 2015. Determination of heavy metals in selected tissues and organs of slaughtered cattle from Akinyele central abattoir, Ibadan, Nigeria. J. Biol. Agric. Healthcare. 5(11): 124-129.
Oymak U, Ulusoy HI, Hastaoglu E, Y?lmaz V and Y?ld?r?m S. 2017. Some heavy metal contents of various slaughtered cattle tissues in Sivas-Turkey. J. Turkeys Chem. Soc. A. 4(3): 721-728.
Pereira GR, Barcellos JOJ, Sessim AG, Tarouco JU, Feijó FD, Neto JB, Prates ER, and Canozzi MEA. 2017. Relationship of post-weaning growth and age at puberty in crossbred beef heifers. R. Bras. Zootec. 46(5): 413-420.
Petroody SSA, Hamidian AH, Ashrafi S, Eagderi S, and Khazaee M. 2017. Study on age-related bioaccumulation of some heavy metals in the soft tissue of rock oyster (Saccostrea cucullata) from Laft Port – Qeshm Island, Iran. Iranian J. Fisheries Sci. 16(3): 897-906.
Pinho S and Ladeiro B. 2012. Phytotoxicity by lead as heavy metal focus on oxidative stress. J. Botany. 2012(369572): 1-10.
Pribadi LW, Maylinda S, Nasich M, and Suyadi S. 2014. Prepubertal growth rate of Bali cattle and its crosses with Simmental breed at lowland and highland environment. J. Agric. Vet. Sci. 7(12): 52-59.
Roggeman S, van den Brink N, der Van Praet N, Blust R, and Bervoets L. 2013. Metal exposure and accumulation patterns in free-range cows (Bos taurus) in a contaminated natural area: Influence of spatial and social behavior. Environ. Pollut.72: 186-199.
Sánchez-Díaz G, Escobar F, Badland H, Arias-Merino G, de la Paz MP, and Alonso-Ferreira V. 2018. Geographic analysis of of motor neuron disease mortality and heavy metals released to rivers in Spain. Int. J. Environ. Res. Pub. Health. 15(2522): 1-10.
Santurtún A, Villar A, Delgado-Alvarado M, and Riancho J. 2016. Trends in motor neuron disease: Association with air lead levels in Spain. Neurol. Sci. 37: 1271–1275.
Sharma P and Dubey RS. 2005. Lead toxicity in Plants. Brazilian J. Plant Physiol. 17: 35-52.
Sharma B, Singh S, and Siddiqi NJ. 2014. Biomedical implications of heavy metals induced imbalances in redox systems: review article. Bio. Med. Res. Int. 2014(640754): 1-26.
Skiba TV, Tsygankova AR, Borisova NS, Narozhnykh KN, Konovalova TV, Sebezhko OI, Korotkevich OS, Petukhov VL, and Osadchuk LV. 2017. Direct determination of copper, lead and cadmium in the whole bovine blood using thick film modified graphite electrodes. J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. 9(6): 958-964.
Torell R, Bruce B., Kvasnicka C. 2003. Methods of determining age of cattle. Cattle Producer's Library - CL 712. Pp. 1-3.
Turkay M, Turker H, and Guven T. 2015. Ultrastructural effects of lead acetate on the spleen of rats. Turk J. Biol. 39: 511-516.
Wani AL, Ara A, and Usmani JA. 2015. Lead toxicity: a review. Interdiscip. Toxicol. 8(2): 55–64.
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