Short Communication: Infanticide of Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus) in captivity
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Abstract. Sushadi DS, Phadmacanty NLPR, Wahyudin M, Wirdateti 2021. Short Communication: Infanticide of Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus) in captivity. Biodiversitas 22: 1606-1611. Over the past decade, the population of Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus) in the wild has continued to decline. Various conservation efforts by the government and NGOs have been carried out, but still have not yielded significant results. Many studies have highlighted the impact of poaching and forestland conversion as a cause, but the natural behavior of N. javanicus, especially infant care interactions, is poorly studied. We investigated the case of a 5-day-old Javan slow loris baby named Monda, found dead in captivity. Monda was born in captivity and impounded with its mother and an adult male. She was found dead decapitated with a sign of injury on the right arm. Microscopic fecal examination of the other lorises showed hair and bone fragments in the male feces. Based on this finding, it is possible that infanticide also occurs in slow lorises in its natural habitat but may have been underreported.
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References
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Opie, C., Atkinson, Q. D., Dunbar, R. I. M., & Shultz, S. (2013). Male infanticide leads to social monogamy in primates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(33), 13328–13332. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1307903110.
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Robbins, A. M., Gray, M., Basabose, A., Uwingeli, P., & Mburanumwe, I. (2013). Impact of Male Infanticide on the Social Structure of Mountain Gorillas. PLoS ONE, 8(11), 78256. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078256.
Rode-Margono, E. J., Nijman, V., Wirdateti, & Nekaris, K. A.-I. (2014). Ethology of the critically endangered Javan slow loris Nycticebus javanicus É . Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire in West Java. Asian Primates Journal, 4(2), 27–38.
Rothman, J. M., Chapman, C. A., & van Soest, P. J. (2012). Methods in Primate Nutritional Ecology: A User’s Guide. International Journal of Primatology, 33(3), 542–566. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-011-9568-x.
Van Schaik, C. P., & Van Noordwijk, M. A. (2019). Infanticide. In Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior (Issue January, pp. 484–489). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809633-8.20703-6.
Wiens, F., & Zitzmann, A. (2003). Social structure of the solitary slow loris Nycticebus coucang (Lorisidae). Journal of Zoology, 261(1), 35–46. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952836903003947.
Blumberg, M. S., & Sokoloff, G. (1998). Thermoregulatory competence and behavioral expression in the young of altricial species - Revisited. Developmental Psychobiology, 33(2), 107–123. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2302(199809)33:2<107::AID-DEV2>3.0.CO;2-N.
Culot, L., Lledo-Ferrer, Y., Hoelscher, O., Lazo, F. J. J. M., Huynen, M. C., & Heymann, E. W. (2011). Reproductive failure, possible maternal infanticide, and cannibalism in wild moustached tamarins, Saguinus mystax. Primates, 52(2), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-011-0238-6.
Fitch-Snyder, H., & Ehrlich, A. (2003). Mother-infant interactions in slow lorises (Nycticebus bengalensis) and pygmy lorises (Nycticebus pygmaeus). Folia Primatologica, 74(5–6), 259–271. https://doi.org/10.1159/000073313.
Hawkeswood, T. J. (2017). Attempted predation on a captive specimen of the Sunda Slow Loris, Nycticebus coucang (Boddaert, 1785) (Mammalia: Lorisidae) by the Golden Tree Snake, Chrysopelea ornata (Shaw, 1802) (Reptilia: Colubridae) at Phuket, southern Thailand, with a review. Calodema, 580, 1–6.
Heistermann, M., Ziegler, T., Van Schaik, C. P., Launhardt, K., Winkler, P., & Hodges, J. K. (2001). Loss of oestrus, concealed ovulation and paternity confusion in free-ranging Hanuman langurs. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 268(1484), 2445–2451. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2001.1833.
Hrdy, S. B. (1979). Infanticide among animals: A review, classification, and examination of the implications for the reproductive strategies of females. Ethology and Sociobiology, 1, 13–40.
Izard, M. K., Weisenseel, K. A., & Ange, R. L. (1988). Reproduction in the slow loris (Nycticebus coucang). American Journal of Primatology, 16(4), 331–339. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.1350160405.
Kappeler, P. M., Cuozzo, F. P., Fichtel, C., Ganzhorn, J. U., Gursky-Doyen, S., Irwin, M. T., Ichino, S., Lawler, R., Nekaris, K. A. I., Ramanamanjato, J. B., Radespiel, U., Sauther, M. L., Wright, P. C., & Zimmermann, E. (2017). Long-term field studies of lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers. Journal of Mammalogy, 98(3), 661–669. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyx013.
Lukas, D., & Huchard, E. (2019). The evolution of infanticide by females in mammals. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 374(1780). https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0075.
Lutz, C. K. (2014). Stereotypic behavior in nonhuman primates as a model for the human condition. ILAR Journal, 55(2), 284–296. https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar/ilu016.
Manguette, M. L., Robbins, A. M., Breuer, T., Stokes, E. J., Parnell, R. J., & Robbins, M. M. (2019). Intersexual conflict influences female reproductive success in a female-dispersing primate. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 73(9). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-019-2727-3.
Matsumoto, Y., Tateishi, T., Terada, R., Soyano, K., & Takegaki, T. (2018). Filial Cannibalism by Male Fish as an Infanticide to Restart Courtship by Self-Regulating Androgen Levels. Current Biology, 28(17), 2831-2836.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.06.056.
Mcaloose, D., & Stalis, I. H. (2011). Prosimians. In Pathology of Wildlife and Zoo Animals (pp. 323–342). Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-805306-5/00013-4.
Moore, R. S., Cabana, F., & Nekaris, K. A. I. (2015). Factors influencing stereotypic behaviours of animals rescued from Asian animal markets: A slow loris case study. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 166(1), 131–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2015.02.014.
Nekaris, K.A.I. , Shekelle, M, Wirdateti, Rode-Margono, E.J. & Nijman, V. 2020. Nycticebus javanicus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T39761A86050473. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39761A86050473.en. Downloaded on 07 October 2020.
Nekaris, K. A. I., & Starr, C. R. (2015). Conservation and ecology of the neglected slow loris: Priorities and prospects. Endangered Species Research, 28(1), 87–95. https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00674.
Nijman, V., & Nekaris, K. A. I. (2014). Traditions, taboos and trade in slow lorises in sundanese communities in southern Java, Indonesia. Endangered Species Research, 25(1), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00610.
Nishimura, K. (2010). Kleptoparasitism and Cannibalism BT - Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior. In Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior (pp. 253–258). papers3://publication/uuid/2E6A6004-3FF5-4A4A-84C8-84CFFEF54670.
Nugraha, T. P., Heistermann, M., Agil, M., Purwantara, B., Supriatna, I., Gholib, G., van Schaik, C. P., & Weingrill, T. (2017). Validation of a field-friendly extraction and storage method to monitor fecal steroid metabolites in wild orangutans. Primates, 58(2), 285–294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-016-0583-6.
Opie, C., Atkinson, Q. D., Dunbar, R. I. M., & Shultz, S. (2013). Male infanticide leads to social monogamy in primates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(33), 13328–13332. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1307903110.
Packer, C. (2001). Infanticide is No Fallacy. American Anthropologist, 102(4), 829–857. https://doi.org/10.1093/analys/31.6.177.
Robbins, A. M., Gray, M., Basabose, A., Uwingeli, P., & Mburanumwe, I. (2013). Impact of Male Infanticide on the Social Structure of Mountain Gorillas. PLoS ONE, 8(11), 78256. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078256.
Rode-Margono, E. J., Nijman, V., Wirdateti, & Nekaris, K. A.-I. (2014). Ethology of the critically endangered Javan slow loris Nycticebus javanicus É . Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire in West Java. Asian Primates Journal, 4(2), 27–38.
Rothman, J. M., Chapman, C. A., & van Soest, P. J. (2012). Methods in Primate Nutritional Ecology: A User’s Guide. International Journal of Primatology, 33(3), 542–566. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-011-9568-x.
Van Schaik, C. P., & Van Noordwijk, M. A. (2019). Infanticide. In Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior (Issue January, pp. 484–489). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809633-8.20703-6.
Wiens, F., & Zitzmann, A. (2003). Social structure of the solitary slow loris Nycticebus coucang (Lorisidae). Journal of Zoology, 261(1), 35–46. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952836903003947.
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