GC-MS analysis of rhizome ethanol extracts from Curcuma aeruginosa accessions and their efficiency activities as anticancer agent
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Abstract. Nurcholis W, Khumaida N, Bintang M, Syukur M. 2021. GC-MS analysis of rhizome ethanol extracts from Curcuma aeruginosa accessions and their efficiency activities as anticancer agent. Biodiversitas 22: 1179-1186. This work aimed to evaluate the bioactive compounds and anticancer activity in rhizome extract of ten Curcuma aeruginosa accessions to explore their pharmacological values. The GC-MS analysis was used to identify bioactive compounds. The cytotoxic activity was performed against MCF-7 (Human breastadeno carcinoma) and Vero cell lines using MTT assay. The GC-MS analysis revealed 71 of the compounds as sesquiterpenes (36), monoterpenes (20), phenolics (5), diterpenes (4), phenanthrene (1), tetrapeptides (1), oxazole (1), triazine (1), piperidine (1), and oxygenated hydrocarbons (1). The isocurcumenol was the most dominant metabolite in ethanol extract of C. aeruginosa rhizome, with the highest produced by KP accession (22.01%) followed MD accession (21.12%). However, camphor and ?-elemene were the metabolites produced by all accessions studied. In the Vero cell line as a normal cell, the cytotoxic activity varied from 13.28% (MD) to 45.17% (PW). Furthermore, the cytotoxic activity ranged from 1.16% (LC) to 49.70% (MD) against the MCF-7 cell line. The highest anticancer activity was produced in MD accessions; thus, it can be used as a source of quality raw materials for the pharmaceutical and food industry. Besides that, it can also be further developed to obtain superior varieties through plant breeding programs.
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References
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Atun S, Aznam N, Arianingrum R, Nurestri S. 2010. Cytotoxic effects of plant growth extracts temu giring (Curcuma heyneana) and temu ireng (Curcuma aeruginosa) against several cancer cells. J Penelit Saintek 15: 1–9.
Batubara I, Komariah K, Sandrawati A, Nurcholis W. 2020. Genotype selection for phytochemical content and pharmacological activities in ethanol extracts of fifteen types of Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq. leaves using chemometric analysis. Sci Rep 10:20945; doi:10.1038/s41598-020-77991-2.
Deng M, Liu B, Song H, Yu R, Zou D, Chen Y, et al. 2020. ?-Elemene inhibits the metastasis of multidrug-resistant gastric cancer cells through miR-1323/Cbl-b/EGFR pathway. Phytomedicine 69:153184; doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153184.
Elansary HO, Abdelgaleil SAM, Mahmoud EA, Yessoufou K, Elhindi K, El-Hendawy S. 2018. Effective antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activities of essential oils of horticultural aromatic crops in northern Egypt. BMC Complement Altern Med 18:214; doi:10.1186/s12906-018-2262-1.
Fitria R, Seno DSH, Priosoeryanto BP, Nurcholis W. 2019. Volatile compound profiles and cytotoxicity in essential oils from rhizome of Curcuma aeruginosa and Curcuma zanthorrhiza. Biodiversitas J Biol Divers 20:2943–2948; doi:10.13057/biodiv/d201024.
Ghimire BK, Yoo JH, Yu CY, Chung I-M. 2017. GC–MS analysis of volatile compounds of Perilla frutescens Britton var. Japonica accessions: Morphological and seasonal variability. Asian Pac J Trop Med 10:643–651; doi:10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.07.004.
Guo L, Gong M, Wu S, Qiu F, Ma L. 2020. Identification and quantification of the quality markers and anti-migraine active components in Chuanxiong Rhizoma and Cyperi Rhizoma herbal pair based on chemometric analysis between chemical constituents and pharmacological effects. J Ethnopharmacol 246:112228; doi:10.1016/j.jep.2019.112228.
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Ibrahim Abdelwahab S, Syaed Koko W, Mohamed Elhassan Taha M, Mohan S, Achoui M, Ameen Abdulla M, et al. 2012. In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of columbin through the inhibition of cycloxygenase-2 and nitric oxide but not the suppression of NF-?B translocation. Eur J Pharmacol 678:61–70; doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.12.024.
Kamazeri TSAT, Samah OA, Taher M, Susanti D, Qaralleh H. 2012. Antimicrobial activity and essential oils of Curcuma aeruginosa, Curcuma mangga, and Zingiber cassumunar from Malaysia. Asian Pac J Trop Med 5:202–209; doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(12)60025-X.
Khumaida N, Syukur M, Bintang M, Nurcholis W. 2019. Phenolic and flavonoid content in ethanol extract and agro-morphological diversity of Curcuma aeruginosa accessions growing in west java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20:656–663; doi:10.13057/biodiv/d200306.
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Kowalczyk J, Nakos-Bimpos M, Polissidis A, Dalla C, Kokras N, Skalicka-Wozniak K, et al. 2021. Xanthotoxin affects depression-related behavior and neurotransmitters content in a sex-dependent manner in mice. Behav Brain Res 399:112985; doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112985.
Lee S-B, Lee WS, Shin J-S, Jang DS, Lee KT. 2017. Xanthotoxin suppresses LPS-induced expression of iNOS, COX-2, TNF-?, and IL-6 via AP-1, NF-?B, and JAK-STAT inactivation in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 49:21–29; doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2017.05.021.
Mahajan M, Kuiry R, Pal PK. 2020. Understanding the consequence of environmental stress for accumulation of secondary metabolites in medicinal and aromatic plants. J Appl Res Med Aromat Plants 18:100255; doi:10.1016/j.jarmap.2020.100255.
Mirzaei SA, Gholamian Dehkordi N, Ghamghami M, Amiri AH, Dalir Abdolahinia E, Elahian F. 2017. ABC-transporter blockage mediated by xanthotoxin and bergapten is the major pathway for chemosensitization of multidrug-resistant cancer cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 337:22–29; doi:10.1016/j.taap.2017.10.018.
Moektiwardoyo WM, Tjitraresmi A, Susilawati Y, Iskandar Y, Halimah E, Zahryanti D. 2014. The Potential of Dewa Leaves (Gynura Pseudochina (L) D.C) and Temu Ireng Rhizomes (Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb.) as Medicinal Herbs for Dengue Fever Treatment. Procedia Chem 13:134–141; doi:10.1016/j.proche.2014.12.017.
Ncube B, Finnie JF, Van Staden J. 2012. Quality from the field: The impact of environmental factors as quality determinants in medicinal plants. South African J Bot 82:11–20; doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2012.05.009.
Nurcholis W, Khumaida N, Syukur M, Bintang M. 2017. Evaluation of Free Radical Scavenging Activity in Ethanolic Extract from Promising Accessions of Curcuma aeruginosa RoxB. Molekul 12: 133–138.
Nurcholis W, Khumaida N, Syukur M, Bintang M. 2019. Variability of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin contents in ethanolic extract from ten curcuma aeruginosa roxb. Cultivated in West Java, Indonesia. Asian J Chem 31; doi:10.14233/ajchem.2019.22128.
Nurcholis W, Khumaida N, Syukur M, Bintang M. 2016a. Variability of curcuminoid content and lack of correlation with cytotoxicity in ethanolic extracts from 20 accessions of Curcuma aeruginosa RoxB. Asian Pacific J Trop Dis 6:887–891; doi:10.1016/S2222-1808(16)61152-0.
Nurcholis W, Khumaida N, Syukur M, Bintang M. 2016b. Variability of Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content and Antioxidant Activity Among 20 Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. Accessions of Indonesia. Asian J Biochem 11:142–148; doi:10.3923/ajb.2016.142.148.
Nurcholis W, Khumaida N, Syukur M, Bintang M, Ardyani IDAA. 2015. Phytochemical screening, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities in extracts of different rhizome parts from Curcuma aeruginosa RoxB. Int J Res Ayurveda Pharm 6:634–637; doi:10.7897/2277-4343.065118.
Péroumal A, Adenet S, Rochefort K, Fahrasmane L, Aurore G. 2017. Variability of traits and bioactive compounds in the fruit and pulp of six mamey apple (Mammea americana L.) accessions. Food Chem 234:269–275; doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.145.
Pumthong G, Asawanonda P, Varothai S, Jariyasethavong V, Triwongwaranat D, Suthipinittharm P, et al. 2012. Curcuma aeruginosa, a novel botanically derived 5?-reductase inhibitor in the treatment of male-pattern baldness: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Dermatolog Treat 23:385–392; doi:10.3109/09546634.2011.568470.
Rahman SNSA, Wahab NA, Malek SNA. 2013. In Vitro Morphological Assessment of Apoptosis Induced by Antiproliferative Constituents from the Rhizomes of Curcuma zedoaria. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013:257108; doi:10.1155/2013/257108.
Reanmongkol W, Subhadhirasakul S, Khaisombat N, Fuengnawakit P, Jantasila S, Khamjun A. 2006. Investigation the antinociceptive, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities of Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. extracts in experimental animals. Songklanakarin J Sci Technol 28: 999–1008.
Robinson A, Kumar TV, Sreedhar E, Naidu VGM, Krishna SR, Babu KS, et al. 2008. A new sesquiterpene lactone from the roots of Saussurea lappa: Structure–anticancer activity study. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 18:4015–4017; doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.06.008.
Safarzadeh E, Sandoghchian Shotorbani S, Baradaran B. 2014. Herbal medicine as inducers of apoptosis in cancer treatment. Adv Pharm Bull 4:421–427; doi:10.5681/apb.2014.062.
Simoh S, Zainal A. 2015. Chemical profiling of Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. rhizome using different techniques of solvent extraction. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 5:412–417; doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(15)30378-6.
Sirirugsa P, Larsen K, Maknoi C. 2007. The genus Curcuma L.(Zingiberaceae): distribution and classification with reference to species diversity in Thailand. Gard Bull Singapore 59: 203–220.
Srivilai J, Waranuch N, Tangsumranjit A, Khorana N, Ingkaninan K. 2018. Germacrone and sesquiterpene-enriched extracts from Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. increase skin penetration of minoxidil, a hair growth promoter. Drug Deliv Transl Res 8:140–149; doi:10.1007/s13346-017-0447-7.
Suphrom N, Pumthong G, Khorana N, Waranuch N, Limpeanchob N, Ingkaninan K. 2012. Anti-androgenic effect of sesquiterpenes isolated from the rhizomes of Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. Fitoterapia 83:864–871; doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2012.03.017.
Thaina P, Tungcharoen P, Wongnawa M, Reanmongkol W, Subhadhirasakul S. 2009. Uterine relaxant effects of Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. rhizome extracts. J Ethnopharmacol 121:433–443; doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.10.022.
Theanphong O, Mingvanish W, Kirdmanee C. 2015. Chemical constituents and biological activities of essential oil from Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. rhizome. Bull Heal Sci Technol 13: 6–16.
Ukwubile CA, Ahmed A, Katsayal UA, Ya’u J, Mejida S. 2019. GC–MS analysis of bioactive compounds from Melastomastrum capitatum (Vahl) Fern. leaf methanol extract: An anticancer plant. Sci African 3:e00059; doi:10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00059.
Vijayarathna S, Sasidharan S. 2012. Cytotoxicity of methanol extracts of Elaeis guineensis on MCF-7 and Vero cell lines. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2:826–829; doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60237-8.
Windarsih A, Rohman A, Swasono RT. 2019. Application of 1H-NMR based metabolite fingerprinting and chemometrics for authentication of Curcuma longa adulterated with C. heyneana. J Appl Res Med Aromat Plants 13:100203; doi:10.1016/j.jarmap.2019.100203.
Yang Y, Yue Y, Runwei Y, Guolin Z. 2010. Cytotoxic, apoptotic and antioxidant activity of the essential oil of Amomum tsao-ko. Bioresour Technol 101:4205–4211; doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2009.12.131.
Zagaja M, Andres-Mach M, Patrzylas P, Pyrka D, Szpringer M, Florek-?uszczki M, et al. 2016. Influence of xanthotoxin (8-methoxypsoralen) on the anticonvulsant activity of various novel antiepileptic drugs against maximal electroshock-induced seizures in mice. Fitoterapia 115:86–91; doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2016.09.020.
Zagaja M, Pyrka D, Skalicka-Wozniak K, Glowniak K, Florek-Luszczki M, Glensk M, et al. 2015. Effect of xanthotoxin (8-methoxypsoralen) on the anticonvulsant activity of classical antiepileptic drugs against maximal electroshock-induced seizures in mice. Fitoterapia 105:1–6; doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2015.05.020.
Zhai B, Zhang N, Han X, Li Q, Zhang M, Chen X, et al. 2019. Molecular targets of ?-elemene, a herbal extract used in traditional Chinese medicine, and its potential role in cancer therapy: A review. Biomed Pharmacother 114:108812; doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108812.
Zhang X, Wei C, He L, An J. 2018. Xanthotoxin induces apoptosis in SGC-7901 cells through death receptor pathway. Chinese Herb Med 10:437–444; doi:10.1016/j.chmed.2018.08.009.
Akarchariya N, Sirilun S, Julsrigival J, Chansakaowa S. 2017. Chemical profiling and antimicrobial activity of essential oil from Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb., Curcuma glans K. Larsen & J. Mood and Curcuma cf. xanthorrhiza Roxb. collected in Thailand. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 7:881–885; doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.09.009.
Atun S, Aznam N, Arianingrum R, Nurestri S. 2010. Cytotoxic effects of plant growth extracts temu giring (Curcuma heyneana) and temu ireng (Curcuma aeruginosa) against several cancer cells. J Penelit Saintek 15: 1–9.
Batubara I, Komariah K, Sandrawati A, Nurcholis W. 2020. Genotype selection for phytochemical content and pharmacological activities in ethanol extracts of fifteen types of Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq. leaves using chemometric analysis. Sci Rep 10:20945; doi:10.1038/s41598-020-77991-2.
Deng M, Liu B, Song H, Yu R, Zou D, Chen Y, et al. 2020. ?-Elemene inhibits the metastasis of multidrug-resistant gastric cancer cells through miR-1323/Cbl-b/EGFR pathway. Phytomedicine 69:153184; doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153184.
Elansary HO, Abdelgaleil SAM, Mahmoud EA, Yessoufou K, Elhindi K, El-Hendawy S. 2018. Effective antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activities of essential oils of horticultural aromatic crops in northern Egypt. BMC Complement Altern Med 18:214; doi:10.1186/s12906-018-2262-1.
Fitria R, Seno DSH, Priosoeryanto BP, Nurcholis W. 2019. Volatile compound profiles and cytotoxicity in essential oils from rhizome of Curcuma aeruginosa and Curcuma zanthorrhiza. Biodiversitas J Biol Divers 20:2943–2948; doi:10.13057/biodiv/d201024.
Ghimire BK, Yoo JH, Yu CY, Chung I-M. 2017. GC–MS analysis of volatile compounds of Perilla frutescens Britton var. Japonica accessions: Morphological and seasonal variability. Asian Pac J Trop Med 10:643–651; doi:10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.07.004.
Guo L, Gong M, Wu S, Qiu F, Ma L. 2020. Identification and quantification of the quality markers and anti-migraine active components in Chuanxiong Rhizoma and Cyperi Rhizoma herbal pair based on chemometric analysis between chemical constituents and pharmacological effects. J Ethnopharmacol 246:112228; doi:10.1016/j.jep.2019.112228.
Hossain CF, Al-Amin M, Sayem ASM, Siragee IH, Tunan AM, Hassan F, et al. 2015. Antinociceptive principle from Curcuma aeruginosa. BMC Complement Altern Med 15:191; doi:10.1186/s12906-015-0720-6.
Ibrahim Abdelwahab S, Syaed Koko W, Mohamed Elhassan Taha M, Mohan S, Achoui M, Ameen Abdulla M, et al. 2012. In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of columbin through the inhibition of cycloxygenase-2 and nitric oxide but not the suppression of NF-?B translocation. Eur J Pharmacol 678:61–70; doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.12.024.
Kamazeri TSAT, Samah OA, Taher M, Susanti D, Qaralleh H. 2012. Antimicrobial activity and essential oils of Curcuma aeruginosa, Curcuma mangga, and Zingiber cassumunar from Malaysia. Asian Pac J Trop Med 5:202–209; doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(12)60025-X.
Khumaida N, Syukur M, Bintang M, Nurcholis W. 2019. Phenolic and flavonoid content in ethanol extract and agro-morphological diversity of Curcuma aeruginosa accessions growing in west java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20:656–663; doi:10.13057/biodiv/d200306.
Kohno H, Maeda M, Tanino M, Tsukio Y, Ueda N, Wada K, et al. 2002. A bitter diterpenoid furanolactone columbin from Calumbae Radix inhibits azoxymethane-induced rat colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 183:131–139; doi:10.1016/S0304-3835(02)00159-3.
Kowalczyk J, Nakos-Bimpos M, Polissidis A, Dalla C, Kokras N, Skalicka-Wozniak K, et al. 2021. Xanthotoxin affects depression-related behavior and neurotransmitters content in a sex-dependent manner in mice. Behav Brain Res 399:112985; doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112985.
Lee S-B, Lee WS, Shin J-S, Jang DS, Lee KT. 2017. Xanthotoxin suppresses LPS-induced expression of iNOS, COX-2, TNF-?, and IL-6 via AP-1, NF-?B, and JAK-STAT inactivation in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 49:21–29; doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2017.05.021.
Mahajan M, Kuiry R, Pal PK. 2020. Understanding the consequence of environmental stress for accumulation of secondary metabolites in medicinal and aromatic plants. J Appl Res Med Aromat Plants 18:100255; doi:10.1016/j.jarmap.2020.100255.
Mirzaei SA, Gholamian Dehkordi N, Ghamghami M, Amiri AH, Dalir Abdolahinia E, Elahian F. 2017. ABC-transporter blockage mediated by xanthotoxin and bergapten is the major pathway for chemosensitization of multidrug-resistant cancer cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 337:22–29; doi:10.1016/j.taap.2017.10.018.
Moektiwardoyo WM, Tjitraresmi A, Susilawati Y, Iskandar Y, Halimah E, Zahryanti D. 2014. The Potential of Dewa Leaves (Gynura Pseudochina (L) D.C) and Temu Ireng Rhizomes (Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb.) as Medicinal Herbs for Dengue Fever Treatment. Procedia Chem 13:134–141; doi:10.1016/j.proche.2014.12.017.
Ncube B, Finnie JF, Van Staden J. 2012. Quality from the field: The impact of environmental factors as quality determinants in medicinal plants. South African J Bot 82:11–20; doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2012.05.009.
Nurcholis W, Khumaida N, Syukur M, Bintang M. 2017. Evaluation of Free Radical Scavenging Activity in Ethanolic Extract from Promising Accessions of Curcuma aeruginosa RoxB. Molekul 12: 133–138.
Nurcholis W, Khumaida N, Syukur M, Bintang M. 2019. Variability of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin contents in ethanolic extract from ten curcuma aeruginosa roxb. Cultivated in West Java, Indonesia. Asian J Chem 31; doi:10.14233/ajchem.2019.22128.
Nurcholis W, Khumaida N, Syukur M, Bintang M. 2016a. Variability of curcuminoid content and lack of correlation with cytotoxicity in ethanolic extracts from 20 accessions of Curcuma aeruginosa RoxB. Asian Pacific J Trop Dis 6:887–891; doi:10.1016/S2222-1808(16)61152-0.
Nurcholis W, Khumaida N, Syukur M, Bintang M. 2016b. Variability of Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content and Antioxidant Activity Among 20 Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. Accessions of Indonesia. Asian J Biochem 11:142–148; doi:10.3923/ajb.2016.142.148.
Nurcholis W, Khumaida N, Syukur M, Bintang M, Ardyani IDAA. 2015. Phytochemical screening, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities in extracts of different rhizome parts from Curcuma aeruginosa RoxB. Int J Res Ayurveda Pharm 6:634–637; doi:10.7897/2277-4343.065118.
Péroumal A, Adenet S, Rochefort K, Fahrasmane L, Aurore G. 2017. Variability of traits and bioactive compounds in the fruit and pulp of six mamey apple (Mammea americana L.) accessions. Food Chem 234:269–275; doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.145.
Pumthong G, Asawanonda P, Varothai S, Jariyasethavong V, Triwongwaranat D, Suthipinittharm P, et al. 2012. Curcuma aeruginosa, a novel botanically derived 5?-reductase inhibitor in the treatment of male-pattern baldness: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Dermatolog Treat 23:385–392; doi:10.3109/09546634.2011.568470.
Rahman SNSA, Wahab NA, Malek SNA. 2013. In Vitro Morphological Assessment of Apoptosis Induced by Antiproliferative Constituents from the Rhizomes of Curcuma zedoaria. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013:257108; doi:10.1155/2013/257108.
Reanmongkol W, Subhadhirasakul S, Khaisombat N, Fuengnawakit P, Jantasila S, Khamjun A. 2006. Investigation the antinociceptive, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities of Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. extracts in experimental animals. Songklanakarin J Sci Technol 28: 999–1008.
Robinson A, Kumar TV, Sreedhar E, Naidu VGM, Krishna SR, Babu KS, et al. 2008. A new sesquiterpene lactone from the roots of Saussurea lappa: Structure–anticancer activity study. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 18:4015–4017; doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.06.008.
Safarzadeh E, Sandoghchian Shotorbani S, Baradaran B. 2014. Herbal medicine as inducers of apoptosis in cancer treatment. Adv Pharm Bull 4:421–427; doi:10.5681/apb.2014.062.
Simoh S, Zainal A. 2015. Chemical profiling of Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. rhizome using different techniques of solvent extraction. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 5:412–417; doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(15)30378-6.
Sirirugsa P, Larsen K, Maknoi C. 2007. The genus Curcuma L.(Zingiberaceae): distribution and classification with reference to species diversity in Thailand. Gard Bull Singapore 59: 203–220.
Srivilai J, Waranuch N, Tangsumranjit A, Khorana N, Ingkaninan K. 2018. Germacrone and sesquiterpene-enriched extracts from Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. increase skin penetration of minoxidil, a hair growth promoter. Drug Deliv Transl Res 8:140–149; doi:10.1007/s13346-017-0447-7.
Suphrom N, Pumthong G, Khorana N, Waranuch N, Limpeanchob N, Ingkaninan K. 2012. Anti-androgenic effect of sesquiterpenes isolated from the rhizomes of Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. Fitoterapia 83:864–871; doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2012.03.017.
Thaina P, Tungcharoen P, Wongnawa M, Reanmongkol W, Subhadhirasakul S. 2009. Uterine relaxant effects of Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. rhizome extracts. J Ethnopharmacol 121:433–443; doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.10.022.
Theanphong O, Mingvanish W, Kirdmanee C. 2015. Chemical constituents and biological activities of essential oil from Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. rhizome. Bull Heal Sci Technol 13: 6–16.
Ukwubile CA, Ahmed A, Katsayal UA, Ya’u J, Mejida S. 2019. GC–MS analysis of bioactive compounds from Melastomastrum capitatum (Vahl) Fern. leaf methanol extract: An anticancer plant. Sci African 3:e00059; doi:10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00059.
Vijayarathna S, Sasidharan S. 2012. Cytotoxicity of methanol extracts of Elaeis guineensis on MCF-7 and Vero cell lines. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2:826–829; doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60237-8.
Windarsih A, Rohman A, Swasono RT. 2019. Application of 1H-NMR based metabolite fingerprinting and chemometrics for authentication of Curcuma longa adulterated with C. heyneana. J Appl Res Med Aromat Plants 13:100203; doi:10.1016/j.jarmap.2019.100203.
Yang Y, Yue Y, Runwei Y, Guolin Z. 2010. Cytotoxic, apoptotic and antioxidant activity of the essential oil of Amomum tsao-ko. Bioresour Technol 101:4205–4211; doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2009.12.131.
Zagaja M, Andres-Mach M, Patrzylas P, Pyrka D, Szpringer M, Florek-?uszczki M, et al. 2016. Influence of xanthotoxin (8-methoxypsoralen) on the anticonvulsant activity of various novel antiepileptic drugs against maximal electroshock-induced seizures in mice. Fitoterapia 115:86–91; doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2016.09.020.
Zagaja M, Pyrka D, Skalicka-Wozniak K, Glowniak K, Florek-Luszczki M, Glensk M, et al. 2015. Effect of xanthotoxin (8-methoxypsoralen) on the anticonvulsant activity of classical antiepileptic drugs against maximal electroshock-induced seizures in mice. Fitoterapia 105:1–6; doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2015.05.020.
Zhai B, Zhang N, Han X, Li Q, Zhang M, Chen X, et al. 2019. Molecular targets of ?-elemene, a herbal extract used in traditional Chinese medicine, and its potential role in cancer therapy: A review. Biomed Pharmacother 114:108812; doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108812.
Zhang X, Wei C, He L, An J. 2018. Xanthotoxin induces apoptosis in SGC-7901 cells through death receptor pathway. Chinese Herb Med 10:437–444; doi:10.1016/j.chmed.2018.08.009.
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- ARYA WIDURA RITONGA, M. ACHMAD CHOZIN, MUHAMAD SYUKUR, AWANG MAHARIJAYA, SOBIR SOBIR, Short Communication: Genetic variability, heritability, correlation, and path analysis in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) under shading condition , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 19 No. 4 (2018)
- MUHARAMA YORA, MUHAMAD SYUKUR, SOBIR SOBIR, Characterization of phytochemicals and yield components in various okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) genotypes , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 19 No. 6 (2018)
- TRI WAHONO DYAH AYU SAYEKTI, MUHAMAD SYUKUR, SRI HENDRASTUTI HIDAYAT, AWANG MAHARIJAYA, Morphological response and genetic variability of four species of chili pepper (Capsicum spp.) under infection of pepper yellow leaf curl virus , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 22 No. 11 (2021)
- NURUL KHUMAIDA, MUHAMAD SYUKUR, MARIA BINTANG, WARAS NURCHOLIS, Phenolic and flavonoid content in ethanol extract and agro-morphological diversity of Curcuma aeruginosa accessions growing in West Java, Indonesia , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 20 No. 3 (2019)
- RIZKI FITRIA, DJAROT SASONGKO HAMI SENO, BAMBANG PONTJO PRIOSOERYANTO, HARTANTI, WARAS NURCHOLIS, Volatile compound profiles and cytotoxicity in essential oils from rhizome of Curcuma aeruginosa and Curcuma zanthorrhiza , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 20 No. 10 (2019)
- RIKA SRI RAHMAWATI, NURUL KHUMAIDA, SINTHO WAHYUNING ARDIE, DEWI SUKMA, SUDARSONO, Effects of harvest period, storage, and genotype on postharvest physiological deterioration responses in cassava , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 23 No. 1 (2022)
- TRI WAHONO DYAH AYU SAYEKTI, MUHAMAD SYUKUR, SRI HENDRASTUTI HIDAYAT, AWANG MAHARIJAYA, Diversity and genetic parameter of chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) based on yield component in three location , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 22 No. 2 (2021)
- ZULFIKAR DAMARALAM SAHID, MUHAMAD SYUKUR, AWANG MAHARIJAYA, WARAS NURCHOLIS, Quantitative and qualitative diversity of chili (Capsicum spp.) genotypes , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 23 No. 2 (2022)
- ANUNG WAHYUDI, MUHAMAD SYUKUR, Multi-location evaluation of yield component character and proximate analysis of cowpea grown in Lampung Province, Indonesia , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 22 No. 10 (2021)