Profile of geographical variation in marginal land and its relationship with the fruit tree species richness in Jombang District, Indonesia
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Abstract. Zulfikar, Arisoesilaningsih E, Indriyani S, Fernandes AAR. 2021. Profile of geographical variation in marginal land and its relationship with the fruit tree species richness in Jombang District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3315-3325. The purpose of this study was to determine the sites of fruit tree species richness, in order to analyze the relationship between the locations with fruit tree diversity, and geographical variations, towards the success of marginal land conservation in Jombang Regency. The study area covered four districts, and was divided into 11 sites with different slopes and altitudes. Multivariate analysis was carried out using the R program. The results showed that the structure and composition of fruit trees were discovered to be 21 species from 14 families. The uniqueness of the fruit trees was shown in Tamarindus indica and Cocos nucifera, which were observed as rare plants on slopes with high and low altitudes, respectively. The results of the geographical variation analysis also showed that the slope and elevation with values of 0.5889 and 0.5077, respectively, were significantly correlated with the site of fruit plant species richness at the (?) 0.05 level, as the response formed was not linear for the three geographical diversities studied. Also, the model built between site, slope, and elevation towards the fruit tree species richness was acceptable, due to the fact that the value (Pr> F) = 0.004 was very significant at the (?) 0.001 level.
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References
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Chawla, Amit., S. Rajkumar*, K.N. Singh, Brij Lal, and R.D. Singh. 2008. Plant Species Diversity along an Altitudinal Gradient of Bhabha Valley in Western Himalaya. J. Mt. Sci. 5: 157–177
Cincotta, R., Wisnewski, J. & Engelman, R. 2000. Human population in the biodiversity hotspots. Nature 404, 990–992. Doi.org/10.1038/35010105 [Article]
Clarke KR. 1993. Non-parametric multivariate analyses of changes in community structure. J Ecol 18:117–143 [Wiley Online Library]
Dengler, J. 2009. Which function describes the species-area relationship best? A review and empirical evaluation. J. Biogeogr. 36:728–744.
Ebifa-Othieno, E., Mugisha, A., Nyeko, P. 2017. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices in tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) use and conservation in Eastern Uganda. J Ethnobiology Ethnomedicine 13, 5 [Article]
Elourard C, Pascal JP, Pelissier R, et al. 1997. Monitoring the structure and dynamics of a dense moist evergreen forest in the Western Ghats (Kodagu District, Karnataka, India). Tropical Ecology 38:193-214.
Evans, K. L., B. J. van Rensburg, K. J. Gaston, and S. L. Chown. 2006. People, species richness, and human population growth. Global Ecology and Biogeography 15:625–636. Doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2006.00253.x [Wiley Online Library]
Fachrul, M.F. 2007. Metode Sampling Bioekologi. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara.
Fan, X. H., H. J. He, J. Wang, C. Y. Xu, and K. v. Gadow. 2017. Tree species richness in northeastern China: geographical variation and minimum areas. Community Ecology 18(3): 244-252, DOI: 10.1556/168.2017.18.3.3
Ferrer-Castán D, Vetaas OR. 2005. Pteridophyte richness, climate, and topography in the Iberian Peninsula: comparing spatial and nonspatial models of richness patterns. Glob Ecol Biogeogr.14:155–65.
Field R, O’Brien EM, Whittaker RJ. 2005. Global models for predicting woody plant richness from climate: development and evaluation. Ecology. 86:2263–77.
Fichtl, R. The Tamarind. 2005. http://www.beesfordevelopment.org. Accessed 14 Dec 2008.
Flather, Curtis H; Kenneth R. Wilson; Susan A. Shriner. 2009. Geographic approaches to biodiversity conservation: implications of scale and error to landscape planning. In: Millspaugh, J.J.; Thompson, F.R., III, eds. Models for planning wildlife conservation in large landscapes. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Inc.: 85-121. https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_other/rmrs_2009_flather_c001.pdf
Franklin J., Julie Ripplinger, Ethan H. Freid, Humfredo Marcano-Vega, David W. Steadman. 2015. Regional variation in Caribbean dry forest tree species composition. Plant Ecol. 216: 873-886. Doi .org/10.1007/s11258-015-0474-8 [Article]
Gedan KB, Bertness MD. 2009. Experimental warming causes rapid loss of plant diversity in New England salt marshes. Ecol Lett. 12:842–8.
Gaston, K. J. 2000. Global patterns in biodiversity. Nature 405:220–227.
Gaston, K. J. 2006. Biodiversity and extinction: Macroecological patterns and people. Progress in Physical Geography 30:258–269.
Gaston, Kevin J., Rachel M. Quinn, Tim M. Blackburn, and Brian C. Eversham. 1998. Species-Range Size Distributions in Britain. Ecography: Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 361-370 (10 pages) Published By: Wiley.
Grytnes, J.A. 2003. Species-richness patterns of vascular plants along seven altitudinal transects in Norway. Ecography 26:291–300.
Guisan, A., and W. Thuiller. 2005. Predicting species distribution: Offering more than simple habitat models. Ecology Letters 8:993–1009.
Gunasena HPM, and Hughes A. 2000. Tamarind. International Centre for Underutilised Crops, Southampton, UK.
Hortal, J., J. M. Lobo, and A. Jime´nez-Valverde. 2007. Limitations of biodiversity databases: Case study on seed-plant diversity in Tenerife, Canary Islands. Conservation Biology 21:853–863.
Imhoff ML, Bounoua L, Ricketts T, Loucks C, Harriss R, Lawrence WT. 2004. Global patterns in human consumption of net primary production. Nature. 429(6994):870-873. doi:10.1038/nature02619 [PubMed]
Indrihastuti, D., Kukuh Murtilaksono dan Boedi Tjahjono. 2017. Analisis Lahan Kritis Dan Arahan Rehabilitasi Lahan Dalam Pengembangan Wilayah Kabupaten Kendal Jawa Tengah. Jurnal Tataloka 18(4):222. DOI: 10.14710/tataloka.18.4.222-239
Jetz, W. and Rahbek, C. 2001. Geometric constraints explain much of the species richness pattern in African birds. PNAS 98:5661–5666.
Kishwar Ali, Nasrullah Khan, Inayat Ur Rahman, Habib Ahmad, and Stephen Jury. 2015. Multivariate analysis and vegetation mapping of a biodiversity hotspot in the Hindu Kush Mountains Int. J. of Adv. Res. 3 (Jun). 990-1006] (ISSN 2320-5407). [Article]
Kluge J, Kessler M, Dunn RR. 2006. What drives elevational patterns of diversity? A test of geometric constraints, climate, and species pool effects for pteridophytes on an elevational gradient in Costa Rica. Glob Ecol Biogeogr. 15:358–71.
Kobro, S., Søreide, L., Djønne, E.2003. Masting of rowan Sorbus aucuparia L. and consequences for the apple fruit moth Argyresthia conjugella Zeller. Popul Ecol 45, 25–30. Doi.org/10.1007/s10144-003-0136-x [Article]
Körner C. 1999. Alpine Plant Life: Functional Plant Ecology of High Mountain Ecosystems. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Kratochwil, Anselm. 1999. Biodiversity in ecosystems: principles and case studies of different complexity levels (Tasks for Vegetation Science). Publisher: Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-4677-7
Ludwig. J. A. and Reynolds J. F. 1988. Statistical Ecology: A Primer on Methods and Computing. Wiley-Interscience Pub., New York.
Malik ZA. 2014. Phytosociological behavior, anthropogenic disturbances, and regeneration status along an altitudinal gradient in Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary (KWLS) and its adjoining areas. Ph.D. thesis. Uttarakhand: HNB Garhwal University Srinagar Garhwal. [Google Scolar]
Malik ZA, Hussain A, Iqbal K. 2014. Species richness and diversity along the disturbance gradient in Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary and its adjoining areas in Garhwal Himalaya, India. International Journal of Current Research 6:10918-10926. [Google Scolar]
Malik ZA, Bhatt AB. 2015. Phytosociological analysis of woody species in Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary and its adjoining areas in Western Himalaya, India. J Forest Environ Sci. 31(3):149–163. [Crossref], [Google Scholar]
Malik ZA, Pandey R, Bhatt AB. 2016. Anthropogenic disturbances and their impact on vegetation in Western Himalaya, India. Journal of Mountain Science 13:69-82. [Google Scolar]
Mishra, A. K., Behera, S. K., Singh, K. 2013. Effect of abiotic factor on understory community structures in moist deciduous forrest of northern India. For.Sci Pract. 15, 261-273. Doi.org/10.1007/s11632-013-0415-3 [Article]
McCain, C.M. 2005. Elevational gradients in diversity of small mammals. Ecology 86:366–372.
Morison, I.L. and Morecroft, M. 2006. Pant Growth and Climate Change. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, UK
Morton JF. 1987. Fruits of warm climates. Creative Resources Systems; p. 115–21.
Myers, N., Mittermeier, R., Mittermeier, C.2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403, 853–858. doi.org/10.1038/35002501 [Article]
Noss, R. F., E. Dinerstein, B. Gilbert, M. Gilpin, B. J. Miller, J. Terborgh, and S. Trombulak. 1999. Core areas: Where nature reigns. Pages 99–128 in M. E. Soule´ and J. Terborgh, editors. Continental Conservation: Scientific foundations of regional reserve networks. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
Odling-Smee, L. 2005. Dollars and sense. Nature 437, 614–616, doi.org/10.1038/437614a. [Article]
O’ Brien E, Field R, Whittaker R. 2000. Climatic gradients in woody plant (tree and shrub) diversity: water-energy dynamics, residual variation, and topography. Oikos. 89:588–600.
Peet, R.K. 1978. Forest vegetation of Colorado Front Range–patterns of species diversity. Vegetatio 37:65–78.
Qian, H. 1999. Spatial pattern of vascular plant diversity in North America north of Mexico and its floristic relationship with Eurasia. Ann. Bot. 83:271–283.
Økland, R. 1996. Are Ordination and Constrained Ordination Alternative or Complementary Strategies in General Ecological Studies? Journal of Vegetation Science, 7(2), 289-292. Retrieved August 13, 2020, from [Article]
R Development Core Team, 2012. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. http://www.R-project.org. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna.
Rahbek, C. 2005. The role of spatial scale and the perception of large-scale species richness patterns. Ecol. Lett. 8:224–239.
Peet R.K. 1974. The measurement of species diversity. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 5:285-307 [Article]
Reid, W. V. 1998. Biodiversity hotspots. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13:275–280.
Ricklefs R. E, Qian H., White P.S. 2004. The region effect on mesoscale plant species richness between eastern Asia and eastern North America. Ecography 27:129–36.
Rohde, K. 1992. Latitudinal gradients in species diversity: the search for the primary cause. Oikos 65, 514–527).
Rosenzweig M. 1995. Species diversity in space and time. Cambridge University Press.
Sala, O. E., F. S. Chapin, III, J. J. Armesto, E. Berlow, J. Bloomfield, R. Dirzo, E. Huber-Sanwald, L. F. Huenneke, R. B. Jackson, A. Kinzig, R. Leemans, D. M. Lodge, H. A. Mooney, M. Oesterheld, N. L. Poff, M. T. Sykes, B. H. Walker, M. Walker, and D. H. Wall. 2000. Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science 287:1770–1774.
Sebastián Martinuzzi, John C. Withey, Anna M. Pidgeon, Andrew J. Plantinga, Alexa J. McKerrow, Steven G. Williams, David P. Helmers and Volker C. Radeloff. 2015.Future land-use scenarios and the loss of wildlife habitats in the southeastern United States. Ecological Applications Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 160-171 (12 pages)
Smith, J. J., 1993. Using Anthropac 3.5 and a spreadsheet to compute a free-list salience index. Cultural Anthropology Methods 9, 8-12.
Sobero´n, J., R. Jime´nez, J. Golubov, and P. Koleff. 2007. Assessing completeness of biodiversity databases at different spatial scales. Ecography 30:152–160.
Sperens U. 1997. Long-term variation in, and effects of fertiliser addition on, ?ower, fruit and seed production in the tree Sorbus aucuparia (Rosaceae). Ecography 20:521–534
ter Braak CJF. 1987. The analysis of vegetation-environment relationships by canonical correspondence analysis. Vegetatio 69:69–77
van Noordwijk, M., T. P. Tomich, and B. Verbist. 2000. Negotiation support models for integrated natural resource management in tropical forest margins. Conservation Ecology 5(2): 21.
Verma RK, Kapoor KS, Subramani SP, Rawat RS. 2004. Evaluation of plant diversity and soil quality under plantation raised in surface mined areas. Indian J Forestry. 27:227–233. [Google Scholar]
Víctor Hugo Durán Zuazo, Carmen Rocío Rodríguez Pleguezuelo, Dennis Flanagan, Iván García Tejero, and José Luis Muriel Fernández. 2011. Sustainable Land Use and Agricultural Soil. E. Lichtfouse (ed.), Alternative Farming Systems, Biotechnology, Drought Stress and Ecological Fertilisation, Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 6, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-0186-1_5, © Springer Science Business Media B.V.
Wallenius TH. 1999. Yield variations of some common wild berries in Finland in 1956–1996. Annales Botanici Fennici 36:299–314
Wang, X.P. and Fang, J.Y. 2012. Constraining null models with environmental gradients: a new method for evaluating the effects of environmental factors and geometric constraints on geographic diversity patterns. Ecography 35:1147–1159.
Wang, X.P., Tang, Z.Y. and Fang, J.Y. 2006. Climatic control on forests and tree species distribution in the forest region of Northeast China. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 48:778?789.
Wang G., Zhou G., Yang L. And Li Z. 2002. Distribution, Species Diversity and Life-form Spectra of Plant Communities along an Altitudinal Gradient in the Northern Slopes of Qilianshan Mountains, Gansu, China. Plant Ecology 165: 169~181.
Williamson, M., Gaston, K.J. and Lonsdale, W.M. 2002. An asymptote is an asymptote and not found in species area relationships. J. Biogeogr. 29:1713–1713.
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