Diversity of macro fungus across three altitudinal ranges in Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia and their utilization by local residents
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Abstract. Yusran Y, Erniwati E, Wahyuni D, Ramadhanil R, Khumaidi A. 2021. Diversity of macro fungus across three altitudinal ranges in Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia and their utilization by local residents. Biodiversitas 22: 199-210. A large amount of biodiversity research has been carried out in Lore Lindu National Park, a major biodiversity center in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, but none have investigated the biodiversity of macrofungi and their traditional utilization. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the diversity of macro fungus in Lore Lindu National Park, and to identify their potential uses as food sources and medicinal uses by the local residents living around Lore Lindu National Park. Exploration of macrofungus species in Lore Lindu National Park was done at three locations representing three altitudinal ranges: (i) <500 m above sea level (asl); (ii) 500–1500 m asl; and >1500 m asl. Ten plots were placed in two major lines with a 100 m distance between plots in each sampling location. All macrofungi within the observation plots were then documented and identified. Ethnomycological studies were done by asking questionnaire to selective respondents, group discussion, and pictorial presentation studies to random respondents in five villages located in the buffer zone of the national park area. This study found 172 species (including unidentified species/sp.) from 33 families of macro fungus in Lore Lindu National Park in which 159 of them belong to the Basidiomycota division, while 13 of them were of the Ascomycota division. Our results also showed varying diversity of macrofungus at different altitudes. At the elevation of <500 m asl, as many 77 species were found, while 117 and 142 species were found at the elevation of 500-1500 and >1500 m asl, respectively. Marasmius spp and Hygrocybe spp were the most abundant genera, and nine species (i.e. Schizophyllum commune, Termytomyces sp, Auricularia auricular-judge, Auricularia sp., Pleurotus ostreatus, Ganoderma lucidum, Xylaria sp., Agaricus sp. dan Lentinus sajor-caju) were utilized as a food source and in traditional medicine by the residents around the national park area.
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References
Andrew EE, Rosemary-Kinge T, Tabi EM, Thiobal N, Mih AM. 2013. Diversity and distribution of macrofungi (mushrooms) in the Mount Cameroon Region. J Ecol Nat Environ 5(10): 318-334. DOI: 10.5897/JENE2013.0397.
Angelini P, Bistocchi G, Arcangeli A, Bricchi E, Venanzoni R. 2015. Diversity and ecological distribution of macrofungi in a site of community importance of Umbria (Central Italy). Open Ecol. J. 8:1-8. DOI: 10.2174/1874213001508010001.
Arko PF, Marzuki BM, Kusmoro J. 2017. The inventory of edible mushroom in Kamojang Nature Reserve and Nature Park, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 18(2): 530-540. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d180213.
Baptista P, Martins A, Tavares RM, Lino-Neto T. 2010. Diversity and fruiting pattern of macrofungi associated with chestnut (Castanea sativa) in the Trás-os-Montes region (Northeast Portugal). Fungal Ecol. 3(1): 9-19. DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2009.06.002.
Bates ST. 2006. A preliminary checklist of Arizona macrofungi. CANOTIA 2(2): 47-78.
Bergemann SE, Largent DL. 2000. The site-specific variables that correlates with the distribution of the Pacific Golden Chanterelle, Cantharellus formossus. Forest Ecol. Manag.130(1): 99-107. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00177-2.
Boa E. 2004. Wild edible fungi: A global overview of their use and importance to people. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. Available at http://www.fao.org/3/a-y5489e.pdf.
Chang YS, Lee SS. 2004. Utilisation of macrofungi species in Malaysia. Fungal Divers 15: 15-22.
Conn C, Dighton J. 2000. Litter quality influences on decomposition, ectomycorrhizal community structure and mycorrhizal root surface acid phosphatase activity. Soil Biol Biochem 32(4): 489-496. DOI: 10.1016/S0038-0717(99)00178-9.
Corlett R, Primack R. 2006. Tropical Rain Forests: An Ecological and Biogeographical Comparison. Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ
De Leon AM, Kalaw SP, Dulay RM, Undan JR, Alfonzo DO, Undan JQ, Reyes RG. 2016. Ethnomycological survey of the Kalanguya indigenous community in Caranglan, Nueva Ecija, Philippines. Curr Res Environ Appl Mycol 6(2): 61-66. DOI: 10.5943/cream/6/2/1.
De Leon AM, Reyes RG, dela Cruz TEE. 2012. An ethnomycological survey of macrofungi utilized by Aeta communities in Central Luzon, Philippines. Mycosphere 3(2): 251-259. DOI: 10.5943/mycosphere/3/2/9.
Demirbas A. 2000. Accumulation of heavy metals in some edible mushrooms from Turkey. Food Chem 68(4): 415-419. DOI: 10.1016/S0308-8146(99)00210-1.
Desjardin DE, Flegel TW, Boonpratuang T. 2004. Basidiomycetes. In: Jones EBG, Tanticharoen M, Hyde KD (eds). Thai fungal diversity BIOTEC. Thailand. pp: 37-49.
Desjardin DE, Retnowati A, Horak E. 2000. Agaricales of Indonesia. 2. A Preliminary monograph of Marasmius from Java and Bali. Sydowia 52(2) 92-194.
Douanla-Meli C, Ryvarden L, Langer E. 2007. Studies of tropical African pore fungi (Basidiomycota, Aphyllophorales): Three new species from Cameroon. Nova Hedwigia 84(3-4): 409-420. DOI: 10.1127/0029-5035/2007/0084-0409.
Duarte S, Pascoal C, Cassio F, Bärlocher F. 2006. Aquatic hyphomycete diversity and identity affect leaf litter decomposition in microcosms. Oecologia 147(4): 658-666.
Enas AE, Sababelkhier MKI, Malaz MM. 2016. Nutritional composition and minerals content of five species of wild edible mushroom, brought from UAE: Mushroom considered as protein source. Int J Curr Adv Res 4(2): 1108-1112.
Engola APO, Eilu G, Kabasa JD, Kisovi L, Munishi PKT, Olila D. 2007. Ecology of edible indigenous mushrooms of the Lake Victoria Basin (Uganda). Res J Biol Sci 2(1): 62-68.
Ferris R, Peace AJ, Newton AC. 2000. Macrofungal communities of lowland Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karsten.) plantations in England: Relationships with site factors and stand structure. Forest Ecol Manag 131(1-3): 255-267. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00218-2.
Foo SF, Saikim FH, Kulip J, Seelan JSS. 2018. Distribution and ethnomycological knowledge of wild edible mushrooms in Sabah (Northern Borneo), Malaysia. J Trop Biol Conserv 15: 203-222.
Haryati JR, Azrianingsih DR. 2012. Etno-edible mushroom of Pleurotus sp, Clytocybe nebularis and Auricularia auricular in Ranupani village, East Java. J Trop Life Sci 2(2): 40-43.
Hawksworth D, L?cking R. 2017. Fungal diversity revisited: 2.2 to 3.8 million species. Microbiol Spectr 5(4): 79-95. DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0052-2016.
Hawksworth DL. 2001. The magnitude of fungal divers: The 1.5 million species estimate revisited. Mycol Res 105(12): 1422-1432. DOI: 10.1017/S0953756201004725.
Hawksworth LD. 2004. Fungal diversity and its implications for genetic resource collections. Stud Mycol 50(1): 9-18.
Hemmes DE, Desjardin DE. 2002. Mushrooms of Hawai’i: An Identification Guide. Ten Speed Press, Berkeley, CA.
Herawati E, Arung ET, Amirta R. 2016. Domestication and nutrient analysis of Schizophyllum commune, alternative natural food sources in East Kalimantan. Agric Agric Sci Procedia 9: 291-296. DOI: 10.1016/j.aaspro.2016.02.125.
Hussein JM, Tibuhwa DD, Mshandete MM, Kivaisi AK. 2016. Successful domestication of Lentinus sajor-caju from an indigenous forest in Tanzania. J Appl Biosci 108: 10500-10506.
Index Fungorum 2017. Available from: http://www.indexFungorum.org/names. Accessed: 25 July 2017.
Jang SK, Hur TC. 2014. Relationship between climatic factors and the distribution of higher fungi in Byeonsanbando National Park, Korea. Mycobiology 42(1): 27-33. DOI: 10.5941/MYCO.2014.42.1.27.
Kalac P, Svoboda L, Havlickova B. 2004. Content of cadmium and mercury in edible mushrooms. J Appl Biomed 2(1): 15-20. DOI: 10.32725/jab.2004.002.
Kang Y, ?uczaj L, Kang J, Zhang S. 2013. Wild food plants and wild edible fungi in two valleys of the Qinling Mountains (Shaanxi, Central China). J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 9: 26. DOI: 10.1186%2F1746-4269-9-26.
Khastini RO, Wahyuni I, Saraswati I. 2018. Ethnomycology of bracket fungi in Baduy Tribe Indonesia. Biosaintifika 10(2): 423-431. DOI: 10.15294/biosaintifika.v10i2.14082.
Kim H, Song MJ. 2014. Analysis of traditional knowledge for wild edible mushrooms consumed by residents living in Jirisan National Park (Korea). J Ethnopharmacol 153(1): 90-97. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.12.041.
Kutszegi G, Siller I, Dima B, Takács K, Merényi Z, Varga T, Ódor P. 2015. Drivers of macrofungal species composition in temperate forest, West Hungary: Functional groups compared. Fungal Ecol 17: 69-83. DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2015.05.009.
Lopez-Quintero CA, Straatsma G, Franco-Molano AE, Boekhout T. 2012. Macrofungal diversity in Colombian Amazon forests varies with regions and regimes of disturbance. Biodivers Conserv 21(9): 2221-2243. DOI: 10.1007/s10531-012-0294-2.
Luo X, Karunarathna SC, Luo YH, Xu K, Xu JC, Chamyuang S, Mortimer PE. 2016. Drivers of macrofungal composition and distribution in Yulong Snow Mountain, Southwest China. Mycosphere 7(6): 727-740. DOI: 10.5943/mycosphere/7/6/3.
Manzi P, Gambelli L, Marconi S, Vivanti V, Pizzoferrato L. 1999. Nutrients in edible mushroom: An interspecies comparative study. Food Chem 65(4): 477-482. DOI: 10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00212-X.
Marzuki BM, Rossiana N, Normanita. 2017. Diversity of macrofungi on wood in forest nature reserve of Bojonglarang Jayanti Cianjur, West Java. J Bacteriol Mycol 4(1): 25-28. DOI: 10.15406/jbmoa.2017.4.00080
Muchlisin ZA, Azizah MNS. 2009. Diversity and distribution of freshwater fishes in Aceh water, Northern-Sumatra, Indonesia. Int J Zool Res. 5(2) 62-79. DOI: 10.3923/ijzr.2009.62.79.
Mueller GM, Schmit JP, Leacock PR, Buyck B, et al. 2007. Global diversity and distribution of macrofungi. Biodivers Conserv 16(1): 37-48. DOI: 10.1007/s10531-006-9108-8.
Mushroom expert 2017. http://mushroomexpert.com/. Accessed: 27 August 2017
Nema JK, Wossa S, Costillo E, Marasinghe B, Pooranalingam J, Barrow R. 2014. Ethno mycological survey and biological activities of mushroom extracts against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermis from Papua New Guinea. Biol Chem Res 2014: 97-103.
Okhuoya JA, Akpaja EO, Osemwegie OO, Oghenekaro AO, Ihayere CA. 2010. Nigerian mushrooms: Underutilized non-wood forest resources. J Appl Sci Environ Manage 14(1): 43-54. DOI: 10.4314/jasem.v14i1.56488.
Packham JM, May TW, Brown MJ, Wardlaw TJ, Mills KA. 2002. Macrofungal diversity and community ecology in mature and regrowth wet eucalypt forest in Tasmania: A multivariate study. Austral Ecol 27(2): 149-161. DOI: 10.1046/j.1442-9993.2002.01167.x.
Pushpa H, Purushothama KB. 2012. Biodiversity of mushrooms in and around Bangalore (Karnataka), India. Am Eurasian J Agric Environ Sci 12(6): 750-759.
Retnowati A. 2007. Two wild edible Russula (Agaricales: Russulaceae) from East Kalimantan. Floribunda 3(4): 109-112. DOI: 10.32556/floribunda.v3i3-4.2007.78
Rosemary-Kinge T, Apalah NA, Nji TM, Acha AN, Mih AM. 2017. Species richness and traditional knowledge of macrofungi (Mushrooms) in the Awing forest reserve and communities, Nortwest Region, Cameroon. J Mycol 17: 2809239. DOI: 10.1155/2017/2809239.
Rosemary-Kinge T, Tabi EM, Mih AM, Enow EA, Njouonkou L, Nji TM. 2011. Etnomycological studies of edible and medicinal mushrooms in the mount Cameroon region (Cameroon, Africa). Int J Med Mushrooms 13(3): 299-305. DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushr.v13.i3.100
Sarbhoy AK, Varshney JL, Agarwal DK. 1996. Fungi of India 1982-1992. CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi.
Stadler M, Laessøe T, Fournier J, Decock C, Schmieschek B, Tichy HV, Peršoh D. 2014. A polyphasic taxonomy of Daldinia (Xylariaceae). Stud Mycol 77(1): 1-143. DOI: 10.3114/sim0016
Tan X, Mi F, Zhang Y, He X, Cao Y, Wang P, Xu J. 2015. Diversity, population genetics, and evolution of macrofungi associated with animal. Mycology 6(2): 94-109. DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2015.1043968.
Teke NA, Rosemary-Kinge T, Bechem E, Nji TM, Ndam LM, Mih AM. 2018. Ethnomycological study in the Kilum-Ijim mountain forest, Northwest Region, Cameroon. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 14: 25. DOI: 10.1186%2Fs13002-018-0225-8.
TNC/BTNLL. 2002. Lore Lindu National Park. Draft Management Plant 2002-2007. Palu, Indonesia, Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation.
Tran NH, Urase T, Kusakabe O. 2010. Biodegradation characteristics of pharmaceutical substances by whole fungal culture Trametes versicolor and its laccase. J Water Environ Tech 8(2): 125-140. DOI: 10.2965/jwet.2010.125.
Tran NH, Urase T, Ngo HH, Hu J, Ong SL. 2013. Insight into metabolic and cometabolic activities of autotrophic and heterotrophic microorganisms in the biodegradation of emerging trace organic contaminants. Bioresour Technol 146: 721-731. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.07.083.
Van Balgooy MMJ, Hovenkamp PH, Welzen PC. 1996. Phytogeography of the Pacific-Floristic and historical distribution pattern in plant. In: Keast A, Miller SE (eds). The Origin and Evolution of Pacific Island Biotas, New Guinea to Eastern Polynesia: Pattern and Processes. SPB Academic Publishing, Amsterdam. pp: 191-213.
Wallace AR. 1869. The Malay Archipelago. Harper and Brothers, New York.
Whitten AJ, Mustafa M, Henderson GS. 1987. The Ecology of Sulawesi. Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Angelini P, Bistocchi G, Arcangeli A, Bricchi E, Venanzoni R. 2015. Diversity and ecological distribution of macrofungi in a site of community importance of Umbria (Central Italy). Open Ecol. J. 8:1-8. DOI: 10.2174/1874213001508010001.
Arko PF, Marzuki BM, Kusmoro J. 2017. The inventory of edible mushroom in Kamojang Nature Reserve and Nature Park, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 18(2): 530-540. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d180213.
Baptista P, Martins A, Tavares RM, Lino-Neto T. 2010. Diversity and fruiting pattern of macrofungi associated with chestnut (Castanea sativa) in the Trás-os-Montes region (Northeast Portugal). Fungal Ecol. 3(1): 9-19. DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2009.06.002.
Bates ST. 2006. A preliminary checklist of Arizona macrofungi. CANOTIA 2(2): 47-78.
Bergemann SE, Largent DL. 2000. The site-specific variables that correlates with the distribution of the Pacific Golden Chanterelle, Cantharellus formossus. Forest Ecol. Manag.130(1): 99-107. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00177-2.
Boa E. 2004. Wild edible fungi: A global overview of their use and importance to people. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. Available at http://www.fao.org/3/a-y5489e.pdf.
Chang YS, Lee SS. 2004. Utilisation of macrofungi species in Malaysia. Fungal Divers 15: 15-22.
Conn C, Dighton J. 2000. Litter quality influences on decomposition, ectomycorrhizal community structure and mycorrhizal root surface acid phosphatase activity. Soil Biol Biochem 32(4): 489-496. DOI: 10.1016/S0038-0717(99)00178-9.
Corlett R, Primack R. 2006. Tropical Rain Forests: An Ecological and Biogeographical Comparison. Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ
De Leon AM, Kalaw SP, Dulay RM, Undan JR, Alfonzo DO, Undan JQ, Reyes RG. 2016. Ethnomycological survey of the Kalanguya indigenous community in Caranglan, Nueva Ecija, Philippines. Curr Res Environ Appl Mycol 6(2): 61-66. DOI: 10.5943/cream/6/2/1.
De Leon AM, Reyes RG, dela Cruz TEE. 2012. An ethnomycological survey of macrofungi utilized by Aeta communities in Central Luzon, Philippines. Mycosphere 3(2): 251-259. DOI: 10.5943/mycosphere/3/2/9.
Demirbas A. 2000. Accumulation of heavy metals in some edible mushrooms from Turkey. Food Chem 68(4): 415-419. DOI: 10.1016/S0308-8146(99)00210-1.
Desjardin DE, Flegel TW, Boonpratuang T. 2004. Basidiomycetes. In: Jones EBG, Tanticharoen M, Hyde KD (eds). Thai fungal diversity BIOTEC. Thailand. pp: 37-49.
Desjardin DE, Retnowati A, Horak E. 2000. Agaricales of Indonesia. 2. A Preliminary monograph of Marasmius from Java and Bali. Sydowia 52(2) 92-194.
Douanla-Meli C, Ryvarden L, Langer E. 2007. Studies of tropical African pore fungi (Basidiomycota, Aphyllophorales): Three new species from Cameroon. Nova Hedwigia 84(3-4): 409-420. DOI: 10.1127/0029-5035/2007/0084-0409.
Duarte S, Pascoal C, Cassio F, Bärlocher F. 2006. Aquatic hyphomycete diversity and identity affect leaf litter decomposition in microcosms. Oecologia 147(4): 658-666.
Enas AE, Sababelkhier MKI, Malaz MM. 2016. Nutritional composition and minerals content of five species of wild edible mushroom, brought from UAE: Mushroom considered as protein source. Int J Curr Adv Res 4(2): 1108-1112.
Engola APO, Eilu G, Kabasa JD, Kisovi L, Munishi PKT, Olila D. 2007. Ecology of edible indigenous mushrooms of the Lake Victoria Basin (Uganda). Res J Biol Sci 2(1): 62-68.
Ferris R, Peace AJ, Newton AC. 2000. Macrofungal communities of lowland Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karsten.) plantations in England: Relationships with site factors and stand structure. Forest Ecol Manag 131(1-3): 255-267. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00218-2.
Foo SF, Saikim FH, Kulip J, Seelan JSS. 2018. Distribution and ethnomycological knowledge of wild edible mushrooms in Sabah (Northern Borneo), Malaysia. J Trop Biol Conserv 15: 203-222.
Haryati JR, Azrianingsih DR. 2012. Etno-edible mushroom of Pleurotus sp, Clytocybe nebularis and Auricularia auricular in Ranupani village, East Java. J Trop Life Sci 2(2): 40-43.
Hawksworth D, L?cking R. 2017. Fungal diversity revisited: 2.2 to 3.8 million species. Microbiol Spectr 5(4): 79-95. DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0052-2016.
Hawksworth DL. 2001. The magnitude of fungal divers: The 1.5 million species estimate revisited. Mycol Res 105(12): 1422-1432. DOI: 10.1017/S0953756201004725.
Hawksworth LD. 2004. Fungal diversity and its implications for genetic resource collections. Stud Mycol 50(1): 9-18.
Hemmes DE, Desjardin DE. 2002. Mushrooms of Hawai’i: An Identification Guide. Ten Speed Press, Berkeley, CA.
Herawati E, Arung ET, Amirta R. 2016. Domestication and nutrient analysis of Schizophyllum commune, alternative natural food sources in East Kalimantan. Agric Agric Sci Procedia 9: 291-296. DOI: 10.1016/j.aaspro.2016.02.125.
Hussein JM, Tibuhwa DD, Mshandete MM, Kivaisi AK. 2016. Successful domestication of Lentinus sajor-caju from an indigenous forest in Tanzania. J Appl Biosci 108: 10500-10506.
Index Fungorum 2017. Available from: http://www.indexFungorum.org/names. Accessed: 25 July 2017.
Jang SK, Hur TC. 2014. Relationship between climatic factors and the distribution of higher fungi in Byeonsanbando National Park, Korea. Mycobiology 42(1): 27-33. DOI: 10.5941/MYCO.2014.42.1.27.
Kalac P, Svoboda L, Havlickova B. 2004. Content of cadmium and mercury in edible mushrooms. J Appl Biomed 2(1): 15-20. DOI: 10.32725/jab.2004.002.
Kang Y, ?uczaj L, Kang J, Zhang S. 2013. Wild food plants and wild edible fungi in two valleys of the Qinling Mountains (Shaanxi, Central China). J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 9: 26. DOI: 10.1186%2F1746-4269-9-26.
Khastini RO, Wahyuni I, Saraswati I. 2018. Ethnomycology of bracket fungi in Baduy Tribe Indonesia. Biosaintifika 10(2): 423-431. DOI: 10.15294/biosaintifika.v10i2.14082.
Kim H, Song MJ. 2014. Analysis of traditional knowledge for wild edible mushrooms consumed by residents living in Jirisan National Park (Korea). J Ethnopharmacol 153(1): 90-97. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.12.041.
Kutszegi G, Siller I, Dima B, Takács K, Merényi Z, Varga T, Ódor P. 2015. Drivers of macrofungal species composition in temperate forest, West Hungary: Functional groups compared. Fungal Ecol 17: 69-83. DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2015.05.009.
Lopez-Quintero CA, Straatsma G, Franco-Molano AE, Boekhout T. 2012. Macrofungal diversity in Colombian Amazon forests varies with regions and regimes of disturbance. Biodivers Conserv 21(9): 2221-2243. DOI: 10.1007/s10531-012-0294-2.
Luo X, Karunarathna SC, Luo YH, Xu K, Xu JC, Chamyuang S, Mortimer PE. 2016. Drivers of macrofungal composition and distribution in Yulong Snow Mountain, Southwest China. Mycosphere 7(6): 727-740. DOI: 10.5943/mycosphere/7/6/3.
Manzi P, Gambelli L, Marconi S, Vivanti V, Pizzoferrato L. 1999. Nutrients in edible mushroom: An interspecies comparative study. Food Chem 65(4): 477-482. DOI: 10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00212-X.
Marzuki BM, Rossiana N, Normanita. 2017. Diversity of macrofungi on wood in forest nature reserve of Bojonglarang Jayanti Cianjur, West Java. J Bacteriol Mycol 4(1): 25-28. DOI: 10.15406/jbmoa.2017.4.00080
Muchlisin ZA, Azizah MNS. 2009. Diversity and distribution of freshwater fishes in Aceh water, Northern-Sumatra, Indonesia. Int J Zool Res. 5(2) 62-79. DOI: 10.3923/ijzr.2009.62.79.
Mueller GM, Schmit JP, Leacock PR, Buyck B, et al. 2007. Global diversity and distribution of macrofungi. Biodivers Conserv 16(1): 37-48. DOI: 10.1007/s10531-006-9108-8.
Mushroom expert 2017. http://mushroomexpert.com/. Accessed: 27 August 2017
Nema JK, Wossa S, Costillo E, Marasinghe B, Pooranalingam J, Barrow R. 2014. Ethno mycological survey and biological activities of mushroom extracts against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermis from Papua New Guinea. Biol Chem Res 2014: 97-103.
Okhuoya JA, Akpaja EO, Osemwegie OO, Oghenekaro AO, Ihayere CA. 2010. Nigerian mushrooms: Underutilized non-wood forest resources. J Appl Sci Environ Manage 14(1): 43-54. DOI: 10.4314/jasem.v14i1.56488.
Packham JM, May TW, Brown MJ, Wardlaw TJ, Mills KA. 2002. Macrofungal diversity and community ecology in mature and regrowth wet eucalypt forest in Tasmania: A multivariate study. Austral Ecol 27(2): 149-161. DOI: 10.1046/j.1442-9993.2002.01167.x.
Pushpa H, Purushothama KB. 2012. Biodiversity of mushrooms in and around Bangalore (Karnataka), India. Am Eurasian J Agric Environ Sci 12(6): 750-759.
Retnowati A. 2007. Two wild edible Russula (Agaricales: Russulaceae) from East Kalimantan. Floribunda 3(4): 109-112. DOI: 10.32556/floribunda.v3i3-4.2007.78
Rosemary-Kinge T, Apalah NA, Nji TM, Acha AN, Mih AM. 2017. Species richness and traditional knowledge of macrofungi (Mushrooms) in the Awing forest reserve and communities, Nortwest Region, Cameroon. J Mycol 17: 2809239. DOI: 10.1155/2017/2809239.
Rosemary-Kinge T, Tabi EM, Mih AM, Enow EA, Njouonkou L, Nji TM. 2011. Etnomycological studies of edible and medicinal mushrooms in the mount Cameroon region (Cameroon, Africa). Int J Med Mushrooms 13(3): 299-305. DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushr.v13.i3.100
Sarbhoy AK, Varshney JL, Agarwal DK. 1996. Fungi of India 1982-1992. CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi.
Stadler M, Laessøe T, Fournier J, Decock C, Schmieschek B, Tichy HV, Peršoh D. 2014. A polyphasic taxonomy of Daldinia (Xylariaceae). Stud Mycol 77(1): 1-143. DOI: 10.3114/sim0016
Tan X, Mi F, Zhang Y, He X, Cao Y, Wang P, Xu J. 2015. Diversity, population genetics, and evolution of macrofungi associated with animal. Mycology 6(2): 94-109. DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2015.1043968.
Teke NA, Rosemary-Kinge T, Bechem E, Nji TM, Ndam LM, Mih AM. 2018. Ethnomycological study in the Kilum-Ijim mountain forest, Northwest Region, Cameroon. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 14: 25. DOI: 10.1186%2Fs13002-018-0225-8.
TNC/BTNLL. 2002. Lore Lindu National Park. Draft Management Plant 2002-2007. Palu, Indonesia, Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation.
Tran NH, Urase T, Kusakabe O. 2010. Biodegradation characteristics of pharmaceutical substances by whole fungal culture Trametes versicolor and its laccase. J Water Environ Tech 8(2): 125-140. DOI: 10.2965/jwet.2010.125.
Tran NH, Urase T, Ngo HH, Hu J, Ong SL. 2013. Insight into metabolic and cometabolic activities of autotrophic and heterotrophic microorganisms in the biodegradation of emerging trace organic contaminants. Bioresour Technol 146: 721-731. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.07.083.
Van Balgooy MMJ, Hovenkamp PH, Welzen PC. 1996. Phytogeography of the Pacific-Floristic and historical distribution pattern in plant. In: Keast A, Miller SE (eds). The Origin and Evolution of Pacific Island Biotas, New Guinea to Eastern Polynesia: Pattern and Processes. SPB Academic Publishing, Amsterdam. pp: 191-213.
Wallace AR. 1869. The Malay Archipelago. Harper and Brothers, New York.
Whitten AJ, Mustafa M, Henderson GS. 1987. The Ecology of Sulawesi. Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
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