Diversity, conservation, potential uses, and alien species of lowland plants of Batang Toru, Sumatra, Indonesia
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Abstract. Putra HF, Mustaqim WA. 2021. Diversity, conservation, potential uses, and alien species of lowland plants of Batang Toru, Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 1580-1591. A recent field inventory of lowland Sumatran plant diversity was carried out in two close sites of forest patches in the Batang Toru area. These are Muara Upu Swamp Forest and Simulak Anjing Hill Forest. This study aimed to investigate the species composition of two isolated lowland Sumatran forest patches on the west coast of the northern part of the island. The total number of species recorded was 181 species with 131 species known from Simulak Anjing Hill Forest, 54 from Muara Upu Swamp Forest, and only three species recorded from both sites. There are three species endemic to Sumatra, seven species listed as threatened according to the IUCN Red List, one species protected by the Indonesian government, and two are important records for Sumatra. Compared to the published literature, 88 species have been reported to have one or more uses, with 63 species have been used as the source of medicines, 19 as sources of fibers, 18 as the source of vegetables, and several other uses. Sixteen alien species were recorded including four species categorized as 100 world’s worst invasive species. It can be concluded that both areas are a home for important lowland plants of Sumatra as indicated by the presence of threatened, endemic, or poorly documented species. Besides that, there is also a need for concern about the presence of potential invasive alien species.
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References
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UNESCO. 2020. Tropical rainforest heritage of Sumatra. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1167/. Accessed on 20 Dec 2020.
van Steenis CGGJ. 1972. The mountain flora of Java. EJ Brill, Leiden.
Yuzammi, Kurniawan A, Asih NPS, Erlinawati I, Hetterscheid W. 2017. The Amorphophallus of Indonesia. Center for Plant Conservation - Botanic Garden, Indonesia Institute of Science, Bogor.
Ashton PS. 1982. Dipterocarpaceae. Fl Malesiana ser I. 9(2): 237-552.
Cheek M, Jebb M. 2001. Nepenthaceae. Fl Malesiana ser I. 15: 1-157.
Chong KY, Ang PT, Tan HTW. Identity and spread of an exotic Syngonium species in Singapore. Nat Singapore. 3: 1-5.
Clarke C. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Kota Kinabalu: Natural History Publications Borneo.
Clarke CM. 2014. Nepenthes sumatrana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T39700A21845285. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T39700A21845285.en. Downloaded on 24 December 2020.
Croat TB. 1981. A revision of Syngonium (Araceae). Ann Missouri Bot Gard. 68(4): 565-651.
Djufri, Samingan. 2013. Komposisi flora kawasan Rawa Tripa di Kabupaten Aceh Barat. J EduBio Trop. 1(1): 1-13.
Dyderski MK, Jagodzi?ski AM. 2018. Low impact of disturbance on ecological success of invasive tree and shrub species in temperate forests. Pl Ecol. 219: 1369-1380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-018-0885-4
Fadillah NN, Patana P, Yunasfi. 2014. Keanekaragaman Nepenthes pada kawasan kebun bonsai dan sekitarnya di Cagar Alam Dolok Sibual Buali, Sumatera Utara. Peronema For Sci J. 3(2): 1-8.
Giesen W, Wijedasa LS, Page SE. Unique Southeast Asian peat swamp forest habitats have relatively few distinctive plant species. Mires Peat. 22: art. 1; p. 1-13.
GISD (=Global Invasive Species Database). 2020. 100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species. Available at: http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/100_worst.php. Accessed on 25 Dec 2020.
Global Wetlands V3. 2020. Available at: https://www2.cifor.org/global-wetlands/. Accessed 20 Dec 2020.
Grey-Wilson C. 1989. A revision of Sumatran Impatiens: Studies in Balsaminaceae: VIII. Kew Bull. 44(1): 67-106.
Hoogland RD. 1951. Dilleniaceae. Fl Malesiana ser I. 4(3): 141-174.
Kartonagoro A, Veldkamp JF, Hovenkamp P, van Welzen PC. 2018. A revision of Dissochaeta (Melastomataceae, Dissochaeteae). PhytoKeys 107: 1–178.
Kusuma YWC, Wihermanto, Risna RA, Ashton PS. 2013. Rediscovery of the supposedly extinct Dipterocarpus cinereus. Oryx 47(3): 324.
IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List categories and criteria, version 3.1, second edition. IUCN, Gland/Cambridge.
IUCN. 2020. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2020-3. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 24 Dec 2020.
IUCNSPC (=IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee). 2019. 2019. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 14. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee. Downloadable from http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf.
Kartonagoro A, Hovenkamp P, van Welzen PC. 2019. A taxonomic revision of Macrolenes (Melastomataceae). Gard Bull Singapore. 71(1): 185-241. doi: 10.26492/gbs71(1).2019-12
Laumonier Y, Uryu Y, Stüwe M, Budiman A, Setiabudi B, Hadian O. 2010. Eco-floristic sectors and deforestation threats in Sumatra: identifying new conservation area network priorities for ecosystem-based land use planning. Biodivers Conserv. 19: 1153-1174. doi: 10.1007/s10531-010-9784-2.
Lee HS, Wong WC, Ilic J, Sosef MSM. 1993. Dryobalanops Gaertner f.. In: Soerianegara, I. and Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (Editors): Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 5(1): Timber trees; Major commercial timbers. PROSEA Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. Database record: prota4u.org/prosea. Accessed 25 Dec 2020.
Loucks C, Whitten T. 2020. Southeastern Asia: Island of Sumatra in Indonesia. Available at: https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0158. Accessed 24 Dec 2020.
Lowe S, Browne M, Boudjelas S, De Poorter M. 2004. 100 of the World’s worst invasive alien species. A selection from the Global Invasive Species Database. The Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) a specialist group of the Species Survival Commission (SSC) of the World Conservation Union (IUCN).
Middleton DJ, Armstrong K, Baba Y, Balslev H, Chayamarit K, Chung RCK, Conn BJ, Fernando ES, Fujikawa K, Kiew R, Luu HT, Mu Mu Aung, Newman MF, Tagane S, Tanaka N, Thomas DC, Tran TB, Utteridge TMA, van Welzen PC, Widyatmoko D, Yahara T, Wong KM. 2019. Progress on Southeast Asia’s flora projects. Gard Bull Singapore 71(2): 267-319. doi: 10.26492/gbs71(2).2019-02
Mustaqim WA, Nisyawati. 2016. Records of adventive Syngonium wendlandii (Araceae) from Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java. Aroideana. 39(3): 23-26.
Mustaqim WA, Putra HF. 2020a. Thottea tapanuliensis (Aristolochiaceae): a new species from Sumatra, Indonesia. Telopea. 23: 163-168.
Mustaqim WA, Putra HF. 2020b. Melothria (Cucurbitaceae): A new genus record of naturalized cucumber in Sumatra. Floribunda 6(5): 183-187.
Mustaqim WA, Raihandhany R, Tamam MB. 2020. Eurycoma longifolia Jack Simaroubaceae. In: Franco F.M. (eds) Ethnobotany of the Mountain Regions of Southeast Asia. Ethnobotany of Mountain Regions. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14116-5_162-1
POWO. 2020. Plants of the world online. Available at: http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org. Accessed 24 Dec 2020.
PROSEA. 2020. Plant Resources of South East Asia. http://www.prota4u.org/prosea/. Accessed 26 Dec 2020.
Rugayah, Retnowati A, Windradi FI, Hidayat A. 2004. Pengumpulan data taksonomi. In: Rugayah, Widjaja EA, Praptiwi (eds) Pedoman Pengumpulan Data Keanekaragaman Flora. Puslit Biologi LIPI, Bogor. p. 5-42.
Susatya A. 2011. Rafflesia pesona bunga terbesar di dunia. Direktorat Kawasan Konservasi dan Bina Hutan Lindung, Jakarta.
Thiers B. 2020-continuously updated. Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden's Virtual Herbarium. http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/ (accessed 24 Dec 2020).
UNESCO. 2020. Tropical rainforest heritage of Sumatra. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1167/. Accessed on 20 Dec 2020.
van Steenis CGGJ. 1972. The mountain flora of Java. EJ Brill, Leiden.
Yuzammi, Kurniawan A, Asih NPS, Erlinawati I, Hetterscheid W. 2017. The Amorphophallus of Indonesia. Center for Plant Conservation - Botanic Garden, Indonesia Institute of Science, Bogor.