Inflorescence morphology and development of suweg (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson
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Abstract. Hanfayani T, Yuzammi, Hadiah JT. 2020. Inflorescence morphology and development of suweg (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson. Biodiversitas 21: 5835-5844. Inflorescence of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson consists of two main parts: spathe and spadix. Detailed information on its development, however, is not yet available. This study aimed to investigate the development and morphology of suweg’s inflorescence, to reveal the anthesis of male and female flowers, and to observe its insect visitors. The study observed 46 inflorescences, ten of which were measured for detailed developments. Inflorescences were observed from bud emergence to withering during one flowering cycle. The results showed that the flowering process included six phases which altogether required 22 to 36 days, namely the developments of inflorescence bud, cataphyll, spathe and spadix, appendix, fully bloomed inflorescence, and flowers anthesis. The inflorescence height including peduncle was 48–75 cm, spathe 19–50 cm long, spathe circle 65–176 cm, appendix 13–33 cm long, and appendix circle 45–80 cm. Three appendix forms were observed: ovate (43.48%), triangular conic (41.30%), and rounded (15.22%). Female flower anthesis occurred one day prior to male flower anthesis. Insect visitors found during anthesis were Lucilia sericata (Calliphoridae), Sarcophaga sp. (Sarcophagidae), and Trigona speciosa (Apidae).
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References
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Boyce PC, Sookchaloem D, Hetterscheid WLA, Gusman G, Jacobsen N, Idei T, Van Du N. 2012. Flora of Thailand 11 (2): 1-221.
Chouteau M, Barabe D, Gibernau M. 2007. Thermogenesis in Syngonium (Araceae). Canadian Journal of Botoany 85: 184-190.
Croft H, Chen JM. 2017. Leaf pigment content. University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.10547-0A. Accessed 10-10-2018.
Fujioka K, Shirasu M, Manome Y, Ito N, Kakishima S, Minami T, Tominaga T, Shimozono F, Iwamoto T, Ikeda K. 2012. Objective display and discrimination of floral odors from Amorphophallus titanum, bloomed on different dates and at different locations, using an electronic nose. Sensors 12: 2152-2161.
Garcia JQ, Ivancic A, Lebot V. 2008. Morphological variation and reproductive characteristics of wild giant taro (Alocasia macrorrhizos), Araceae, populations in Vanuatu. New Zealand Journal of Botany 45: 189-203.
Gibernau, M. 2003. Pollinators and visitors of aroid inflorescences. Aroideana 26: 66-83.
Gibernau, M. 2011. Pollinators and visitors of aroid inflorescences: an addendum. Aroideana 34: 70-83.
Gopi R, Jaleel CA, Panneerselvam R. 2008. Leaf anatomical responses of Amorphophallus campanulatus to triazoles fungicides. EurAsian Journal of BioSciences 2: 46-52.
Hidayat S. 2019. The study of suweg (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius) and other undergrowth species in teak plantation forest of Temengeng, Blora, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20 (1): 37-42.
Jaleel VA, Sivadasan M, Alfarhan AH, Thomas J, Alatar AA. 2011. Revision of Amorphophallus Blume ex Decaisne. Sect. Rhaphiophallus (Schott) Engl. (Araceae) in India. Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxon. 18(1): 1-26.
Jaleel VA, Sivadasan M, Alfarhan AH, Thomas J, Alatar AA. 2012. A taxonomic revision of Amorphophallus Blume Ex Decaisne Sect. Conophallus (Schott) Engl. (Araceae) in India. Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxon. 19(2): 135-153.
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Jimènez PD, Hentrich H, Aguilar-Rodr´?guez PA, Krömer T, Chartier M, MacSwiney GMC, Gibernau M. 2019. A review on the pollination of Aroids with bisexual flowers. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 104(1): 83-104.
Khan A, Rahman M, Islam S. 2007. Antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic activities of tuberous roots of Amorphophallus campanulatus. Turkish Journal of Biology 31: 167-172.
Kite GC, Hetterscheid WLA. 1997. Inflorescence odours of Amorphophallus and Pseudodracontium (Araceae). Phytochemistry 46: 71-75.
Korotkova N, Barthlott W. 2009. On the thermogenesis of the Titan arum (Amorphophallus titanum). Plant Signaling & Behavior 4(11): 1096-1098.
Kumar RPK, Kolli SK, Suneetha J, Hemanth G. 2015. Cultivation on Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson (elephant foot yam) in Kuvvur Mandal of West Godavari District, Andraphradesh India. International Journal of Current Research 7(05): 15549-15553.
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Lamprecht I, Seymour RS. 2010. Thermologic investigation of three species of Amorphophallus. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 102(1): 127-136.
Lamprecht I, Schmolz, Blanco L, Romero CM. 2002. Flower ovens: Thermal investigations on heat producing plants. Thermochimica Acta 391: 107-118.
Mayo SJ, Bogner J, Boyce PC, 1997. The genera of Araceae. The Trustees, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Mutaqin AZ, Kurniadie D, Iskandar J, Nurzaman M, Partasasmita R. 2020. Ethnobotany of suweg, Amorphophallus paeoniifolius: Utilization and cultivation in West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21(4): 1635-1644.
Prakash PS, Nayar NM. 2000. Thermogenesis in elephant foot yam, Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson (Araceae). Journal of Root Crops 26(1): 10-14.
Punekar SA, Kumaran KPN. 2010. Pollen morphology and pollination ecology of Amorphophallus species from North Western Ghats and Konkan Region of India. Flora 205: 326-336.
Putri I, Hintono A, Susanti S. 2018. Optimization of elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius) extract syrup formula as a nutritive antioxidant drink. International Journal of Sustain Agricultural Research 5(1): 1-9.
Raman V, Tabanca N, Demirci B, Khani IA. 2017. Studies on the floral anatomy and scent chemistry of titan arum (Amorphophallus titanum, Araceae). Turkish Journal of Botany. 41: 63-74.
Santosa E, Sugiyama N, Nakata M, Lee ON, Trikoesoemaningtyas, Sopandie D. 2006. Flower Induction in elephant foot yams using Gibberellic Acid (GA3). Japan Journal of Tropical Agricultural 50(2): 82-86.
Santosa E, Lian CL, Sugiyama N, Misra RS, Boonkorkaew P, Thanomchit K. 2017. Population structure of elephant foot yams (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson) in Asia. PLOS ONE 12(6): 1-18. Accessed 7-14-2020.
Schaefer H, Rolshausen G. 2005. Plants on red alert: do insects pay attention? BioEssays 28:65-71.
Seymour RS, Matthews PGD. 2006. The role of thermogenesis in the pollination biology of the amazon waterlily Victoria amazonica. Annals of Botany 98: 1129-1135.
Singh A. Wadhwa N. 2014. A review on multiple potential of aroid: Amorphophallus paeoniifolius. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research 24(1): 55-60.
Singh A, Chaurasiya A, Mitra S. 2016. Assessment of nutritional composition in elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst) Nicolson) cultivars. International Journal of Food Studies 5: 146-157.
Shirasu M, Fujioka K, Kakishima S, Nagai S, Tomizawa Y, Tsukaya H, Jin M, Manome Y, Touhara K. 2010. Chemical identity of a rotting animal-like odor emitted from the inflorescence of the titan arum (Amorphophallus titanum). Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry 74: 2550-2554.
Soemono S, Baharsjah IS, Wiroatmodjo J, Tjitrosoedirdjo S. 1986. Effect of weight of seed corm on growth, yield and tuber quality of elephant yam (Amorphophallus campanulatus Bl.) at different ages. Buletin Agricultura 17(2) : 17-24. [Indonesian]
Sugiyama N, Santosa E. 2008. Edible Amorphophallus in Indonesia: Potential crops in agroforestry. Yogyakarta. Gadjah Mada University Press.
Sugiyama N, Santosa E, Nakata M. 2010. Distribution of elephant foot yams (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius) in Indonesia. Tropical Agriculture and Development 54: 33-34.
Truyen DM, Mansor M, Ruddin AS. 2015. A note on aroids ethnobotany in Hau River, Vietnam. Tropical Plant Research 2(1): 58-63.
van der Ham RWJM, Hetterscheid WLA, van Heuven BJ. 1998. Notes on the genus Amorphophallus (Araceae) - 8 pollen morphology of Amorphophallus and Pseudodracontium. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 103: 95-142.
Yuzammi. 2009. Phytochemical analysis and its correlation to morphological and genetic diversity of several types of tubers from the Araceae in Java. Final report on incentive program activities for researchers. [Indonesian]
Yuzammi, Witono JK, Hetterscheid WLA. 2014. Conservation status of Amorphophallus discophorus Backer & Alderw. In Java, Indonesia. Reinwardtia 14(1): 27-33.
Yuzammi, Kurniawan A, Asih NPS, Erlinawati I, Hetterscheid W. 2017. The Amorphophallus of Indonesia. Center for Plant Conservation Botanic Gardens, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Bogor.
Boyce PC, Wong SY. 2015. Compendium Genera Aracearum Malesianum. Aroideana 38: 40-177.
Boyce PC, Sookchaloem D, Hetterscheid WLA, Gusman G, Jacobsen N, Idei T, Van Du N. 2012. Flora of Thailand 11 (2): 1-221.
Chouteau M, Barabe D, Gibernau M. 2007. Thermogenesis in Syngonium (Araceae). Canadian Journal of Botoany 85: 184-190.
Croft H, Chen JM. 2017. Leaf pigment content. University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.10547-0A. Accessed 10-10-2018.
Fujioka K, Shirasu M, Manome Y, Ito N, Kakishima S, Minami T, Tominaga T, Shimozono F, Iwamoto T, Ikeda K. 2012. Objective display and discrimination of floral odors from Amorphophallus titanum, bloomed on different dates and at different locations, using an electronic nose. Sensors 12: 2152-2161.
Garcia JQ, Ivancic A, Lebot V. 2008. Morphological variation and reproductive characteristics of wild giant taro (Alocasia macrorrhizos), Araceae, populations in Vanuatu. New Zealand Journal of Botany 45: 189-203.
Gibernau, M. 2003. Pollinators and visitors of aroid inflorescences. Aroideana 26: 66-83.
Gibernau, M. 2011. Pollinators and visitors of aroid inflorescences: an addendum. Aroideana 34: 70-83.
Gopi R, Jaleel CA, Panneerselvam R. 2008. Leaf anatomical responses of Amorphophallus campanulatus to triazoles fungicides. EurAsian Journal of BioSciences 2: 46-52.
Hidayat S. 2019. The study of suweg (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius) and other undergrowth species in teak plantation forest of Temengeng, Blora, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20 (1): 37-42.
Jaleel VA, Sivadasan M, Alfarhan AH, Thomas J, Alatar AA. 2011. Revision of Amorphophallus Blume ex Decaisne. Sect. Rhaphiophallus (Schott) Engl. (Araceae) in India. Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxon. 18(1): 1-26.
Jaleel VA, Sivadasan M, Alfarhan AH, Thomas J, Alatar AA. 2012. A taxonomic revision of Amorphophallus Blume Ex Decaisne Sect. Conophallus (Schott) Engl. (Araceae) in India. Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxon. 19(2): 135-153.
Jansen PCM, van der Wilk C, Hetterscheid WLA. 1996. Amorphophallus Blume ex Decaisne. In: Flach M, Rumawas F (eds) Plant Resources of South-East Asia No. 9. Plants yielding non-seed carbohydrate. Prosea, Bogor.
Jimènez PD, Hentrich H, Aguilar-Rodr´?guez PA, Krömer T, Chartier M, MacSwiney GMC, Gibernau M. 2019. A review on the pollination of Aroids with bisexual flowers. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 104(1): 83-104.
Khan A, Rahman M, Islam S. 2007. Antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic activities of tuberous roots of Amorphophallus campanulatus. Turkish Journal of Biology 31: 167-172.
Kite GC, Hetterscheid WLA. 1997. Inflorescence odours of Amorphophallus and Pseudodracontium (Araceae). Phytochemistry 46: 71-75.
Korotkova N, Barthlott W. 2009. On the thermogenesis of the Titan arum (Amorphophallus titanum). Plant Signaling & Behavior 4(11): 1096-1098.
Kumar RPK, Kolli SK, Suneetha J, Hemanth G. 2015. Cultivation on Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson (elephant foot yam) in Kuvvur Mandal of West Godavari District, Andraphradesh India. International Journal of Current Research 7(05): 15549-15553.
Kurniawan A, Wibawa IPAH, Adjie B. 2011. Species diversity of Amorphophallus (Araceae) in Bali and Lombok with attention to genetic study in A. paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson. Biodiversitas 12:7-11.
Lamprecht I, Seymour RS. 2010. Thermologic investigation of three species of Amorphophallus. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 102(1): 127-136.
Lamprecht I, Schmolz, Blanco L, Romero CM. 2002. Flower ovens: Thermal investigations on heat producing plants. Thermochimica Acta 391: 107-118.
Mayo SJ, Bogner J, Boyce PC, 1997. The genera of Araceae. The Trustees, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Mutaqin AZ, Kurniadie D, Iskandar J, Nurzaman M, Partasasmita R. 2020. Ethnobotany of suweg, Amorphophallus paeoniifolius: Utilization and cultivation in West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21(4): 1635-1644.
Prakash PS, Nayar NM. 2000. Thermogenesis in elephant foot yam, Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson (Araceae). Journal of Root Crops 26(1): 10-14.
Punekar SA, Kumaran KPN. 2010. Pollen morphology and pollination ecology of Amorphophallus species from North Western Ghats and Konkan Region of India. Flora 205: 326-336.
Putri I, Hintono A, Susanti S. 2018. Optimization of elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius) extract syrup formula as a nutritive antioxidant drink. International Journal of Sustain Agricultural Research 5(1): 1-9.
Raman V, Tabanca N, Demirci B, Khani IA. 2017. Studies on the floral anatomy and scent chemistry of titan arum (Amorphophallus titanum, Araceae). Turkish Journal of Botany. 41: 63-74.
Santosa E, Sugiyama N, Nakata M, Lee ON, Trikoesoemaningtyas, Sopandie D. 2006. Flower Induction in elephant foot yams using Gibberellic Acid (GA3). Japan Journal of Tropical Agricultural 50(2): 82-86.
Santosa E, Lian CL, Sugiyama N, Misra RS, Boonkorkaew P, Thanomchit K. 2017. Population structure of elephant foot yams (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson) in Asia. PLOS ONE 12(6): 1-18. Accessed 7-14-2020.
Schaefer H, Rolshausen G. 2005. Plants on red alert: do insects pay attention? BioEssays 28:65-71.
Seymour RS, Matthews PGD. 2006. The role of thermogenesis in the pollination biology of the amazon waterlily Victoria amazonica. Annals of Botany 98: 1129-1135.
Singh A. Wadhwa N. 2014. A review on multiple potential of aroid: Amorphophallus paeoniifolius. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research 24(1): 55-60.
Singh A, Chaurasiya A, Mitra S. 2016. Assessment of nutritional composition in elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst) Nicolson) cultivars. International Journal of Food Studies 5: 146-157.
Shirasu M, Fujioka K, Kakishima S, Nagai S, Tomizawa Y, Tsukaya H, Jin M, Manome Y, Touhara K. 2010. Chemical identity of a rotting animal-like odor emitted from the inflorescence of the titan arum (Amorphophallus titanum). Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry 74: 2550-2554.
Soemono S, Baharsjah IS, Wiroatmodjo J, Tjitrosoedirdjo S. 1986. Effect of weight of seed corm on growth, yield and tuber quality of elephant yam (Amorphophallus campanulatus Bl.) at different ages. Buletin Agricultura 17(2) : 17-24. [Indonesian]
Sugiyama N, Santosa E. 2008. Edible Amorphophallus in Indonesia: Potential crops in agroforestry. Yogyakarta. Gadjah Mada University Press.
Sugiyama N, Santosa E, Nakata M. 2010. Distribution of elephant foot yams (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius) in Indonesia. Tropical Agriculture and Development 54: 33-34.
Truyen DM, Mansor M, Ruddin AS. 2015. A note on aroids ethnobotany in Hau River, Vietnam. Tropical Plant Research 2(1): 58-63.
van der Ham RWJM, Hetterscheid WLA, van Heuven BJ. 1998. Notes on the genus Amorphophallus (Araceae) - 8 pollen morphology of Amorphophallus and Pseudodracontium. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 103: 95-142.
Yuzammi. 2009. Phytochemical analysis and its correlation to morphological and genetic diversity of several types of tubers from the Araceae in Java. Final report on incentive program activities for researchers. [Indonesian]
Yuzammi, Witono JK, Hetterscheid WLA. 2014. Conservation status of Amorphophallus discophorus Backer & Alderw. In Java, Indonesia. Reinwardtia 14(1): 27-33.
Yuzammi, Kurniawan A, Asih NPS, Erlinawati I, Hetterscheid W. 2017. The Amorphophallus of Indonesia. Center for Plant Conservation Botanic Gardens, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Bogor.
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