The potential of Asystasia intrusa weed of Acanthaceae family as a cover crop in oil palm plantations
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Abstract. Satriawan H, Fuady Z, Ernawita. 2020. The potential of Asystasia intrusa weed as a cover crop in oil palm plantations. Biodiversitas 21: 5711-5718. Weeds generally found in oil palm plantations, one of which is dominant is Asystasia intrusa. This weed has begun to be used as a cover crop on oil palm land because it is assumed to have a beneficial effect. The purpose of this research is to explore the potential of Asystasia intrusa in growing as a cover crop on oil palm plantations. The experimental arrangement used was split-plot design. Oil palm plan’s ages were used as the main plot, while the spacing plant (Asystasia intrusa) as the subplots. Experiments were done in triplicate. The results showed that Asystasia intrusa has the potential to be used as a cover crop in oil palm plantations, since it meets several requirements, such as quickly covering the land (12 WAP), fast decomposing (30-60 days), tolerance to shade. This was indicated by the growth percentage of 97.56%, containing nutrients N (1.65-1.77%), P (0.29%), and K (4.6-4.97%), as biomass (0.9 t C/ha/year) and soil carbon stocks (39.52-41.16 t/ha/year). The studied weed also has the ability to increase soil carbon stock up to 119%.
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References
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Alonso-Ayuso M, Gabriel JL, Quemada M. 2014. The kill date as a management tool for cover cropping success. PLoS One, 9(10):e109587. PMID: 25296333
Alonso-Ayuso, M., J. L. Gabriel, I. García-González, J. P. Del Montea, M. Quemada. 2018. Weed density and diversity in a long-term cover crop experiment background. Crop Protection 112: 103-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2018.04.012
Ariyanti M, Yahya S, Murtilaksono K, Suwarto, Siregar HH. 2014. Potential use of Nephrolepis biserrata as cover crop under mature oil palm plantation.p.120–123. Proceeding The 3rd International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research.Medan (ID): Universitas Islam Sumatera Utara.
Ariyanti M, Yahya S, Murtilaksono K, Suwarto, Siregar HH. 2015. Study of The Growth of Nephrolepis biserrata Kuntze and Its Utilization as Cover Crop under Mature Oil Palm Plantation. International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR). 19(1): 325-333.
Ariyanti M, Yahya S, Murtilaksono K, Suwarto, Siregar HH. 2016. Nephrolepis biserrata: Gulma Pakis sebagai Tanaman Penutup Tanah di Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit Menghasilkan. Prosiding Seminar Nasional dan Kongres Perhimpunan Agronomi Indonesia 2016: 1007- 1015.
Asbur Y, Purwaningrum Y, Ariyanti M. 2015. Growth and nutrient balance of Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson as cover crop for mature oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) plantations Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research 78 486-494 doi:10.4067/S0718-58392018000400486
Asbur Y, Yahya S, Murtilaksono K, Sudradjat, Sutarta ES. 2016. The roles of Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson and ridge terrace in reducing soil erosion and nutrient losses in oil palm plantation in South Lampung, Indonesia. Journal of Tropical Crop Science Vol. 3 No. 2: 49-55.
Asbur Y, Rambe RDH, Purwaningrum Y, Kusbiantoro D. 2018. Potensi beberapa gulma sebagai tanaman penutup tanah di perkebunan kelapa sawit menghasilkan. J. Pen. Kelapa Sawit, 26(3): 113-128.
Bationo A, Kihara J, Vanlauwe B, Waswa B, Kimetu J. 2006. Soil organic carbon dynamic, functions, and management in West African agro-ecosystems. Agriculture Systems. New York (US): Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd.
(BKPM) Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal. 2017. Regional superior commodities. (http://regionalinvestment.bkpm.go.id/newsipid/id/commodityarea.php?ia=11&ic=2, accessed12 April 2017). [In Indonesian]
Directorate General of Estate Crops. 2017. Indonesian plantation statistics2015-2017: the oil palm. Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan, Kementerian Pertanian. [In Indonesian]
Evrizal R. 2003. Pembibitan dan penanaman Arachis pintoi sebagai penutup tanah di kebun. J. Agrotropika 8:1–5.
Follett RF, Kimble JM, Pruessner EG, Samson-Liebig S, Waltman S. 2009. Soil Organic Carbon Stocks with Depth and Land Use at Various U.S. Sites. Chapter 3 In 'Soil Carbon Sequestration and the Greenhouse Effect'. (Coeditors, Lal R and Follett RF), Soil Science Special Publication 57, second edition pp 29-46.
Hartatik W. 2007. Thitonia diversifolia sumber pupuk hijau. Warta Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian 29 (5): 3-5.
Haryantini BA, Santoso M. 2001. Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Cabai Merah (Capsicum annum) Pada Andisol yang Diberi Mikoriza, Pupuk Fosfor dan Zat Pengatur Tumbuh. Biosain 1(3): 50-57.
Heviaa GG, DE Buschiazzoa, EN Heppera. 2003. Organic matter in size fractions of soils of the semiarid Argentina. Effects of climate, soil texture and management. Geoderma 116: 265–277.
Hikmat A. 2005. Biomass estimation, carbon storage and energy content of three virgin jung reserves in Peninsular Malaysia. Media Konservasi. 10(2): 1–8.
Hou R, Li ZOY, Tyler DD, Li F, Wilson GF. 2012. Effect of tillage and residue management on soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in the North China Plain. Soil & Water Management & Conservation. SSSAJ. 76(1): 1-11.
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 1997. Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories-Workbook (Volume 2). https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gl/invs5c.html. Diakses 19 September 2020.
Islam KR, Weil RR. 2000. Soil quality indicator properties in Mid-Atlantic Soils as influenced by conservation management. J. Soil and Water Cons. 55(1): 69-78.
Junedi H. 2014. Pengaruh ara sungsang (Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anders.) terhadap kadar air tersedia dan hasil kacang tanah pada ultisol. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Lahan Suboptimal 2014, Palembang 26-27 September 2014.
Junedi H, Myrna N, Fathia E. 2015. Peningkatan Kemantapan Agregat Tanah pada Ultisol melalui Aplikasi Ara Sungsang (Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anders.). Prosiding Seminar Nasional Lahan Suboptimal 2015, Palembang 8-9 Oktober 2015. ISBN. 979-587-580-9
Kaye J, Finney D, White C, Bradley B, Schipanski M, Alonso-Ayuso M. 2019. Managing nitrogen through cover crop species selection in the U.S. mid-Atlantic. PLoS ONE 14(4): e0215448. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215448
Kruidhof HM, Bastian L, Kropff MJ. 2009. Cover crop residue management for optimizing weed control. Plant Soil, 318:169–184. DOI 10.1007/s11104-008-9827-6.
Landriscini MR, Galantini JA, Duval ME, Capurro JE. 2019. Nitrogen balance in a plant-soil system under different cover crop-soybean cropping in Argentina. Applied Soil Ecology, 133: 124 -131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2018.10.005
Lasco RD. 2002. Forest carbon budgets in Southeast Asia following harvesting and land cover change. In: Impacts of land use Change on the Terrestrial Carbon Cycle in the Asian Pacific Region. Science in China 45, 76-86.
Liu Z, Shao M, Wang Y. 2011. Effect of environmental factors on regional soil organic carbon stock across the losses plateau region, China. Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment 142:184-194.
Maswar. 2009. Kecepatan dekomposisi biomassa dan akumulasi karbon pada konversi lahan gambut menjadi perkebunan kelapa sawit. Prosiding dan Lokakarya Nasional Inovasi Sumberdaya Lahan. Buku II: Teknologi Konservasi, Pemupukan, dan Biologi Tanah. Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian, Kementerian Pertanian. Diakses 19 September 2020 di http://balittanah.litbang.pertanian.go.id/ind/dokumentasi/prosiding2009pdf/13-II-2009-Maswar-%20set%20final.pdf.
Maswar, Haridjaja O, Sabiham S, van Noordwijk M. 2011. Cadangan, kehilangan, dan akumulasi karbon pada perkebunan kelapa sawit di lahan gambut tropika. J. Solum, VIII (1):1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25077/js.8.1.1-10.2011
Odharva B, Beekrumb S, Akuala U, Baijnathc H. 2007. Preliminary assessment of nutritional leafy vegetables in Kwa Zulu-Natal, South Africa. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 20: 430-435.
Ohkura T, Yokoi Y, Imai H. 2003. Variations in soil organic carbon in Japanese arable lands. p 273-280. In Smith, C.A.S. (ed.) Soil Organic Carbon and Agriculture: Developing Indicators for Policy Analyses. Proceedings of an OECD expert meeting, Ottawa Canada.
Purba A, Rahutomo S. 2000. Introduksi kacangan penutup tanah alternatif Arachis pintoi pada areal kelapa sawit belum menghasilkan. Warta Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit 8:63–67.
Putra ETS, Simatupang AF, Supriyatna, Waluyo S, Indradewa D. 2012. The growth of one year-old oil palms intercropped with soybean and groundnut. Journal of Agricultural Science. Vol.4, No. 5:169-180p.
Quideau SA, Chadwick, Benesi A, Graham RC, Anderson MA. 2001. A direct link between forest vegetation type and soil organic matter composition. Geoderma 104: 41–60.
Robert M. 2001. Soil Carbon Sequestration for Improved Land Management. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. Rome. 75p.
Rusdiana O, Fakuara Y, Kusmana C, Hidayat Y. 2000.Respon Pertumbuhan Akar Tanaman Sengon (Paraserienthes falcataria) Terhadap Kepadatan dan Kandungan Air Tanah Podsolik Merah Kuning. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika 11(2): 43-53.
Samedani B, Juraimi AS, Anwar MP, Rafii MY, Sheikh Awadz SH, Anuar AR. 2013. Competitive Interaction of Axonopus compressus and Asystasia gangetica under Contrasting Sunlight Intensity. The Scientific World Journal. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/308646
Satriawan H, Fuady Z. 2019. Analysis of weed vegetation in immature and mature oil palm plantations Biodiversitas 20: 3292-3298. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d201123
Satriawan H, Fuady Z. 2014. Teknologi Konservasi Tanah dan Air. Deepublish, Yogyakarta, ID.
Shofiyati R, Las I, Agus F. 2010. Indonesian Soil Data Base and Predicted Stock of Soil Carbon. Proc.of Int. Workshop on Evaluation and Sustainable Management of Soil Carbon Sequestration in Asian Countries. Bogor (ID): 73-84.
Sugirahayu L, Rusdiana O. 2011. Perbandingan simpanan karbon pada beberapa penutupan lahan di Kabupaten Paser, Kalimantan Timur berdasarkan sifat fisik dan sifat kimia tanahnya. Jurnal Silvikultur Tropika 2(3): 149-155.
Sulistiyanto Y, Rieley JO, Limin SH. 2005. Laju dekomposisi dan pelepasan hara dari serasah dari dua sub-tipe hutan rawa gambut di Kalimantan Tengah. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika XI (2): 1-14.
Suryana, Chozin MA, Guntoro D. 2019. Species Identification for Cover Crop on Mature Oil Palm Plantation. J. Agron. Indonesia, 47(3):305-311. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.24831/jai.v47i3.26980.
Tarnocai C, Canadell JG, Schuur EAG, Kuhry P, Mazhitova G, Zimov S. 2009. Soil organic carbon pools in the northern circumpolar permafrost region. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 23(2): 1-11.
Agus F, Hairiah K, Mulyani A. 2011. Pengukuran Cadangan Karbon Tanah Gambut. Petunjuk Praktis. World Agroforestry Centre-ICRAF, SEA Regional Office dan Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian (BBSDLP), Bogor, Indonesia. 58 p.
Alonso-Ayuso M, Gabriel JL, Quemada M. 2014. The kill date as a management tool for cover cropping success. PLoS One, 9(10):e109587. PMID: 25296333
Alonso-Ayuso, M., J. L. Gabriel, I. García-González, J. P. Del Montea, M. Quemada. 2018. Weed density and diversity in a long-term cover crop experiment background. Crop Protection 112: 103-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2018.04.012
Ariyanti M, Yahya S, Murtilaksono K, Suwarto, Siregar HH. 2014. Potential use of Nephrolepis biserrata as cover crop under mature oil palm plantation.p.120–123. Proceeding The 3rd International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research.Medan (ID): Universitas Islam Sumatera Utara.
Ariyanti M, Yahya S, Murtilaksono K, Suwarto, Siregar HH. 2015. Study of The Growth of Nephrolepis biserrata Kuntze and Its Utilization as Cover Crop under Mature Oil Palm Plantation. International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR). 19(1): 325-333.
Ariyanti M, Yahya S, Murtilaksono K, Suwarto, Siregar HH. 2016. Nephrolepis biserrata: Gulma Pakis sebagai Tanaman Penutup Tanah di Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit Menghasilkan. Prosiding Seminar Nasional dan Kongres Perhimpunan Agronomi Indonesia 2016: 1007- 1015.
Asbur Y, Purwaningrum Y, Ariyanti M. 2015. Growth and nutrient balance of Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson as cover crop for mature oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) plantations Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research 78 486-494 doi:10.4067/S0718-58392018000400486
Asbur Y, Yahya S, Murtilaksono K, Sudradjat, Sutarta ES. 2016. The roles of Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson and ridge terrace in reducing soil erosion and nutrient losses in oil palm plantation in South Lampung, Indonesia. Journal of Tropical Crop Science Vol. 3 No. 2: 49-55.
Asbur Y, Rambe RDH, Purwaningrum Y, Kusbiantoro D. 2018. Potensi beberapa gulma sebagai tanaman penutup tanah di perkebunan kelapa sawit menghasilkan. J. Pen. Kelapa Sawit, 26(3): 113-128.
Bationo A, Kihara J, Vanlauwe B, Waswa B, Kimetu J. 2006. Soil organic carbon dynamic, functions, and management in West African agro-ecosystems. Agriculture Systems. New York (US): Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd.
(BKPM) Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal. 2017. Regional superior commodities. (http://regionalinvestment.bkpm.go.id/newsipid/id/commodityarea.php?ia=11&ic=2, accessed12 April 2017). [In Indonesian]
Directorate General of Estate Crops. 2017. Indonesian plantation statistics2015-2017: the oil palm. Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan, Kementerian Pertanian. [In Indonesian]
Evrizal R. 2003. Pembibitan dan penanaman Arachis pintoi sebagai penutup tanah di kebun. J. Agrotropika 8:1–5.
Follett RF, Kimble JM, Pruessner EG, Samson-Liebig S, Waltman S. 2009. Soil Organic Carbon Stocks with Depth and Land Use at Various U.S. Sites. Chapter 3 In 'Soil Carbon Sequestration and the Greenhouse Effect'. (Coeditors, Lal R and Follett RF), Soil Science Special Publication 57, second edition pp 29-46.
Hartatik W. 2007. Thitonia diversifolia sumber pupuk hijau. Warta Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian 29 (5): 3-5.
Haryantini BA, Santoso M. 2001. Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Cabai Merah (Capsicum annum) Pada Andisol yang Diberi Mikoriza, Pupuk Fosfor dan Zat Pengatur Tumbuh. Biosain 1(3): 50-57.
Heviaa GG, DE Buschiazzoa, EN Heppera. 2003. Organic matter in size fractions of soils of the semiarid Argentina. Effects of climate, soil texture and management. Geoderma 116: 265–277.
Hikmat A. 2005. Biomass estimation, carbon storage and energy content of three virgin jung reserves in Peninsular Malaysia. Media Konservasi. 10(2): 1–8.
Hou R, Li ZOY, Tyler DD, Li F, Wilson GF. 2012. Effect of tillage and residue management on soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in the North China Plain. Soil & Water Management & Conservation. SSSAJ. 76(1): 1-11.
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 1997. Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories-Workbook (Volume 2). https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gl/invs5c.html. Diakses 19 September 2020.
Islam KR, Weil RR. 2000. Soil quality indicator properties in Mid-Atlantic Soils as influenced by conservation management. J. Soil and Water Cons. 55(1): 69-78.
Junedi H. 2014. Pengaruh ara sungsang (Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anders.) terhadap kadar air tersedia dan hasil kacang tanah pada ultisol. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Lahan Suboptimal 2014, Palembang 26-27 September 2014.
Junedi H, Myrna N, Fathia E. 2015. Peningkatan Kemantapan Agregat Tanah pada Ultisol melalui Aplikasi Ara Sungsang (Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anders.). Prosiding Seminar Nasional Lahan Suboptimal 2015, Palembang 8-9 Oktober 2015. ISBN. 979-587-580-9
Kaye J, Finney D, White C, Bradley B, Schipanski M, Alonso-Ayuso M. 2019. Managing nitrogen through cover crop species selection in the U.S. mid-Atlantic. PLoS ONE 14(4): e0215448. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215448
Kruidhof HM, Bastian L, Kropff MJ. 2009. Cover crop residue management for optimizing weed control. Plant Soil, 318:169–184. DOI 10.1007/s11104-008-9827-6.
Landriscini MR, Galantini JA, Duval ME, Capurro JE. 2019. Nitrogen balance in a plant-soil system under different cover crop-soybean cropping in Argentina. Applied Soil Ecology, 133: 124 -131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2018.10.005
Lasco RD. 2002. Forest carbon budgets in Southeast Asia following harvesting and land cover change. In: Impacts of land use Change on the Terrestrial Carbon Cycle in the Asian Pacific Region. Science in China 45, 76-86.
Liu Z, Shao M, Wang Y. 2011. Effect of environmental factors on regional soil organic carbon stock across the losses plateau region, China. Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment 142:184-194.
Maswar. 2009. Kecepatan dekomposisi biomassa dan akumulasi karbon pada konversi lahan gambut menjadi perkebunan kelapa sawit. Prosiding dan Lokakarya Nasional Inovasi Sumberdaya Lahan. Buku II: Teknologi Konservasi, Pemupukan, dan Biologi Tanah. Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian, Kementerian Pertanian. Diakses 19 September 2020 di http://balittanah.litbang.pertanian.go.id/ind/dokumentasi/prosiding2009pdf/13-II-2009-Maswar-%20set%20final.pdf.
Maswar, Haridjaja O, Sabiham S, van Noordwijk M. 2011. Cadangan, kehilangan, dan akumulasi karbon pada perkebunan kelapa sawit di lahan gambut tropika. J. Solum, VIII (1):1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25077/js.8.1.1-10.2011
Odharva B, Beekrumb S, Akuala U, Baijnathc H. 2007. Preliminary assessment of nutritional leafy vegetables in Kwa Zulu-Natal, South Africa. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 20: 430-435.
Ohkura T, Yokoi Y, Imai H. 2003. Variations in soil organic carbon in Japanese arable lands. p 273-280. In Smith, C.A.S. (ed.) Soil Organic Carbon and Agriculture: Developing Indicators for Policy Analyses. Proceedings of an OECD expert meeting, Ottawa Canada.
Purba A, Rahutomo S. 2000. Introduksi kacangan penutup tanah alternatif Arachis pintoi pada areal kelapa sawit belum menghasilkan. Warta Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit 8:63–67.
Putra ETS, Simatupang AF, Supriyatna, Waluyo S, Indradewa D. 2012. The growth of one year-old oil palms intercropped with soybean and groundnut. Journal of Agricultural Science. Vol.4, No. 5:169-180p.
Quideau SA, Chadwick, Benesi A, Graham RC, Anderson MA. 2001. A direct link between forest vegetation type and soil organic matter composition. Geoderma 104: 41–60.
Robert M. 2001. Soil Carbon Sequestration for Improved Land Management. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. Rome. 75p.
Rusdiana O, Fakuara Y, Kusmana C, Hidayat Y. 2000.Respon Pertumbuhan Akar Tanaman Sengon (Paraserienthes falcataria) Terhadap Kepadatan dan Kandungan Air Tanah Podsolik Merah Kuning. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika 11(2): 43-53.
Samedani B, Juraimi AS, Anwar MP, Rafii MY, Sheikh Awadz SH, Anuar AR. 2013. Competitive Interaction of Axonopus compressus and Asystasia gangetica under Contrasting Sunlight Intensity. The Scientific World Journal. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/308646
Satriawan H, Fuady Z. 2019. Analysis of weed vegetation in immature and mature oil palm plantations Biodiversitas 20: 3292-3298. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d201123
Satriawan H, Fuady Z. 2014. Teknologi Konservasi Tanah dan Air. Deepublish, Yogyakarta, ID.
Shofiyati R, Las I, Agus F. 2010. Indonesian Soil Data Base and Predicted Stock of Soil Carbon. Proc.of Int. Workshop on Evaluation and Sustainable Management of Soil Carbon Sequestration in Asian Countries. Bogor (ID): 73-84.
Sugirahayu L, Rusdiana O. 2011. Perbandingan simpanan karbon pada beberapa penutupan lahan di Kabupaten Paser, Kalimantan Timur berdasarkan sifat fisik dan sifat kimia tanahnya. Jurnal Silvikultur Tropika 2(3): 149-155.
Sulistiyanto Y, Rieley JO, Limin SH. 2005. Laju dekomposisi dan pelepasan hara dari serasah dari dua sub-tipe hutan rawa gambut di Kalimantan Tengah. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika XI (2): 1-14.
Suryana, Chozin MA, Guntoro D. 2019. Species Identification for Cover Crop on Mature Oil Palm Plantation. J. Agron. Indonesia, 47(3):305-311. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.24831/jai.v47i3.26980.
Tarnocai C, Canadell JG, Schuur EAG, Kuhry P, Mazhitova G, Zimov S. 2009. Soil organic carbon pools in the northern circumpolar permafrost region. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 23(2): 1-11.
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