Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity

Potential probiotic characteristics of Bacillus sp. originated from intensive snakehead fish (Channa striata) raising ponds in Vinh Long Province, Vietnam

NGUYEN TRI YEN CHI — 2025-01-21

Abstract. Chi NTY, Minh NLK, Thi QVC. 2025. Potential probiotic characteristics of Bacillus sp. originated from intensive snakehead fish (Channa striata) raising ponds in Vinh Long Province, Vietnam. Biodiversitas 26: 85-93. Internal white spot disease caused by Aeromonas schubertii in snakehead fish (Channa striata) has become increasingly common and leading to significant economic losses to fish farmers. This study aimed to isolate and screen Bacillus with potential probiotic characteristics from intensively cultured snakehead fish in Vinh Long province. The results isolated 16 out of 34 Bacillus strains from pond water, sludge, and the intestine samples of snakehead fish were antagonistic against A. schubertii using the diffusion well method. In the study, strain BC2LM1 exhibited the highest antibacterial activity and was identified as Bacillus based on morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing results. Strain BC2LM1 in this study was able to survive in media with pH ranging from 2.0 to 4.0 after 6 h of incubation. In particular, it tolerated bile salts at a concentration of 0.5% after 9 h of inoculation. The strain also demonstrated the ability to produce extracellular enzymes, including cellulase, amylase, and protease. Moreover, BC2LM1 was found to be susceptible to ampicillin/sulbactam, clindamycin, doxycycline, tetracycline, erythromycin, and levofloxacin. These findings show the potential application of Bacillus to control A. schubertii infections in intensively cultured snakehead fish in the Mekong Delta.

The community structure of Echinodermata (Echinoidea and Holothuroidea) on seagrass ecosystem in Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

FURQON DARMA NURCAHYO — 2024-12-05

Abstract. Nurcahyo FD, Zen HM, ‘Azizah HPN, Nugroho GD, Ramdhun D, Yap CK, Indrawan M, Setyawan AD. 2024. The community structure of Echinodermata (Echinoidea and Holothuroidea) on seagrass ecosystem in Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 4561-4571. Echinoderms, which encompass various classes such as sea urchins and sea cucumbers, play a crucial role in marine ecosystems and contribute significantly to maintaining ecological balance. Therefore, this study was conducted to understand the composition structure of echinoderms (Echinoidea and Holothuroidea) in several beaches of Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The survey was conducted on March 2024 at Pringjono Beach, Dadap Ayam Beach, Ngrenehan Beach, Torohudan Beach, and Ngrawah Beach. Data analyzed included species diversity, density and ecological indices of echinoderms (Echinoidea and Holothuroidea) at each beach location. The research findings revealed that across the five beaches of Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, there were two classes of echinoderms, namely Echinoidea (sea urchins) and Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers), with a total of 7 identified species, namely Echinometra mathaei, Echinometra oblonga, Heterocentrotus trigonarius, Tripneustes gratilla, Colobocentrotus atratus, Stomopneustes variolaris, and Holothuria leucospilota. Only one beach recorded the presence of sea cucumbers, while the number of sea urchin species varied at each beach. Dadap Ayam Beach recorded the highest number of sea urchin species, followed by Ngrenehan Beach. Additionally, Dadap Ayam Beach exhibited higher values of species diversity and richness compared to other beaches. A total of seven echinoderm species were identified, with a total abundance of 367 individuals/1000 m². The beaches in this study showed variations in the diversity and distribution of echinoderms, particularly Echinoidea and Holothuroidea. However, overall species diversity and richness values were generally low, indicating the potential vulnerability of these ecosystems.

Short Communication: Orchid diversity in the riparian area of Samin River, Central Java, Indonesia

BISMA YOGA HERDANANTA — 2025-01-18

Abstract. Herdananta BY, Karina R, Khoirunnisa S, Nugraha GD, Setyawan AD. 2024. Short communication: Orchid diversity in the riparian area of Samin River, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 5046-5054. Riparian area provides various ecosystem services, including the habitat of orchids. This research aimed to determine the diversity of orchid species along the riverbank of Samin River, Karanganyar-Sukoharjo Districts, Central Java, Indonesia. Data collection was conducted in three segments of the river: upstream (Blumbang and Gondosuli Villages), middle stream (Girilayu and Plosorejo Villages) and downstream (Kadokan Village). At each station, explorative method using cruising path with length of 1 km along the riverbank and width of 5-10 meters on both sides was used to document the presence of orchids. Data was analyzed to produce the Shannon-Wiener biodiversity index (H'), evenness index (E), and Margalef species richness index (R). This study recorded 19 species of orchids in which 13 species with 198 individuals were found in the upstream, four species with 154 individuals in the middle stream, and two species with 2 individuals in the downstream. Orchid species with the highest frequency was Crepidium kobi. There were 5 species of terrestrial orchids and 14 species of epiphytic orchids. For the epiphytic orchid, Zone 3 on the host tree was the zone with the largest number of species and individuals found. The upstream and middle stream had moderate diversity, while the downstream had low diversity. The three stations had different evenness categories in which quite evenly distributed in the upstream, less even in the middle stream and uneven in the downstream. All three stations had low richness index. The findings of this study suggest that the importance of maintaining riparian habitats to support the sustainability of biodiversity, especially orchid. Conservation efforts can help maintain the balance of ecosystems and biodiversity in this area. This study can be the basis for more effective conservation management in riparian areas.

The study of diversity and distribution of bats in several fragmented forests and small adjacent islands in Batam City, Riau Island, Indonesia

FAUZIAH SYAMSI — 2025-01-26

Abstract. Syamsi F, Novarino W, Dahelmi, Chairul. 2025. The study of diversity and distribution of bats in several fragmented forests and small adjacent islands in Batam City, Riau Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 223-232. Bats are ecologically and taxonomically diverse and crucial in tropical ecosystems, including on islands. This study compares bat diversity in fragmented forests on urban islands and adjacent islands connected by bridges to assess the impact of urbanization on bat populations, providing insights for conservation and habitat management. We sampled bats across four sites in Batam City, Indonesia, including two secondary forests (SF1 and SF2) and two small islands (SI1 and SI2). Using 120 harp trap nights and 120 net nights, we captured 429 bats representing 15 species and 4 families. Our findings revealed moderate bat diversity (H' 1.02 to 1.66), with SF1 being the most stable habitat, showing balanced species richness, evenness (0.72), and low dominance (0.24), indicating an evenly distributed community. The Bray-Curtis Similarity index indicated that SF1 had a distinct bat community with only 58% similarity to other habitats. Notably, two near-threatened species were found in SF1, emphasizing its ecological significance. The study suggests that fragmented forests with healthy vegetation and habitat complexity surrounding urban areas are more supportive of bat populations than small islands with limited resources. These results highlight the need for targeted conservation efforts in forest fragments surrounding urban areas to preserve bat diversity in Batam City, Riau Island, Indonesia.

Enhanced mycorrhiza helper bacterial inoculant for improving the health of Arabica coffee seedlings grown in nematode-infected soil

REGINAWANTI HINDERSAH — 2025-01-26

Abstract. Hindersah R, Asyiah IN, Amaria W, Fitriatin BN, Mudakir I, Banerjee S. 2025. Enhanced mycorrhiza helper bacterial inoculant for improving the health of Arabica coffee seedlings grown in nematode-infected soil. Biodiversitas 26: 127-124. The Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and Mycorrhiza Helper Bacteria (MHB) combine to combat the Pratylenchus coffeae nematode infection on coffee plantations sustainably and synergistically. Additionally, AMF facilitates the availability of phosphorus in plants. The objectives of present study are to formulate an enhanced MHB liquid inoculant containing Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas diminuta, and to test its efficacy in controlling P. coffeae in roots, improving P status in soil and plants, and promoting the growth of Arabica coffee seedlings infested with the nematodes. MHB liquid inoculant was enhanced by optimizing molasses, nitrogen, phosphorus, and MHB concentrations. The five treatments were used, and five replications were in a randomized block-design greenhouse experiment to investigate the AMF Glomus agregatum and MHB inoculant. The improved substrate for MHB liquid inoculant comprised 2% molasses, 0.05% NH₄Cl, and 0.1% KH₂PO₄, with a 2:3 initial volume ratio of B. subtilis and P. diminuta. Scaling up the MHB inoculant in the 2 L reactor boosted the bacterial population to 10¹⁰ CFU/mL and the P content to 100 mg/kg. Applying 200 AMF spores and 10⁹ CFU/mL MHB increased leaf number, plant P uptake, and soil P while decreasing root damage and nematode population in soil and roots. Combined AMF and MHB reduced P. coffeae infestation in roots by 70.79% and increased P content in soil and plants by 57.2% and 61.9%, respectively.

Variability of yield and yield components of 23 hybrid cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens) genotypes under shaded and unshaded conditions

Deka Rosalinda Maulidya Putri — 2025-01-29

Abstract. Putri DRM, Syukur M, Ritonga AW. 2025. Variability of yield and yield components of 23 hybrid cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens) genotypes under shaded and unshaded conditions. Biodiversitas 26: 396-406. Cayenne pepper production is challenged by limited agricultural land, necessitating a sustainable intercropping system to meet rising demand. This requires varieties that can grow, develop, and produce under shade-stress conditions. This study aimed to obtain information on the variability of growth, yield components, and physiological traits and to determine yield-related traits in cayenne pepper hybrids obtained from full-diallel crosses under shaded and unshaded conditions. A total of 23 genotypes, consisting of 20 F1 hybrids from five parental lines and three comparisons, were planted using a nested randomized complete block design with two factors: shade and genotype. The results showed that G8 and G27 exhibited superior performance under shade conditions, producing a higher number of fruits per plant, fruit yield per plant, marketable number of fruits, marketable yield fruit, fruit diameter, and fruit weight compared to unshaded conditions. These findings have practical implications for cayenne pepper production, as they can guide the selection of varieties for shaded conditions. Chili was categorized into six clusters under unshaded conditions and four clusters under shaded conditions. Marketable yield fruit, marketable number of fruits, and number of fruits per plant had a significant positive correlation coefficient on fruit yield per plant under unshaded conditions. In contrast, under shaded conditions, there was a significant positive correlation shown on fruit diameter, plant height, marketable yield fruit, number of fruits per plant, marketable number of fruits, and fruit weight.

Fish diversity and associated physicochemical conditions in seaweed farming areas in Bone Gulf Waters, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

FIJWAL PATANGNGARI — 2025-01-26

Abstract. Patangngari F, Musbir M, Najamuddin. 2025. Fish diversity and associated physicochemical conditions in seaweed farming areas in Bone Gulf Waters, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 153-165. The waters of Bone Gulf, located on the coast of Bone District, possess a longstanding legacy of fishing gear, specifically small fishing gear with a mesh size of 15 mm, which is in use today because of the substantial population along the coast. Seaweed farming regions have increasingly become alternatives to fishing zones. This research examines fish diversity and environmental factors in seaweed cultivation zones. Fish were obtained from fishermen utilizing fishing gear in seaweed regions, specifically around the Cape (ST 1), the middle (ST 2), and a distant estuary (ST 3) in Bone waters, from February to August 2024. 2375 fish specimens were gathered, encompassing 67 species from 40 families. Increased diversity was noted in species count (15-46), the species diversity index (2.48-3.18), the evenness index (0.832-0.910), the species richness index (2.64-6.96), and the species dominance index (0.057-0.096). The five most frequently captured species were Chanos chanos, Leiognathus fasciatus, Siganus guttatus, Terapon jarbua, Crenimugil seheli, and Lates calcarifer, together with Oreochromis mossambicus, classified as Vulnerable (VU), and Himantura uarnak, classified as Endangered (EN). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) shows that current velocity and depth are the main factors significantly associated with fish stocks. Furthermore, the phosphate, turbidity, nitrate, salinity, temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen metrics exhibited no significant impact across the three sites. Future research should focus on long-term monitoring of fish population dynamics, investigating the effects of seaweed farming on fish community structure, and formulating sustainable management practices that engage local communities to preserve and enhance aquatic ecosystems and ensure long-term ecosystem health.

Identification of the nettle caterpillar in smallholding oil palm plantation cultivated on peatland in Ogan Ilir, South Sumatra, Indonesia

ERISE ANGGRAINI — 2025-01-26

Abstract. Anggraini E, Setiawati T, Herlinda S, Irsan C, Mulawarman, Gofar N, Muslim A, Lau WH. 2025. Identification of the nettle caterpillar in smallholding oil palm plantation cultivated on peatland in Ogan Ilir, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 36-44. Nettle caterpillars are a major pest in oil palm plantations, posing a significant threat to the productivity and sustainability of this crop. These voracious leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause severe damage, hindering plant growth, reducing fruit production, and even leading to the mortality of oil palm trees. This study aimed to identify the species of caterpillars that inflict damage, their physical traits, population densities, and the symptoms of their attacks. This study employed direct observation and documentation of caterpillar species in the field. Observations were conducted to assess the extent of damage inflicted by caterpillars in the field. Subsequently, document using a camera, collect field samples, and identification of the nettle caterpillars found in oil palm plantation cultivated on peatland in Ogan Ilir, South Sumatera, Indonesia. This investigation identified three species of caterpillars: Setora nitens, Birthosea bisura, and Parasa lepida. These three species of caterpillars typically exhibit similar coloration but possess distinct morphological traits. The S. nitens species predominates among the largest number of species. Caterpillars consume both young and mature oil palm leaves, remaining only in the midrib. Additional indications of the attack include perforations in the leaves. The incidence of caterpillar assaults may attain 100% of nettle caterpillar infestation, accompanied by an attack rate of 57.75%. This study concludes that three primary species of nettle caterpillar were identified in oil palm plantations, exhibiting indications of damage classified as fairly severe. Thus, effective management of nettle caterpillars is crucial to maintaining the productivity and profitability of oil palm plantations.

Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas veronii bv veronii causes disease in gourami (Osphronemus gouramy)

DINI SISWANI MULIA — 2025-01-26

Abstract. Mulia DS, Nisa Z, Suwarsito, Purbomartono C, Isnansetyo A, Nafiqoh N, Yasin ISM, Azzam-Sayuti M. 2024. Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas veronii bv veronii causes disease in gourami (Osphronemus gouramy). Biodiversitas 25: 5103-5111. Gourami (Osphronemus gouramy) is a type of freshwater fish with excellent potential, but its cultivation is often disturbed by bacterial diseases caused by Aeromonas spp. The presence of virulent genes often influences the pathogenicity of Aeromonas spp. and treatment with antibiotics causes bacteria resistance. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Aeromonas veronii bv veronii causing disease in gourami (O. gouramy). A purposive sampling method was used to obtain specific diseased gourami. Phenotypic characteristics were determined morphologically and biochemically, while genotypic characteristics were based on 16S rDNA and virulent genes. A total of 10 virulent genes were used, including the aerA/haem, alt, ast, act, flaA, lafA, fstA, ahp, ela, and lip genes. Subsequently, antibiotic susceptibility tests were carried out using 10 µg gentamycin disk, 10 µg bacitracin, 30 µg tetracycline, and 30 µg chloramphenicol. Data on phenotypic and genotypic identification, the detection of virulence genes, and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were analyzed descriptively and qualitatively. The results showed that isolate BmSG-03 was closely related to A. veronii bv veronii strain ATCC 35624 with a similarity rate and query of 99.58% and 100%, respectively. The A. veronii bv veronii BmSG-03 isolate was detected to contain the aerA/haem, lafA, and ela genes, while the alt, ast, act, flaA, fstA, ahp, and lip genes were not detected. This isolate was resistant to bacitracin, tetracycline, and gentamycin but susceptible to chloramphenicol. Moreover, further investigations were recommended on genotypic characteristics of A. veronii bv veronii resistance gene and other antibiotic tests due to limited reports in Indonesia. For effective disease control, there should be a comprehensive database on the characteristics of the pathogen to obtain more effective and appropriate mitigation efforts.

Phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis of local durian (Durio zibethinus) leaf extract from Criwik, Rembang, Central Java, Indonesia

ANDINI DESI SAWITRI — 2025-01-26

Abstract. Sawitri AD, Yuniastuti E, Purwanto E, Parjanto. 2025. Phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis of local durian (Durio zibethinus) leaf extract from Criwik, Rembang, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 55-61. Durian (Durio zibethinus), an important tropical fruit in Indonesia, is widely known for its unique flavor and potential health benefits. Despite extensive research on the nutritional and pharmacological properties of its fruit, the bioactive potential of its other plant parts, particularly the leaves, remains limited. This study explored the phytochemical profile and bioactive compounds in the leaf extract of Criwik durian, a local variety from Rembang, Central Java, Indonesia. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, and phenolic compounds, all known for their diverse pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Importantly, this is the first study to report the presence of phytochemical in the durian leaf extract. Additionally, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was conducted to characterize the bioactive components, which identified 11 distinct compounds. These included squalene, ethyl iso allocholate, neophytadiene, and phytol, all associated with health remedies and pharmacological effects. These results provide a detailed chemical profile of Criwik durian leaves, highlighting their potential as a valuable resource for the development of natural health products and herbal remedies. These findings enhance our understanding of the bioactive potential of durian leaves and encourage further research into their medicinal applications. Thus, Criwik durian leaves could serve as a promising source for the future exploration of natural health product development and sustainable medicinal practices.

Density and distribution mapping of invasive plant Jatropha gossypiifolia in priority savanna of Bama Resort, Baluran National Park, East Java, Indonesia

Solfiyeni Solfiyeni — 2025-01-28

Abstract. Solfiyeni, Nurmalasari A. 2025. Density and distribution mapping of invasive plant Jatropha gossypiifolia in priority savanna of Bama Resort, Baluran National Park, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 255-264. Jatropha gossypiifolia (Bellyache bush) is one of the invasive alien plant species in the savanna of Baluran National Park, East Java, Indonesia. The invasiveness of J. gossypiifolia is the main focus of this study because this species has the potential to have a significant and far-reaching impact on the stability of the savanna ecosystem in Baluran National Park. This study aims to determine the density, distribution pattern, and distribution area of J. gossypiifolia and to analyze environmental factors that affect its presence in the savanna of Bama Resort, Baluran National Park. The survey method for distribution mapping and a single plot method to determine density and distribution pattern. Meanwhile, to analyze the relationship between environmental factors and plant density of J. gossypiifolia, Canonical Component Analysis (CCA) was used. The results showed that the density of J. gossypiifolia plants in the observation area of 400 m² was 1.94 individuals/m² or estimated in hectares around 19,400 individuals/ha and this plant was found growing in 15 sub-plots out of a total of 16 sub-plots observed in the field. The distribution pattern of J. gossypiifolia plants in the observation area is clustered with a Morisita Index value of 1.48. Furthermore, it is known that the distribution area of J. gossypiifolia plants in the priority savanna of Bama Resort is around 25 hectares of the total savanna area of Bama Resort of around 512 hectares. The existence of J. gossypiifolia plants is strongly influenced by the high and low light intensity. Jatropha gossypiifolia plants have spread quite widely in the priority savanna of Bama Resort, Baluran National Park. This plant is most commonly found growing in savannas close to the road, so it is necessary to routinely monitor each savanna as an effort to manage invasive alien plants in the savannas of Baluran National Park.

Species diversity and the spread of invasive fish in the Upper Bengawan Solo River, Central Java, Indonesia

MUHAMMAD RAHARDIAN ADILA HAQQI — 2024-11-11

Abstract. Haqqi MRA, Sholichah DM, Armando MF, Sani MF, Aprianto MK, Dewangga A, Yap CK, Dadiono MS, Setyawan AD. 2024. Species diversity and the spread of invasive fish in the Upper Bengawan Solo River, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 4000-4010. Bengawan Solo is the largest and longest river in Java, Indonesia, and has a major role in supporting the life of communities around it. To understand the quality of the Bengawan Solo River environment, the study can be done from physical, chemical, and biological aspects. This research was carried out to inventory the species and the spread of invasive fish found in the Upper Bengawan Solo River, Central Java, Indonesia. This research was conducted from November to December 2023 and settled on 5 sampling stations located on main body of Bengawan Solo River, including (i) northern spillway of Gajah Mungkur Reservoir, Wonogiri, (ii) Colo Reservoir, Sukoharjo, (iii) Demangan Floodgate, Surakarta, (iv) Tlumpuk, Karanganyar, and (v) Jati, Sragen. Data collection was performed using Visual Encounter Survey (VES) and direct catch with several fishing tools, collected species identified using iNaturalist, and several books such as Jenis Ikan Introduksi dan Invasif Asing di Indonesia, Ikan Air Tawar di Ekosistem Bukit Tigapuluh, Ensiklopedia Populer Ikan Air Tawar, and Baku Saku Pengolah Data Jenis Ikan. Identification also carried out by interviewing local people at study area location to match out vernacular names. The results showed 20 species of fish from 12 families were found, dominated by Cyprinidae. The most fish captured is tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), which can be obtained from all the sampling stations. A species with high conservation status according to IUCN Red List was also found, namely Rasbora lateristriata with Vulnerable (VU) status. As many as 6 species discovered were categorized as invasive, including snakehead fish (Channa striata), red devil fish (Amphilophus citrinellus), tilapia (O. niloticus), catfish (Clarias gariepinus), sailfin catfish (Pterygoplichthys pardalis), and guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Their invasive characteristics are usually due to their predatory trait, well adaptability, and high population. The introduction of invasive fish in the Upper Bengawan Solo River was caused by several reasons, such as intentional release for stocking population, escaping fish from nearby farms, and wild releases from fish keepers.

Composition and role of ants (Formicidae) as indicators of habitat conditions in different stands in urban forest, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

BUDIAMAN BUDIAMAN — 2025-01-26

Abstract. Budiaman, Nuraeni S, Nurhaini, Prastiyo A. 2025. Composition and role of ants (Formicidae) as indicators of habitat conditions in different stands in urban forest, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 145-152. Urban forests provide ecological services such as air, microclimate, and environmental biodiversity, ecosystems in urban areas, assessing their quality and health through ecological indicators such as ants (Formicidae), which are very sensitive to habitat changes and serve as effective bioindicators for urban forest management sustainable. This research aims to identify the diversity and distribution of ant species and assess the potential of ants as ecological indicators of environmental conditions in urban forests. Sampling was done in three different stands: teak (Gmelina arborea), suren (Toona sureni), and mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni). The trap method uses a pitfall trap to collect ant specimens, which were then identified. Data analysis was carried out by calculating diversity, dominance, abundance, and evenness indices, as well as further analysis using correlation and principal component analysis (PCA). The results showed that there was significant variation in ant species composition among various stand types with 9 species, 6 genera, and 3 subfamilies. Species from the Camponotus genus dominate in urban forests, with Camponotus virulens dominating in teak stands, Camponotus sp. in suren stands, and Pheidole plagiaria in mahogany stands. The findings of the correlation analysis demonstrated a highly significant and positive relationship between humidity and ant dominance (0.989). This suggests that humidity is the environmental factor that exerts the greatest influence on the increased dominance of specific species. Furthermore, the very strong and positive relationship between diversity (H') and evenness (E) (0.943) indicates that ecosystems with high diversity tend to have a more even distribution of species. PCA analysis revealed a relationship between ant species composition and environmental factors such as temperature and humidity. The differences in ant species (Formicidae) composition across various stand types in the Makassar city forest are influenced by environmental conditions, such as temperature and humidity, making them suitable ecological indicators for assessing habitat quality and urban forest ecosystem health. This information supports sustainable urban forest management and biodiversity conservation efforts in urban environments, highlighting the importance and significance of ants in ecological studies.

Selection and validation of stable reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis across seven Musa genomes during early flowering development

KAWEE SUJIPULI — 2025-01-26

Abstract. Sujipuli K, Mingmanit Y, Inthima P, Laywisadkul S, Ratanasut K, Premjet D, Premjet S, Pongcharoen P, Pathaichindachote W, Phinyo M, Boonsrangsom T. 2025. Biodiversitas 26: 125-135. Banana (Musa spp.) is a globally important fruit crop, with most edible varieties resulting from hybridizations between Musa acuminata (AA genome) and Musa balbisiana (BB genome). Seed formation in hybrid bananas is undesirable for both fresh consumption and processing, making it crucial to understand the genetic mechanisms controlling pollen viability and development to prevent seed set in commercial cultivation. However, comprehensive evaluations of reference genes for gene expression studies in various Musa genomic groups are still lacking. This study evaluated five candidate reference genes-ACT2, CAC, RPS4, RPL4, and SAMDC1-across seven Musa genomes using reverse transcriptase quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). Four of these genes (CAC, RPS4, RPL4, and SAMDC1) demonstrated high primer specificity, with single PCR amplification peaks and melting curve Tm values ranging from 75.42 ± 0.03 to 82.51 ± 0.03. Expression abundance varied, with Ct values between 21.58 ± 0.26 and 24.68 ± 0.20. Using five stability analysis programs, CAC was identified as the most stable reference gene across all seven Musa genomes, making it the optimal candidate for normalizing gene expression data in banana studies. This study provides a valuable tool for enhancing the accuracy of gene expression analysis in banana breeding programs targeting seedless fruit production, thereby demonstrating the practical relevance of reference gene evaluation in banana genomic studies.

The diversity of wild edible plants used by community living around Mount Merapi National Park, Central Java, Indonesia

KHOTROTUN NIDA FARIKHA — 2024-11-08

Abstract. Farikha KN, Syahrani LPW, Alfiyah LK, Luthfia, Nurwulandari M, Nazar IA, Junaedi E, Setyawan AD. 2024. The diversity of wild edible plants used by community living around Mount Merapi National Park, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 3041-3049. Mount Merapi National Park is one of the conservation areas in Indonesia that serves as habitat for various species of wild plants with ecological value and social benefits for local communities. However, the impacts of social, economic, and environmental changes have led to a decline in community interest in utilizing the presence of wild plants there. This research aims to document the diversity of wild edible plants used by local community living around Mount Merapi National Park in Kemalang Sub-district, Klaten District, Central Java, Indonesia. Data collection involved physical observation and semi-structured questionnaires to 58 respondents. Data analysis was carried out by classifying plants based on their local names, families, scientific names, growth forms, parts utilized, uses, and conservation status. This study documented 45 species of wild edible plants belonging to 32 families with the dominance of the Zingiberaceae family. Wild edible plants are utilized as food sources, cooking ingredients, and traditional medicine with leaves being the most commonly utilized part. Andrographis paniculata is most frequently utilized by the community. Based on the IUCN Red List, there are 20 wild edible species categorized as Least Concern, 13 species Not Evaluated, 11 species Data Deficient, and 1 species Endangered.

Exploring habitat characteristics and herpetofauna diversity in the Kamojang and Darajat Geothermal Power Plants, West Java, Indonesia

ERRI NOVIAR MEGANTARA — 2025-01-26

Abstract. Megantara EN, Husodo T, Mutaqin AZ, Kendarto DR, Wulandari I, Pujianto MP, Shanida SS, Afriyanti F. 2025. Exploring habitat characteristics and herpetofauna diversity in the Kamojang and Darajat Geothermal Power Plants, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 203-222. Considering their vital role in preserving ecological stability, herpetofauna are essential indicators of the environment's health. From 2019 to 2023, this project examines the herpetofauna's habitat and variety surrounding the Kamojang and Darajat Geothermal Power Plants, West Java, Indonesia. The study's objectives were to monitor species diversity, evaluate habitat conditions, and understand how land use changes affect these species. Data were gathered by vegetation analysis and visual and auditory encounter surveys in various land cover types, including natural forests, mixed gardens, pine plantations, shrubs, swamps, riparian, artificial gardens, craters, and replanting areas. The results identified 37 species of herpetofauna, including 18 amphibians and 19 reptiles. Vegetation analysis revealed that natural forests and riparian zones supported the highest species richness. In contrast, areas with monoculture vegetation, such as pine plantations, had lower biodiversity. Natural habitats tend to have lower temperatures and high humidity, creating ideal conditions for specialist species requiring a stable and humid environment. In contrast, artificial habitats have warmer temperatures and lower humidity, favoring generalist species, which are more adaptable to variable environmental conditions. Artificial habitats also provide diverse microhabitats, such as open areas for basking and shade from plant canopies, which favor certain reptiles and amphibians. Adapting species to these different conditions reflects the importance of maintaining a balance between natural habitats to support specialist species and artificial habitats for more flexible species. This combination of abiotic factors and habitat structure is key to the sustainability of herpetofauna diversity in both areas. Habitat quality was affected by human activities such as land conversion and agriculture, which decreased the diversity of herpetofauna and the vegetation structure. This study emphasizes the significance of habitat conservation and sustainable land management in maintaining biodiversity in geothermal areas.

Species distribution model and population dynamics of invasive alien plant Calliandra calothyrsus in Gunung Ciremai National Park, West Java, Indonesia

IING NASIHIN — 2024-12-20

Abstract. Nasihin I, Widhiono I, Sudiana E, Nurdin, Herlina N, Imaningsih W. 2024. Species distribution model and population dynamics of invasive alien plant Calliandra calothyrsus in Gunung Ciremai National Park, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 4806-4815. Invasive alien plants are a serious threat to conservation areas since they will threaten biodiversity by over-dominating species composition and reducing diversity. However, conservation area managers have not taken invasive alien plant management seriously. Calliandra calothyrsus is one of the invasive alien plant species that has been reported to occur in conservation areas. The purpose of this study was to develop a habitat suitability model and investigate population dynamics of C. calothyrsus in Gunung Ciremai National Park (GCNP), West Java Province, Indonesia. Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) was used to build the model using 13 environmental predictors, including climate, physical, and soil characteristic variables. Population structure data were collected from 98 sampling plots, each measuring 10x10 m. The population dynamics and distribution of C. calothyrsus populations were analyzed using RangeShifter software with 50 years of simulation. The results showed an AUC value of >0.80, indicating the distribution model of C. calothyrsus has a high level of agreement between the model prediction and actual observation. Simulation analysis shows that the population of C. calothyrsus in GCNP will continue to increase over the next 50 years and spread throughout the park from where the occurrences of C. calothyrsus were recorded. The findings of this study suggest that managing the growth of the C. calothyrsus population from seedling to sapling is necessary, while restoring bare ground and shrub can prevent the spread of C. calothyrsus.

The anatomy, histology, and oxidative stress level of the liver in fruit bat (Rousettus amplexicaudatus)

YENI DHAMAYANTI — 2025-01-26

Abstract. Dhamayanti Y, Suryadiningrat M, Mujiburrahman A, Firdausy LW, Maslamama ST, Purnama MTE. 2025. The anatomy, histology, and oxidative stress level of the liver in fruit bat (Rousettus amplexicaudatus). Biodiversitas 26: 102-110. Among the wildlife species known for propagating zoonoses is the fruit bat (Rousettus amplexicaudatus). It is known that the liver organ serves as a detoxifying center in the only flying mammal. An examination of the liver's anatomy, histology, and oxidative stress level was essential to bridge the gap between earlier research and take into account the liver's critical function in bats. Seven bats—four males and three females—were enlisted to examine the liver's gross anatomy, histology, levels of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and catalase (CAT). The study's findings, which highlight the unique aspects of bat liver anatomy and the absence of gender differences in enzyme levels, have significant implications for our understanding of zoonotic diseases. As a result, the liver is covered by connective tissue, which also separates the liver parenchyma into three lobes: the cranial, middle, and caudal lobes. The liver of a bat lacked an additional lobe, in contrast to most mammals. According to histology, the liver lobule's hepatocytes are grouped radially from the center and terminate in the central vein. The portal vein, bile ductules, and hepatic artery branches were all visible in the triad. Furthermore, this study found no significant differences (p<0.05) between male and female bats in terms of MDA (p = 0.463), SOD (p = 0.686), GPx (p = 0.455), and CAT (p = 0.443). As a reference for typical circumstances, this study concluded the anatomy, histology, and antioxidant enzymes of fruit bats' livers. Furthermore, fruit bats with normal liver conditions might be compared to the antioxidant enzyme profiles we reported.

Identification of subterranean termites and their attack characteristics on settlements in Jakarta Province, Indonesia

ARINANA ARINANA — 2025-01-26

Abstract. Arinana A, Ardiansyah F, Andika R, Tarmadi D, Satimo. 2025. Identification of subterranean termites and their attack characteristics on settlements in Jakarta Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 22-35. The increase in termite attacks on buildings in Jakarta, Indonesia coinciding with the city's construction boom, is reshaping environmental dynamics. This study aims to identify the subterranean termite species responsible for damaging residential structures and to analyze the patterns of these infestations throughout Jakarta. The research was conducted across 57 settlement sites within the city, guided by a comprehensive survey of termite-induced damage and a four-month monitoring period from September to December 2021, during which Perseroan Terbatas (PT) Larusa Adi Sumindo, Jakarta implemented a baiting system. Morphometric identification of the termites revealed at least four species associated with building infestations: Coptotermes curvignathus, C. gestroi, Macrotermes gilvus, and Microtermes insperatus. Coptotermes gestroi was the most prevalent among these, found at 39 sites. The findings indicate that termite damage was most severe in window and door frames (49.1%), while the foundation exhibited the least damage (3.5%). This research highlights not only the diversity of termite species infesting urban areas but also the specific structural components vulnerable to their attacks, including frames, foundations, floors, walls, ceilings, archives, and garden trees. These insights are crucial for developing targeted mitigation strategies and building resilience against these pervasive subterranean termites, supporting sustainable urban development in Jakarta and beyond.

Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of Araucaria spp. from Taman Bunga Nusantara, Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia

PURWANTININGSIH SUGITA — 2025-01-24

Abstract. Sugita P, Ustati MN, Kurniawanti, Syahbirin G, Dianhar H, Rahayu DUC. 2025. Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of Araucaria spp. from Taman Bunga Nusantara, Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 118-126. Araucaria columnaris (AC) and Araucaria cunninghamii (ACu) are members of the Araucaria genus known for their various pharmacological activities. This study aims to analyze the phytochemical properties, Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), and antioxidant activities of twigs from AC and ACu, using different solvents (i) acetone (A); (ii) ethanol (E); and (iii) Ethyl acetate (Ea). Quantitative measurements for TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity were conducted using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, aluminum chloride colorimetric method, and the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay, respectively. Phytochemical screening indicated the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, steroids, and triterpenoids in all extracts. Saponins were found exclusively in acetone extracts, while none contained alkaloids. The TPC is expressed as mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per g of extract, while TFC is presented as mg of quercetin equivalent (QE) per g of extract. The TPC of AC twigs in acetone (ACA) was the highest, followed by ethanol (ACE) and ethyl acetate (ACEa). Similarly, the highest TPC was also observed in acetone (ACuA) for ACu twigs, followed by ethanol (ACuE) and ethyl acetate (ACuEa). Regarding TFC, the order for AC twigs was ACA > ACEa > ACE, while for ACu twigs, it was ACuEa > ACuE > ACuA. ACuE exhibited strong antioxidant activity with an IC₅₀ value of 29.57 ± 1.11 µg/mL, whereas the other extracts displayed moderate antioxidant activity. The results of this research provide preliminary data that can serve as a foundation for future studies.

Comparative micromorphology of Costus pictus and Hellenia speciosa collected from Vietnam

Thanh Triet Nguyen — 2025-01-29

Abstract. Triet NT, Chen TV, Lam DNX, Hien NTT, Nga NT, Quynh TTT. 2025. Comparative micromorphology of Costus pictus and Hellenia speciosa collected from Vietnam. Biodiversitas 26: 407-417. Costus pictus and Hellenia speciosa are two herbs belonging to the family Costaceae that have been used in traditional medicine to treat diabetes and are also used as daily food. The comparative anatomical characteristics between C. pictus and H. speciosa from Vietnam have not been systematically noted. This study aimed to develop microanatomical monographs of C. pictus and H. speciosa from Vietnam. Six fresh plants each were randomly collected for use in this study. Anatomical structures of rhizomes, roots, stems, and leaves were carried out using the iodine green-carmine staining method. The anatomical structural features of plant parts were analyzed and recorded through optical microscopy. The anatomical structural features of the tested samples are similar to those of Costus species. Notably, the anatomical structure of H. speciosa rhizome is similar to its stem, but different from that of C. pictus rhizome. The microstructures of their roots and leaves easily distinguish these species from each other. Additionally, smaller unicellular trichomes were observed in C. pictus leaves, while sub-air cavities, larger unicellular stout trichomes, and peltate glandular trichomes were found in H. speciosa leaves. The present evidence highlights the main structural features for distinguishing and identifying Vietnamese C. pictus and H. speciosa.

Rare, Endangered, Endemic, and Protected Species (REEPS) conservation in the Cisokan, West Java, Indonesia

TEGUH HUSODO — 2025-01-18

Abstract. Husodo T, Megantara EN, Mutaqin AZ, Kendarto DR, Withaningsih S, Wulandari I, Shanida SS, Febrianto P. 2024. Rare, Endangered, Endemic, and Protected Species (REEPS) conservation in the Cisokan, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 5094-5102. The Upper Cisokan Pumped Storage (UCPS) hydropower construction poses significant challenges to local biodiversity, particularly Rare, Endemic, Endangered, and Protected Species (REEPS). This study aimed to describe the distribution of REEPS threatened by the construction and analyze the trend of their presence during the development. Methods applied include sign surveys, camera trapping, and literature review across a 47-grid study area. The findings show that ten REEPS continue to occupy forest patches and corridors despite ongoing construction activities. All REEPS species were consistently recorded from 2009 to 2022, indicating that their habitat can still meet their survival needs. However, habitat fragmentation and overlapping land use due to construction threaten these species' long-term sustainability. The grid-based analysis identified nine grids as core habitats for multiple REEPS species, emphasizing the need for ongoing biodiversity management. This includes preserving critical corridors and forest patches, which are crucial for the survival of these species. Long-term monitoring ensures coexistence between wildlife and human activities, maintaining ecosystem balance while advancing the hydropower project. This study highlights the importance of integrating wildlife conservation with infrastructure development in biodiversity-rich areas.

Characterization and potential of L-glutaminase enzyme from symbiotic red algae Eucheuma spinosum as antibacterial, anticancer, and antiviral dengue agents by in vitro

HARNINGSIH KARIM — 2025-01-08

Abstract. Karim H, Azis A, Ramadani A, Pine ATD, Anita, Ahmad A, Mukriani, Massi MN, Permana AD. 2024. Characterization and potential of L-glutaminase enzyme from symbiotic red algae Eucheuma spinosum as antibacterial, anticancer, and antiviral dengue agents by in vitro. Biodiversitas 25: 4939-4949. Cancer is a disease caused by the abnormal growth of body tissue cells. A new approach in cancer treatment through targeted therapy is using microbial enzymes. One enzyme that has potential for future cancer therapy is L-glutaminase. On the other hand, dengue fever is endemic in Indonesia, necessitating maximum and sustained efforts to address the dengue problem, including infection and cancer. Indonesia is an archipelagic nation, with two-thirds of its territory comprising seas, and boasts many diverse marine biota and macroalgae. One cultivated variety of marine algae is the red algae Eucheuma sp.. This study aimed to isolate the L-glutaminase enzyme produced by symbiotic Cobetia marina from red algae Eucheuma spinosum. The optimum activity of the L-glutaminase enzyme was found at pH 8 and 37°C. It was activated by metal ions Mg²⁺, Co²⁺, and Mn²⁺. The antibacterial activity test revealed that L-glutaminase at a concentration of 5 mg/L exhibited inhibitory effects on pathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, the cytotoxic test demonstrated the most substantial impact in the F1 fraction at a concentration of 160 µg/mL, with a percent inhibition value of 25.65% and an IC₅₀ value of 64.26 µg/mL on MCF-7 cells. The anti-dengue activity of L-glutaminase in crude extract toward Vero cells indicates inhibition percentage and CC₅₀ value of 78% and 167.15 ?g/mL, respectively. These findings suggest that the L-glutaminase enzyme fractions from symbiotic C. marina hold promise for antibacterial and anticancer uses and antiviral activity against dengue.

Impact of intermittent stream flow on water quality and structural composition of macroinvertebrates in a semi-arid region of South Africa

THATO P. MATITA — 2025-01-26

Abstract. Matita TP, Addo-Bediako A, Luus-Powell W. 2024. Impact of intermittent stream flow on water quality and structural composition of macroinvertebrates in a semi-arid region of South Africa. Biodiversitas 25: 5074-5082. This study investigated the impact of varying flow regimes on water quality and the structural composition of macroinvertebrates in the Moopitse River, South Africa. Samples were collected during three distinct flow conditions: high flow, low flow, and intermittent flow. Water quality parameters were measured in situ, and water samples were collected for nutrient analysis before macroinvertebrate sampling. A total of 4,094 individuals, representing seven orders and 22 families, were recorded. The assessment, based on water quality and macroinvertebrate structure, revealed that intermittent flow (cessation of flow) negatively affected both water quality and the distribution of macroinvertebrates. There was a decline in both taxa richness and abundance in response to flow intermittency. The observed low taxa richness and abundance, particularly during high flow and intermittent regimes, align with expectations for such hydrologically extreme habitats. Compared to the perennial rivers in the Olifants River Basin, the Moopitse River is less diverse, as the intermittent environment favors generalist and stress-tolerant taxa rather than sensitive taxa. Water parameters such as turbidity, conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and nutrient levels were significantly higher during intermittent flow, while dissolved oxygen levels were notably lower. Overall, water quality was best during low flow, which also supported greater macroinvertebrate richness and abundance. These findings suggest that river discontinuity may lead to habitat degradation, thereby altering the structural distribution of macroinvertebrate communities. Understanding the effects of flow variation and habitat changes is crucial for environmental and biodiversity conservation. Therefore, conservation strategies should incorporate innovative approaches to mitigate the impacts of flow discontinuities and habitat degradation.

Phytochemical composition and bioactivity of Parkia timoriana leaf extract from Kediri, Indonesia in various solvent polarities

ATMIRA SARIWATI — 2025-01-08

Abstract. Sariwati A, Sari F, Suryanti V, Handayani DS, Setyono HA, Yuliati N. 2024. Phytochemical composition and bioactivity of Parkia timoriana leaf extract from Kediri, Indonesia in various solvent polarities. Biodiversitas 25: 4900-4908. The potential therapeutic uses of bioactive chemicals found in natural sources have led to a significant increase in focus on their investigation in recent years. Parkia timoriana (DC.) Merr. has secondary metabolites, which have been used as a traditional medicine. This work studies the phytochemical composition and bioactivities evaluation of the P. timoriana leaf extract of varying solvent polarities, such as methanol, water, ethyl acetate, and hexane. The methanol extract has the highest secondary metabolite contents, excluding terpenoids contents. The Follin-Ciocalteu method showed that the total phenolic content of methanol extract was 302.02 mg GAE/g. The aluminum chloride colorimetric method revealed that the total flavonoid content of the methanol extract was 256.85 mg QE/g. The tannin acid, alkaloids, saponins, and terpenoids contents of methanol extracts were determined by Spectrophotometer UV-Vis, which were found to be 32.07 mg TAE/g, 23.86 mg CoE/g, 18.35 mg DE/g, 5.23 mg Linalool Eq./g, and respectively. The highest terpenoid contents were found in hexane extract, which was 11.34 mg of Linalool Eq./g. Antioxidant activities of the extracts were assessed by measuring the free-radical of 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and scavenge of 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzene-thiazoline-6-sulfonic-acid (ABTS)). The methanol extract was shown to have the strongest antioxidant activity, where the DPPH and ABTS IC₅₀ values were 47.78 and 39.54 µg/mL, respectively. The methanol extract exhibited the greatest antimicrobial activities, where the inhibition zone for Candida albicans and Escherichia coli fungus were 21 and 22 mm, respectively. Antidiabetic effects were assessed in vitro by blocking ?-amylase and ?-glucoside. The methanol extract shows an inhibition of 50.19 µg/mL for ?-glucoside and 42.50 µg/mL for ?-amylase. The secondary metabolites of P. timoriana leaf are great building blocks for making potent medications.

Identification of virulence genes from clinical isolates of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

SARMAD QASSIM MOHAMMAD — 2025-01-18

Abstract. Mohammad SQ_, Awayid HS, Zarrouk-Mahjoub S. 2024. Identification of virulence genes from clinical isolates of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Biodiversitas 25: 5083-5093. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a strain of Staphylococcus aureus that has developed resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, including penicillin, methicillin, amoxicillin, and oxacillin. This resistance complicates treatment compared to non-resistant strains. While previous studies have defined MRSA phylogeny and transmission in well-resourced settings, this study specifically highlights the effectiveness of five targeted loci analyses (ermA, ermB, ermC, hla-?, and tsst-1) for understanding MRSA evolution in diverse clinical contexts. This study analyzed the phylogenetic relationships among 20 MRSA isolates, which were amplified from the targeted loci. The research focused on the ermA locus in three isolates (A1-A3), the ermB locus in nine isolates (B1 to B9), the ermC locus in six isolates (C1 to C6), the hla-? gene in one isolate (D1), and the tsst-1 gene in one isolate (E1). Genetic diversity was assessed based on the variants identified within these loci. Direct sequencing of the amplified fragments was conducted to detect genetic polymorphisms, and coding variants were translated to evaluate their potential effects on protein function. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to evaluate the associations and distributions of the experimental variables. Sequencing results confirmed that the isolates were S. aureus. The alignment revealed no variants in samples A1-A3, C1-C6, and D1. One variant (176G>A) was found in group B1-B9, resulting in a missense mutation (p.100Ser>Asn). Sample E1 contained a single nucleotide deletion (56C-del). Phylogenetic analysis revealed distinct clades of isolates that corresponded with various clinical and non-clinical sources. The ermA locus proved to be more effective in tracking the evolutionary trajectories of the studied S. aureus isolates compared to the other loci. These findings suggest that ermA markers could be valuable for broader applications in monitoring the evolutionary distributions of bacterial strains across diverse contexts. Further investigation may enhance our understanding of bacterial evolution in various environments.

Morphometric variation and ecological niche differentiation in Hyophila apiculata and H. involuta from karst microhabitats in Kanchanaburi, Thailand

WEERACHON SAWANGPROH — 2024-12-07

Abstract. Sawangproh W. 2024. Morphometric variation and ecological niche differentiation in Hyophila apiculata and H. involuta from karst microhabitats in Kanchanaburi, Thailand. Biodiversitas 25: 4551-4560. Karst environments, characterized by limestone and dolomite formations, host diverse ecosystems shaped by unique geological features such as sinkholes, caves, and underground rivers. These landscapes foster adaptations among flora and fauna, showcasing phenotypic plasticity that enables species to thrive in challenging conditions. This study examines the morphometric variation between Hyophila apiculata M.Fleisch. and H. involuta (Hook.) A.Jaeger in arid karst microhabitats of Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand. Surveys conducted across 86 sampling points revealed predominantly allopatric populations, with H. apiculata present in 26 sites (30%) and H. involuta in 58 sites (68%). Sympatric occurrences were rare, found at only two points (2%). Leaf morphometric analyses demonstrated that H. involuta exhibits wider leaves and larger leaf areas compared to H. apiculata, which features longer and wider median and apical leaf cells with thicker cell walls. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicated distinct morphological clusters for the two species, though some overlap was observed, suggesting the possibility of hybridization or transitional forms. These findings underscore the ecological niche differentiation and adaptive strategies of these moss species, enhancing our understanding of plant diversity and resilience in calcareous environments. This research contributes to the broader conservation efforts in these sensitive areas, emphasizing the need for preserving karst ecosystems that harbor unique biological communities and serve as indicators of environmental health. Such insights are critical for developing effective conservation strategies aimed at safeguarding the rich biodiversity found in karst landscapes.

Spatial and temporal distribution of macrobenthic polychaetes (Animalia: Annelida) comparing mangrove forest and aquaculture zone at Karimunjawa Island, Jepara District, Indonesia

SAPTO PURNOMO PUTRO — 2025-01-26

Abstract. Putro SP, Sihab A, Titisari RS, Anarizta LA, Hodaifa G. 2024. Spatial and temporal distribution of macrobenthic polychaetes (Animalia: Annelida) comparing mangrove forest and aquaculture zone at Karimunjawa Island, Jepara District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 178-189. Polychaetes are bioindicator of pollution in a water area due to their high abundance and sensitivity to different organic matter content in sediment. This study aimed to determine the type and structure of the community and the correlation of polychaeta community structure with environmental characteristics in the waters of the mangrove area and the aquaculture zone of BTN Karimunjawa, Central Java. Sampling was done using the Random Sampling method at three stations each in KJABB IMTA, monoculture and mangrove. Data processing using Two-way ANOVA test, k-dominance curve, Multidimensional Scaling (MDS), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and BIO-ENV. In this study, 9 families and 16 genera of polychaeta were obtained and Spionidae family group ranked first in the abundance of organisms. The calculation of the index shows that the level of diversity and uniformity is low-medium, with no dominance in general. Based on the results of the Two-way ANOVA test showed no significant differences in the composition of polychaeta variability, spatially and temporally. The MDS ordination plot shows the grouping of organism variability between stations based on their biological composition. Further analysis using k-dominance curves showed that station 2 monoculture had the highest level of diversity and the lowest level of dominance. BIO-ENV analysis proves that environmental parameters with a strong influence on polychaeta abundance include C-organic, pH and coarse sand fraction (r: 0.418). PCA analysis showed clustering based on sediment substrate size composition (silt, coarse sand, gravel). This study indicates that polychaeta community structure between stations and periods showed no significant differences, and the relationship between biotic and abiotic parameters showed that C-organic, pH and coarse sand fraction are some of the abiotic parameters that most affect the abundance of polychaeta.

Beak morphometrics and line analysis for accurate sex determination in juvenile Lovebird (Agapornis fischeri)

YENI DHAMAYANTI — 2025-01-26

Abstract. Dhamayanti Y, Wahyunita ZH, Rantam FA, Mafruchati M, Eliyani H, Soeharsono, Hendarti GA, Palupi TDW, Kinasih KN, Rosyada ZNA, Zahro AN, Maslamama ST, Purnama MTE. 2025. Beak morphometrics and line analysis for accurate sex determination in juvenile Lovebird (Agapornis fischeri). Biodiversitas 26: 14-21. Particular consideration must be dedicated to the welfare of birds as pets and trade animals in the context of biodiversity. Lovebirds (Agapornis fischeri (Reichenow, 1887)) are well-liked birds all around the world because of their lovely chirping sound and diverse ornaments. This study aimed to investigate the precision of differentiating between male and female juvenile Fischer lovebirds through beak morphometry and beak line analysis. A total of 54 Fischer's lovebirds, 27 males and 27 females aged 4, 5, and 6 months, were meticulously investigated in this study. The beak length, width, and depth were measured using a caliper with utmost care. The beak angle and beak line pattern were measured using the ImageJ application. Data was analyzed using MANOVA and crosstab in SPSS v.26. This study reported no significant difference in morphometric beak length, width, and depth in lovebirds aged 4, 5, and 6 months. In addition, this study reported differences in morphometry of the beak angle in Lovebirds aged 4, 5, and 6 months. The comparison of the interaction between sex and the line pattern to the eyes of Fischer lovebirds at the age of 4 and 6 months reported insignificant results, and at the age of 5 months, showed significant results. In conclusion, starting at 4 months of age, an alternative method for determining the sex of Fischer lovebirds is the morphometric technique of measuring the beak angle.

Enhancing sustainable livestock support through Kaliwo agroforestry in Southwest Sumba District, Indonesia

WILHELMUS YAPE KII — 2025-01-26

Abstract. Kii WY, Sodiq A, Sumarmono J, Setianto NA, Jelan ZA. 2025. Enhancing sustainable livestock support through Kaliwo agroforestry in Southwest Sumba District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 73-84. The agroforestry system is one of the most popular land management systems related to livestock production. The objectives of this study were to establish the roles of Kaliwo agroforestry and its interconnections with the livestock production system as a source of animal feed, a free-range habitat for poultry such as chickens and ducks, and sources of local materials for the construction of livestock enclosures within the Southwest Sumba District, Indonesia. The research used a qualitative descriptive method involving 420 farmers. We collected data using questionnaires, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), and direct observation in three agro-ecosystem zones: lowland (Loura and Kodi) and highland (Wewewa). The triangulation method validated the data obtained from interviews, observations, and FGDs. We performed the descriptive analysis using both statistical and non-statistical methods. The findings indicated that farmers procured 18 species of forage from Kaliwo as feed for both ruminants (goats, buffaloes, and cattle) and non-ruminants (pigs and horses), particularly during the dry season when forage in pastures was scarce. Furthermore, Kaliwo serves as a free-range environment for poultry and livestock, including pigs and goats in Loura, and it constitutes the main source of materials for the construction of livestock pens. Farmers repurpose residual fodder and manure as organic fertilizer for a variety of crops cultivated in Kaliwo and small farms. Kaliwo is considered one of the key resources in livestock production systems for its long establishment and favourable adaptation to the natural environment. The integration of agroforestry practices with livestock husbandry can serve as a paradigm for sustainable livestock farming by leveraging local ecological wisdom.

The spillover effect of bird functional groups on oil palm smallholdings in Indonesia

DIMAS HARYO PRADANA — 2025-01-18

Abstract. Pradana DH, Patria MP, Yasman, Winarni NL. 2024. The spillover effect of bird functional groups on oil palm smallholdings in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 5055-5062. In Southeast Asia, oil palm plantations are a major cause of deforestation, a situation that demands urgent attention. On the other hand, oil palm is important for the economy of Southeast Asian countries. Thus, there are attempts to develop sustainable palm oil production. The spillover effect of bird functional groups on oil palm smallholdings was studied in Indonesia from 14 September to 14 October 2022 and from 23 September to 20 October 2023. Whether birds at oil palm smallholdings provide insect pest control was also examined. The point count method was used to count birds at the oil palm smallholding, ecotone, and adjacent forest remnant at four oil palm smallholdings in Riau Province and two in Central Kalimantan. A bird exclosure experiment was used to examine whether birds provide insect pest control. The difference in bird abundance of the three habitat types was analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon test as the post-hoc test. Wilcoxon test was also used to analyze the difference in herbivory rate of bird exclosure and control of oil palm leaflet seedlings. Carnivore birds showed lower abundance at the oil palm smallholdings than at the ecotone, indicating a spillover effect process. However, there was no significant difference between the herbivory rate of control and bird exclosure treatment, suggesting insect pest control service provided by birds dispersed to oil palm smallholdings could be more optimal.

Proposal to list the Peruvian tuco-tuco (Ctenomys peruanus, Ctenomyidae, Rodentia) as a critically endangered species

CÉSAR EDGARDO MEDINA — 2025-01-13

Abstract. Medina CE, Medina YK, Bocardo EF. 2024. Proposal to list the Peruvian tuco-tuco (Ctenomys peruanus, Ctenomyidae, Rodentia) as a critically endangered species. Biodiversitas 25: 5005-5011. The Peruvian tuco-tuco, Ctenomys peruanus Sanborn and Pearson 1947, is a subterranean rodent endemic to High Andes of southern Peru. This rodent is historically known by four record localities dating back to the 1950s, and a fifth locality in 2011, all based on specimens housed in natural history museums, is now facing a critical situation. Recent surveys in 17 localities in Arequipa, Moquegua, Tacna, and Puno regions revealed the local extinction of C. peruanus at previously recorded sites while identifying two new localities; however, currently, the species only lives in one locality (Callacami, Puno). This remaining population of fewer than 50 mature individuals is under intense hunting pressure for human consumption and traditional medicinal practices, and it is experiencing a continuous loss of the extension and quality of its habitat due to overgrazing and agricultural expansion. Our research is the first effort to fill a 72-year gap with no field data for C. peruanus. Therefore, we propose to categorize C. peruanus as a Critically Endangered species (CR) according to the criteria established by the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List of Threatened Species. The authorities and academic community are urged to join efforts to curb the aforementioned anthropogenic threats and devise and implement management and conservation plans for C. peruanus in Peru.

Diversity of epilithic diatoms from coral reef ecosystem of Bawean Island, Indonesia

OKTIYAS MUZAKY LUTHFI — 2024-12-15

Abstract. Luthfi OM, Risjani Y, Subramani N, Rybak M, Park J, B?k M, Witkowski A. 2024. Diversity of epilithic diatoms from coral reef ecosystem of Bawean Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 4642-4663. This study investigates the diversity and community structure of epilithic diatoms in the coral reef ecosystems of Bawean Island, Indonesia. A total of 137 taxa from 49 genera were identified from coral rubble habitats across four distinct locations. The Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H') and Dominance Index (C) were used to assess species diversity and dominance, revealing that Station 4 exhibited the highest diversity (H' = 3.88) and lowest dominance (C = 0.03), while Station 2 had the lowest diversity (H' = 2.55) and highest dominance (C = 0.09). Evenness values (E = 0.9) were consistent across all sites, indicating a uniform distribution of species. The findings suggest that coral rubble provides unique microhabitats conducive to diatom diversity, challenging the conventional understanding that habitat diversity correlates positively with species diversity. The study also compares Bawean Island's diatom diversity with other regions, noting its intermediate diversity level, which may be influenced by its geographical position between Kalimantan and Java. The presence of dominant species like Diploneis crabro, Petroneis marina, Halamphora coffeiformis, and Trachyneis aspera underscores the ecological significance of these diatoms in coral reef ecosystems. This research fills a significant gap in our understanding of the marine biodiversity and ecological dynamics of Bawean Island, highlighting the importance of diatoms in maintaining the health and stability of coral reef ecosystems and its potential implications for future research and conservation efforts.

Short Communication: First report on the occurrence of microplastic contamination in mariculture Eucheuma cottonii from Lancang Island, Kepulauan Seribu National Park, Jakarta, Indonesia

MBARA CHAM — 2024-11-16

Abstract. Cham M, Yasman Y. 2024. Short Communication: First report on the occurrence of microplastic contamination in mariculture Eucheuma cottonii from Lancang Island, Kepulauan Seribu National Park, Jakarta, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 3995-3999. Microplastics (MPs) contamination in marine environments significantly threatens marine ecosystems and human health. This study presents the first recorded occurrence of MP contamination in the macroalga Eucheuma cottonii Weber Bosse, 1913, specifically in samples collected from Lancang Island, Kepulauan Seribu National Park, Jakarta, Indonesia. Fibrous blue MPs, measuring approximately 400 µm, were identified in two samples, each weighing 15 g (wet weight). This finding aligns with previous studies reporting fibrous MPs as the global contaminants in macroalgal populations. Despite the similarity, our findings contrast with those from nearby regions, where fragment MPs were observed as the most abundant form. The interaction between MPs and macroalgae is influenced by factors such as surface texture, chemical composition, and the presence of mucilage. Additionally, MPs have been shown to impact macroalgal health, reducing growth rates and photosynthetic efficiency and increasing oxidative stress, highlighting the need for further research. Considering E. cottonii as an edible macroalga and a critical habitat provider in marine ecosystems, regular monitoring of MPs contamination is essential. This research contributes to a broader investigation of MP contamination, growth patterns, and secondary metabolite production in macroalgae under different cultivation techniques, underscoring the importance of sustainable practices in marine resource management.

Diversity and threats to trees and shrubs in the courtyards of the blessed Al-Aqsa Mosque in the city of Al-Quds (Jerusalem), Palestine

ABDEL FATTAH N. ABD RABOU — 2024-11-30

Abstract. Abd Rabou AFN, El-Kichaoui AY, Radwan ES, Al-Balawi EJ, Abbas AA, Elkahlout KE, Al-Hali DI, Abd Rabou MA, Abd Rabou AA, Jadallah RI, Hussein KA, Abou Auda M, Hammad AAQI, Abd Rabou IA, Abd Rabou OA, Abd Rabou NF, Shafei AA, Fayyad NA, Dardona AW, Dardona ZW, Madkour FA, Madkour HA, Khalaf NA, Al-Agha MR. 2024. Diversity and threats to trees and shrubs in the courtyards of the blessed Al-Aqsa Mosque in the city of Al-Quds (Jerusalem), Palestine. Biodiversitas 25: 4462-4478. The blessed Al-Aqsa Mosque in the city of Al-Quds (Jerusalem), Palestine, which extends over an area of 144,000 square meters, is of great importance to Palestinians, Arabs, and Muslims. Despite the many studies that have addressed the various features of the blessed Al-Aqsa Mosque, the vegetation cover has been rarely written about. This current descriptive study aims to enumerate the trees and shrubs that adorn the courtyards of the blessed Al-Aqsa Mosque. The study relied on continuous visits, observations, and discussions since 2020. A direct inventory of the trees and shrubs was conducted in terms of species and numbers, and they were classified according to the available guidebooks. Photographs were taken for documentation and verification purposes. The number of trees and shrubs in the courtyards of the blessed Al-Aqsa Mosque amounted to 1,042 trees and shrubs. The recorded trees and shrubs consisted of 30 species belonging to 20 families and 14 orders. Gymnosperms included 4 species (13.3%), while angiosperms included 26 species (86.7%). The European Olive (Olea europea L.) was the most widespread species with 550 individuals (52.78%), followed by the Evergreen Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.) with 274 individuals (26.29%), and the Aleppo or Jerusalem Pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) with 85 individuals (8.16%). The number of recorded tree species amounted to 20 species (66.7%), while the number of shrub species amounted to 10 species (33.3%). Exotic trees or shrubs constituted 21 species (70.0%), while the rest (30.0%) were native. Threats to the trees and shrubs of Al-Aqsa Mosque included Israeli excavations under Al-Aqsa Mosque and its courtyards, Israel's use of some toxic and chemical materials to break up the soil and facilitate excavations, cutting down trees and shrubs for Israeli security purposes, burning trees and shrubs due to Israeli military actions, Israel's prevention of replanting or planting trees and shrubs, severe storms and strong winds, and diseases. If conditions permit, it is recommended to plant woody plant species that are compatible with the prevailing environmental and ecological conditions in Palestine, which add splendor to the courtyards of this great historical Islamic place in Palestine.

Traditional treatments for treating lengkauk disease employed by the community in the Segedong Sub-district, Mempawah District, West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia

RUQIAH GANDA PUTRI PANJAITAN — 2025-01-21

Abstract. Panjaitan RGP, Rahmadani D, Fajri H, Akbarini D, Caiping Z. 2025. Traditional treatments for treating lengkauk disease employed by the community in the Segedong Sub-district, Mempawah District, West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 94-101. Lengkauk is an illness that affects children, resulting in symptoms such as weight loss, abdominal bloating, frequent fever, irritability, lethargy and weakness. Other characteristics include pale palms, soles and face, stunted growth and decreased appetite. The use of plants as traditional medicine for treating lengkauk in children in the Segedong Sub-district, Mempawah, West Kalimantan, Indonesia is still practiced by the local community, although this knowledge is primarily held by certain elderly individuals, such as local shamans and midwives. This study aimed to identify the types of plants used, the parts of the plants employed, the preparation methods and the treatment practices for managing lengkauk. A qualitative research methodology was utilized with data collection conducted through triangulation techniques including interviews, observations and documentation. The research identified six types of plants used to treat lengkauk (i) bawang merah (Allium cepa); (ii) jengkol (Archidendron jiringa); (iii) kelapa hijau (Cocos nucifera); (iv) lempuyang (Zingiber zerumbet); (v) moje (Barleria cristata); and (vi) sirih hijau). The parts of the plants used include leaves, bulbs, fruits and rhizomes. These six plants belong to different families: Acanthaceae (B. cristata), Amaryllidaceae (A. cepa), Arecaceae (C. nucifera), Fabaceae (A. jiringa), Piperaceae (P. betle) and Zingiberaceae (Z. zerumbet).

Diversity of traditional vegetables and spices as local food security for the Gayo Tribe, Aceh, Indonesia

CUT NELLY — 2024-12-16

Abstract. Nelly C, Fitriyana L, Santi TD, Saudah. 2024. Diversity of traditional vegetables and spices as local food security for the Gayo Tribe, Aceh, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 4699-4711. Food is a fundamental necessity that is essential for human sustenance. The variety of traditional vegetables and spices, harvested from forests, fields, or home gardens, is critical to local food security. This study aimed to investigate the variety and utilization of local vegetables and spices by the Gayo community in Pining Sub-district, Gayo Lues District, Aceh, Indonesia and their contribution to sustainable food security. A field survey and semi-structured interviews five villages identified 75 taxa of vegetables and spices from 36 families with Zingiberaceae being the most dominant. The findings show women, who made up 68.0% of respondents, are key knowledge holders, passing down traditional plant knowledge through daily practices. Species such as Cocos nucifera L. and Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm. showed the highest use value and frequency, underscoring their cultural and nutritional significance. However, the Gayo community faces threats, including land-use changes and the loss of traditional knowledge among the younger generation, jeopardizing plant conservation and sustainable food systems. Strategies such as sustainable agroforestry, local seed banks, and restoring traditional knowledge are essential to preserve biodiversity and ensure local food security. This research highlights the importance of preserving the diversity of traditional vegetables and spices as key elements of food security and cultural heritage.

Antibacterial activity of phyllospheric bacteria isolated from Rhizophora mucronata against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis

DEBIE RIZQOH — 2025-01-30

Abstract. Rizqoh D, Yolanda SD, Nuhraheni E, Sipriyadi, Ulyandari M, Wibowo RH, Oktoviani, Djatmiko EM, Putri AA. 2025. Antibacterial activity of phyllospheric bacteria isolated from Rhizophora mucronata against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Biodiversitas 26: 199-210. The treatment of bacterial infection often involves the administration of antibiotics. However, the increasing use of antibiotics has led to bacterial resistance. The black mangrove Rhizophora mucronata is a vital biological resource containing bioactive compounds with potential antibacterial properties. The objective of this study was to investigate the antibacterial potential of phyllospheric bacteria from R. mucronata leaves against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. The study was carried out using descriptive experimental research. In the initial stage, phylospheric bacteria were isolated from the leaves of R. mucronata using serial dilution method. The results showed that a total of 641 colonies were isolated from R. mucronata. Out of them, 53 dominant phyllospheric bacterial isolates were identified, which exhibit regular round shape with smooth edges colonies, flat elevation, moist texture and produce yellow color pigment. Gram staining revealed 42 Gram-positive and 11 Gram-negative bacterial isolates. The antibacterial activity test showed that 10 isolates had the ability to inhibit the growth of E. coli, 6 isolates inhibited the growth of B. subtilis and 3 isolates inhibited both bactera. Among 19 isolates, three isolates, namely BF1, BF4, and BF17 showed the best antimicrobial activity. The result of phytochemical tests revealed that all the crude extracts contained alkaloid, tannins, and saponins. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed potential metabolites, such as: [3,4-D]pyrimidine-5,7-dione, cyclo (L-Pro-L-Val), maculosin, 2,3,4-Trihydroxybenzaldehyde (TBA), phenethyl alcohol (PEA) tryptophol, benzene ethanol and benzeneacetic acid. The present study concluded that phyllospheric bacteria produce several active compounds that can inhibit bacterial growth.

Diversity of bioactive compounds from Parmotrema xanthinum as antimicrobial potential through in-vitro and in-silico assessment

OKY KUSUMA ATNI — 2024-12-02

Abstract. Atni OK, Munir E, Pasaribu N. 2024. Diversity of bioactive compounds from Parmotrema xanthinum as antimicrobial potential through in-vitro and in-silico assessment. Biodiversitas 25: 4438-4449. Lichens, integral to ecosystem diversity, are known for producing bioactive secondary metabolites with significant pharmacological applications, particularly in antimicrobial therapies. This study evaluates the antimicrobial potential of Parmotrema xanthinum through in vitro and in silico approaches, emphasizing its role in biodiversity and drug discovery. Methanol extracts of P. xanthinum were tested against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as pathogenic yeast, using the disc diffusion method. The extracts exhibited notable antimicrobial activity, particularly against Escherichia coli (18.6 ± 0.44 mm) and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (15.8 ± 0.25 mm). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified 29 bioactive compounds, evaluated for drug-likeness using Lipinski's rule of five and biological activity predictions. Molecular docking studies with penicillin-binding protein 3 (PBP3) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PDB ID: 6I1E) revealed strong binding affinities. Notably, benzenepropanoic acid, ?-(2,5-dioxopyrrolo)-, exhibited a binding energy of -5.9 kcal/mol, while 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanoic acid, phenyl ester, showed -5.2 kcal/mol. These findings highlight P. xanthinum as a valuable source of bioactive compounds with potential for combating bacterial resistance. Further investigations into its bioactive mechanisms, pharmacodynamics, and safety profiles are recommended to advance its development as a viable candidate for antimicrobial drug discovery.

Ethnopharmacological study of medicinal plants used on usadha rare remedies in Bali Province, Indonesia

I GEDE WIDHIANTARA — 2024-12-16

Abstract. Widhiantara IG, Putra IMWA, Lestari NKD, Wiradana PA, Permatasari AAAP, Sari NKY, Windarista NPL, Elizabeth G, Sucipto TH. 2024. Ethnopharmacological study of medicinal plants used on usadha rare remedies in Bali Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 4723-4736. Lontar usadha rare is an inventory of ancient manuscripts on traditional Balinese medicine, with a focus on the system of treating disorders in children. This manuscript presents various information about various types of medicinal plants, formulation methods, and application by the Balinese people for hundreds of years. However, most of the knowledge contained in the lontar is only known to traditional medical practitioners and includes behaviors that are typical of the usage of medicinal plants. This study aimed to examine and document the diversity of medicinal plants used in usadha rare in Bali Province, Indonesia. Data were collected through direct interviews conducted with traditional medical practitioners selected using a purposive sampling method. This study was conducted from May to September 2024, and data that was successfully collected included the type of plant, regional name, Latin name, parts used, method of application, and diseases treated. Data collected were analyzed subjectively and quantitatively using diagrams, graphs, and tables, and then the Use Value (UV) was used to assess the results. The results showed that there were 65 types of medicinal plants from 34 families successfully identified in usadha rare treatment. Plant families most frequently used by traditional medical practitioners include Zingiberaceae (12.31%), Asteraceae (7.69%), as well as Apiaceae, Apocynaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Menispermaceae, Piperaceae, and Rubiaceae, each with 4.62%. In most cases, leaves were more widely used, followed by fruits, bark, rhizomes, and flowers. Boiling and pounding were the basic methods in making preparations from medicinal plants, while topical external use was the most common way of administering medicine to infants and children. Medicinal plants were often used to treat fever, diarrhea, bloating, and body warming, relieve coughs and toothaches, and heal wounds in children.

Molecular identification of rhizospheric Actinomycetes from karst ecosystems of Gorontalo, Indonesia, and its seed germination induction capability of Zea mays var. doti

YULIANA RETNOWATI — 2024-12-16

Abstract. Retnowati Y, Katili AS, Kandowangko NY, Pembengo W. 2024. Molecular identification of rhizospheric Actinomycetes from karst ecosystems of Gorontalo, Indonesia, and its seed germination induction capability of Zea mays var. doti. Biodiversitas 25: 4763-4771. Karst, as an extreme ecosystem, was a source of diverse Actinomycetes with varied biological activities. This study explored the plant-growth-promoting potential of rhizospheric Actinomycetes from the karst ecosystem of Gorontalo, with a focus on inducing seed germination in Zea mays var. doti. Four locations in Gorontalo were selected to explore Actinomycetes, targeting approximately 20 different rhizospheric plant species to isolate these microorganisms. Among the 25 isolates obtained, representing diverse morphological types from 12 rhizospheric plants, eight actinomycete isolates exhibited phosphate-solubilizing activity and produced indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that approximately 75% of the isolates belonged to the Streptomyces genus, including Streptomyces cavourensis strain KRZm-02, Streptomyces sp. strain KRZm-03, Streptomyces pratensis strain KRLl-01, Streptomyces carpaticus strain KRIt-01, Streptomyces sp. strain KRIt-02, and Streptomyces aquilus strain KRPa-01. Additionally, 12.5% of the isolates were identified as Nocardiopsis alba strain KRZm-01 and Micromonospora sp. strain KRPt-01, respectively. The two isolates with the highest plant-growth-promoting potential, Streptomyces pratensis strain KRLl-01 and Streptomyces carpaticus strain KRIt-01, were further tested for their ability to promote germination of Zea mays var. doti seeds over 7 days. Among the two, Streptomyces carpaticus strain KRIt-01 exhibited the highest germination-inducing potential. Overall, the karst ecosystem of Gorontalo offers a valuable reservoir of biological resources with the potential for Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR). Further studies on the application of these actinomycete isolates as biofertilizers in agricultural and plantation crops could significantly contribute to improving crop growth and productivity, thereby revolutionizing agricultural practices.

Environmental determinants of reef fish community structure in Sempu Strait, East Java, Indonesia

ANDIK ISDIANTO — 2024-12-19

Abstract. Isdianto A, Gibran K, Yamindago A, Sari SHJ, Yanuar AT, Setyoningrum D, Setyanto A, Hidayah LN, Marsela K, Haykal MF, Fathah AL, Putri BM, Supriyadi, Luthfi OM, Pratiwi DC. 2024. Environmental determinants of reef fish community structure in Sempu Strait, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 4781-4789. The Rumah Apung located in Sempu Strait, Malang District, East Java, Indonesia, is home to diverse coral reef ecosystems that provide vital ecological services and support local livelihoods. However, these ecosystems face significant threats from both natural environmental changes and anthropogenic activities. Understanding how environmental factors influence reef fish communities is critical to inform effective conservation strategies. This study investigated the influence of environmental factors on the community structure of coral reef fish in the Sempu Strait waters, East Java, using Underwater Visual Census (UVC) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Conducted from August 2023 to May 2024 at the Sempu Strait Floating House Station, this study aimed to assess the impact of water quality, substrate type, and food availability on the diversity and abundance of coral reef fish. The main results revealed a significant correlation between the community structure of coral reef fish and environmental variables such as water clarity, salinity (r = 0.65, p<0.01), pH (r = 0.55, p<0.05), dissolved oxygen (r = 0.70, p<0.01), and sediment type. Seasonal variations significantly affected water quality, with cold nutrient-rich water during the east monsoon increasing fish biomass by about 30%. Human activities, especially recreational diving and fishing activities, were correlated with a 20% decline in coral reef fish populations, highlighting the anthropogenic pressure on this ecosystem. PCA provides insight into the complex interdependencies within coral reef ecosystems, illustrating how multiple environmental factors combine to influence reef fish dynamics. The study concludes that effective management and conservation strategies, such as establishing marine protected areas, implementing community-based monitoring programs, and promoting sustainable tourism practices, are essential, supported by regular environmental monitoring, are essential to maintain the biodiversity and ecological integrity of coral reefs in the Sempu Strait. These strategies should address both natural environmental changes and anthropogenic impacts to mitigate their adverse effects on coral reef ecosystem conditions.

Pyocyanin derived from the marine sponge-associated bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa P1.S9, has the potential as antibacterial

DOVA KELVIN MESRIAN — 2024-11-30

Abstract. Mesrian DK, Astuti RI, Prastya ME, Wahyudi AT. 2024. Pyocyanin derived from the marine sponge-associated bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa P1.S9, has the potential as antibacterial. Biodiversitas 25: 4139-4147. Sponge-associated bacteria are a prolific source of secondary metabolites. Among them, pyocyanin-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a subject of great interest. Pyocyanin is a blue-green pigment known for its enormous biological activity, one of the most notable being antimicrobial. Therefore, this study was performed to optimize the production, to characterize the chemical structure, and to test the antimicrobial activity of pyocyanin. As the sole isolate used, Pseudomonas aeruginosa P1.S9 provided a fundamental premise for pyocyanin synthesis by revealing the presence of phzM and phzS genes. The proteins generated from these genes were highly compatible with two enzymes involved in the pyocyanin production pathway. During the optimization, the maximum level of pyocyanin produced was 29.057±0.691 µg mL^-1. The concentration was obtained using a modified King's A medium incubated at 27°C within four days. To assess its purity, the chemical structure of pyocyanin was confirmed by several spectroscopic techniques including UV-Visible (UV-Vis), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (¹HNMR). All test results closely resemble purified pyocyanin compared to several prior studies. In terms of antimicrobial activity, pyocyanin was effective against ATCC strains of Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. Its strongest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 62.5 µg mL^-1 against Bacillus subtilis. Subsequently, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a major mechanism of pyocyanin antibacterial activity has also been verified. The bacterial pathogens cells treated with pyocyanin displayed a brighter luminescence compared to the control without pyocyanin after the addition of 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H₂DCF-DA). Ultimately, the present work comprehensively characterized pyocyanin's promising producer and antibacterial properties.

New record and potential spatial distribution of Curcuma sumatrana (Zingiberaceae): An endemic wild turmeric in Sumatra, Indonesia

FARADILA SYAFIRA — 2024-11-30

Abstract. Syafira F, Nurainas, Syamsuardi. 2024. New record and potential spatial distribution of Curcuma sumatrana (Zingiberaceae): An endemic wild turmeric in Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 4127-4138. Curcuma sumatrana Miq. is a Sumatran turmeric species with medicinal potential. However, it remains underutilized and is classified as vulnerable by the IUCN. Its vulnerability is aggravated by limited knowledge of its distribution, a need for more data on habitat preferences, and habitat degradation. Field observations revealed significant morphological variations among populations, likely influenced by environmental factors. This study assessed the morphology, microhabitat preferences, and spatial distribution of C. sumatrana in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Surveys and laboratory observations highlighted morphological traits, such as leaf and ligule length and width, significantly contribute to these observed variations. Notably, the leaf shape differed between open and shaded areas, being narrowly elliptic in open areas and broadly elliptic in shaded areas. Populations in Koto Malintang and Lubuk Minturun showed distinct differences, separated by six morphological traits. The C. sumatrana prefers habitats with fertile soils, moderate plant diversity, and open land cover, often coexisting with species like Dendrocnide stimulans (L.fil.) Chew, Macaranga tanarius (L.) Müll.Arg., and Diplazium sp. Maximum Entropy modeling (AUC 0.944) predicted a highly suitable habitat of 918 hectares in the western Bukit Barisan range. The model suggests distribution is influenced by soil type and precipitation patterns during the seasonal, warmest, and coldest quarters, as well as land cover. New records from West Sumatra extend the species' known range, reaffirming its vulnerable status with a potential risk of becoming endangered.

Identification and production of indole-3-acetic acid by bacteria isolated from eco-enzymes

V. IRENE MEITINIARTI — 2025-01-26

Abstract. Meitiniarti VI, Kasmiyati S, Nugroho RA, Krave AS. 2025. Identification and production of indole-3-acetic acid by bacteria isolated from eco-enzymes. Biodiversitas 26: 111-117. Phytohormone-producing microorganisms are an essential component of biofertilizers. One example of a phytohormone is Indole Acetic Acid (IAA). IAA-producing microorganisms can be originated from various habitats. In this study, IAA-producing bacteria will be isolated from eco-enzyme, a liquid-fermented organic material rich in benefits and contains numerous microorganisms and IAA. The research involves processes of isolation, detection of cell and IAA production, and molecular identification. Through the processes of isolation and purification, 14 bacterial isolates were obtained. After testing their ability to produce IAA using a medium containing L-tryptophan and Salkowski's reagent, only 11 isolates were found to produce IAA. The DNA of these 11 isolates was isolated, amplified, sequenced, and identified through molecular analysis. The nucleotide sequences of these 11 bacterial isolates have been registered in the gene bank and assigned accession numbers PQ095569 to PQ095579. Based on alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis, the 11 isolates were grouped into three categories: the Bacillus group, consisting of Bacillus altitudinis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Priestia megaterium, and Paenibacillus sp.; lactic acid bacteria, including Lacticaseibacillus paracasei and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum; and vibrio-shaped bacteria, including Vibrio sp. and Vibrio diazotrophicus. The Bacillus group (including Paenibacillus megaterium) could produce high levels of IAA. However, among the members of this group, P. megaterium exhibited the highest cell production capability and IAA production, with values of 2982.208 mg·L?¹ and 35.49 mg·L?¹, respectively. This high growth ability and IAA production make P. megaterium a promising candidate as an inoculum for use as a PGPR (Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacterium).

Impacts of climate change on forest restoration dynamics in the lower montane forest of Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Northern Thailand

SATHID THINKAMPHEANG — 2024-12-25

Abstract. Thinkampheang S, Nakashizuka T, Suksavate W, Kachina P, Hermhuk S, Asanok L, Phumphuang W, Chouibumroong B, Wu J, Kurokawa H, Marod D. 2024. Impacts of climate change on forest restoration dynamics in the lower montane forest of Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Northern Thailand. Biodiversitas 25: 4829-4845. Lower montane forest ecosystems are rich in biodiversity but prone to anthropogenic and natural disturbances. Forest restoration aims to emulate natural succession, particularly concerning tree species composition. In this study, we investigated the effects of different forest restoration practices on tree regeneration and the impact of climate change on forest dynamics following restoration in a natural lower montane forest. Three forest dynamics plots (100 m × 100 m) were established in the forest, and two artificial forest restoration approaches were simulated based on mono-species and multi-species plantations, respectively. All trees with a diameter at breast height > 2 cm were tagged, measured, identified, and monitored every 2 years from 2011 to 2021. Forest dynamics, including mortality and recruitment rates, were analyzed in relation to climate change. The results show that recovery varied among restoration practices. The mono-species plantation had the highest species diversity (114 species), followed by the natural forest and multi-species plantation. The mean mortality rate was higher than the net mean recruitment rate in mono-species and multi-species plantations, with significant variation in forest dynamics across species and periods. These fluctuations were closely linked to environmental changes, particularly droughts related to El Niño. Environmental factors exert a substantial influence on forest structure and species composition. In particular, the interplay between forest dynamics and ecological changes underscores the susceptibility of certain species to drought. Our findings imply that multi-species planting, with its potential to mirror the natural climax state of a forest closely, is a highly effective forest restoration strategy that can inspire and motivate further research and action in this field.

Screening of Lactobacillus from Noi chicken gut as potential probiotics against poultry pathogens

NGUYEN PHUONG THUY — 2024-11-11

Abstract. Thuy NP, Trai NN. 2024. Screening of Lactobacillus from Noi chicken gut as potential probiotics against poultry pathogens. Biodiversitas 25: 3943-3952. This research investigated the potential of Lactobacillus strains isolated from Noi chickens as probiotics for poultry health. We focused on their ability to combat major poultry pathogens: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella sp. Thirty-two distinct Lactobacillus strains were successfully cultured from the digestive tracts of Noi chickens. Colony and cell morphology were diverse, confirming the presence of various Lactobacillus species. Biochemical tests further validated their identification. Antibacterial activity screening revealed two strains, LN11 and LN19, capable of inhibiting all three target pathogens. Thirteen isolates, LN5, LN7, LN8, LN9, LN10, LN11, LN12, LN13, LN14, LN16, LN17, LN18, LN19, LN21, LN26 displayed resistance to all four tested antibiotics: chloramphenicol, erythromycin, ampicillin, and ciprofloxacin. Key probiotic traits were assessed. Nine strains showed excellent acid tolerance, crucial for surviving the stomach's harsh environment. Ten strains demonstrated high tolerance to bile salts, essential for thriving in the intestine. LN19 exhibited particularly strong activity, highlighting its potential for probiotic development. Molecular identification using 16S rRNA gene sequencing confirmed the promising isolate LN19 as Lactobacillus farciminis LN19. This study provides valuable insights into the probiotic potential of Lactobacillus strains from Noi chickens. The identification of L. farciminis LN19 with strong antibacterial activity and robust probiotic characteristics suggests its promise for enhancing poultry health and combating infectious diseases.

Physicochemical and microbiological properties of fermented milk using lactic acid bacteria isolated from dangke

SETIAWAN PUTRA SYAH — 2024-11-11

Abstract. Syah SP, Mukhlisah AN, Ningtiyas WD, Irfan M, Ananda N, Amalia A, Tasmin. 2024. Physicochemical and microbiological properties of fermented milk using lactic acid bacteria isolated from dangke. Biodiversitas 25: 3876-3883. This study aimed to investigate the effect of milk and starter culture type (commercial and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from dangke). Two strains of LAB (Lactobacillus fermentum A323L and B111K) and commercial culture were tested for physicochemical and microbiological properties in milk fermentation. The results showed that the type of culture had a significant effect (p<0.05) on pH, titratable acidity, WHC, syneresis, viscosity, and total number of LAB, while the type of milk had a significant effect (p<0.05) on almost all variables, except for protein content and L* (lightness) of fermented milk. Two strains of LAB isolate from dangke produce pH values, titratable acidity, and viscosity that were relatively good compared to commercial cultures and even tended to be better, specifically in terms of the total number of LAB from fermented milk produced. Skimmed milk produced the best-fermented milk in terms of composition, color, pH value, acidity, and viscosity, but was not very good as a medium for LAB growth due to the low number of microbes compared to the other two types, specifically UHT (Ultra High Temperature) low-fat. However, the number of LAB in skimmed milk met the quality standards for fermented milk products. In conclusion, both strains of LAB isolated from dangke could be used as starter cultures in the manufacture of fermented milk with good physicochemical and microbiological properties.

Characterizing the chemical composition and variations of several medicinal plant leaves using 1H NMR Spectroscopy

HANAN ALMAHASHEER — 2025-01-18

Abstract. Almahasheer H. 2024. Characterizing the chemical composition and variations of several medicinal plant leaves using ¹H NMR Spectroscopy. Biodiversitas 25: 4971-4977. This study utilizes ¹H NMR spectroscopy to characterize the chemical composition of nine medicinal plant leaves, focusing on spectral intensity differences across four distinct regions based on organic functional groups. The analysis revealed that the carbohydrate region (50-110 ppm) had the highest spectral intensity at 0.655374, indicating a predominant presence of cellulose. The aliphatic region (0-50 ppm) displayed an intensity of 0.222092, while the aromatic region (110-150 ppm) was lower at 0.047311. The carboxyl region (150-200 ppm) exhibited an intensity of 0.075224, reflecting lower concentrations of carboxyl compounds. Significant variations in chemical group ratios were observed among the samples. Circaea lutetiana exhibited the highest carbohydrate ratio (0.82), while Peganum harmala showed the lowest (0.48). Aromatic ratios were notably higher in P. harmala and Crataegus sp. (0.10) compared to Cassia senna and Ficus carica (0.01). Additionally, P. harmala had the highest aliphatic ratio (0.35), while C. senna exhibited the highest carboxyl ratio (0.12). The robust application of NMR spectroscopy enhances our understanding of phytochemical diversity. It highlights the diverse chemical profiles and potential functional adaptations of the studied plants, suggesting significant implications for their medicinal applications. This research aligns with Saudi Vision 2030, a vision that we, as a scientific community, seek to boost the agricultural sector’s role in the economy while encouraging sustainable practices and biodiversity conservation. By elucidating the molecular characteristics of these plants, we provide critical insights into their ecological roles and responses to environmental changes. Ultimately, this study advances sustainable resource management and fosters innovative applications in healthcare, nutrition, and the preservation of plant biodiversity in Saudi Arabia.

Sunda pangolin (Manis javanica) responses to human impact in Sabah, Malaysia

JULIUS KODOH — 2024-11-30

Abstract. Kodoh J, Adros C, Shairi NA, Besar NA, Abdullah MT, Sompud J. 2024. Sunda pangolin responses to human impact in Sabah, Malaysia. Biodiversitas 25: 4233-4243. The Sunda pangolin (Manis javanica Desmarest, 1822), categorized as Critically Endangered, faces significant challenges due to human-driven threats, including poaching, habitat destruction, and illegal trade. The comprehensive impact of these factors remains underexplored, especially in specific locales such as the Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) campus, Malaysia. This study, conducted from June to December 2023 within the Sustainable Forest Education Research Area (SFERA@UMS), evaluated the species' response to human disturbance through camera trap surveys. The investigation focused on how proximity to human settlements and noise pollution influence the distribution and behavior of M. javanica. Results from 1,647 camera-trap nights revealed that M. javanica demonstrated a preference for areas with reduced anthropogenic interference, shown by a weak yet significant positive correlation between greater distance from human settlements and pangolin presence (rs = 0.071**, p<0.001). Additionally, mean noise levels negatively impacted visitation frequency (rs = -0.075**, p<0.001), suggesting that noise pollution disrupts natural behaviors critical for survival, such as foraging. These results align with findings that wildlife, particularly species with secretive and nocturnal habits, tend to avoid regions with substantial human activity. The uneven spatial distribution of pangolins underscores the need for conservation initiatives that mitigate the adverse effects of human encroachment and noise pollution. Recommended actions include establishing buffer zones around critical habitats, enhancing public awareness, and employing technology for continuous monitoring. Integrating conservation strategies that address habitat quality, community involvement, and technological advancements is crucial for protecting M. javanica and supporting broader biodiversity efforts. These findings contribute to understanding the localized impacts of human activities on endangered species and highlight the importance of comprehensive, multi-faceted approaches for their conservation and habitat management.

Diversity, bioactivity, and phytochemistry of endophytic fungi in various organs of nipa palm (Nypa fruticans) mangrove

SAKINAH SALMAN AHMAD NASUTION — 2024-11-11

Abstract. Nasution SSA, Elfita, Widjajanti H, Ferlinahayati. 2024. Diversity, bioactivity, and phytochemistry of endophytic fungi in various organs of nipa palm (Nypa fruticans) mangrove. Biodiversitas 25: 3928-3942. Nipa palm (Nypa fruticans Wurmb), a traditional medicinal mangrove species, grows along the coastal areas of South Sumatra. This study explores the diversity of endophytic fungi isolated from the stem, frond, and mesocarp of N. fruticans. A total of eighteen fungal isolates were identified and tested for antioxidant and antibacterial activities using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and the disk diffusion method. Phytochemical profiles of these isolates were analyzed through thin layer chromatography (TLC) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Among the isolates, Aspergillus niger (NfBa5, NfP7, and NfBu4), present in all organs, showed consistent antioxidant and antibacterial activities with similar major compounds across these isolates. Other endophytic fungi demonstrated significantly higher antioxidant and antibacterial activities compared to the host plant, highlighting their potential as promising sources of bioactive compounds. Despite some shared compound patterns, the fungal profiles differed from those of N. fruticans, underscoring the unique bioactive potential of endophytes. This study emphasizes the diversity of endophytic fungi in N. fruticans and reveals significant differences in their biological activities and phytochemical profiles compared to the host. These findings provide foundational insights for developing medicinal compounds from N. fruticans endophytic fungi for future pharmaceutical applications.

Effectiveness of micro-nanobubble aeration and phytoremediation in treating filtered palm oil mill effluent on bacteria diversity and water properties

RIA KARNO — 2024-12-01

Abstract. Karno R, Arisoesilaningsih E, Mustafa I, Siswanto D. 2024. Effectiveness of micro-nanobubble aeration and phytoremediation in treating filtered palm oil mill effluent on bacteria diversity and water properties. Biodiversitas 25: 4340-4349. Palm oil waste treatment has gained much significance in recent years, as the palm oil industry has been on the rise. In addition, the biological removal of open treatment ponds and the subsequent activity of microorganisms, mainly bacteria, have been given special consideration. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of phytoremediation (Phyt) and micro-nanobubble (MnB) aeration technologies on the improvement of physicochemical properties of filtered palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE). The effect of the technologies on bacteria density and composition using a laboratory-scale reactor with 24-hour incubation was also explored. Metagenomic analysis using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) and traditional methods, such as Total Plate Count (TPC) was used to evaluate bacteria density and composition. Physicochemical analyses were then conducted using an Indonesian standard method (SNI). The results showed that the MnB+Phyt reactor was more effective in reducing waste pollutants and meeting waste standards than control, MnB, or Phyt reactors after 24 hours. In addition, TPC counts showed that the highest bacteria density occurred at the 6-hour mark in the MnB+Phyt, Phyt, or MnB reactors compared to the control. Despite variations in bacteria composition among reactors, the dominant phylum and family were Pseudomonadota, Comamonadaceae, Zoogloeaceae, and Alcaligenaceae. The results also showed that MnB treatment significantly increased alpha diversity and altered genera composition. In conclusion, MnB aeration and phytoremediation technologies effectively reduced filtered POMSE pollutants with a removal percentage ranging from 28.37% to 56.69% under 24-hour treatment.

Evaluation of growth and yield potential of three varieties of chili pepper (Capsicum frutescens) intercropped with maize (Zea mays) at different planting times

I MADE SATRIA DWI ARTA — 2024-11-16

Abstract. Arta IMSD, Chozin MA, Ritonga AW. 2024. Evaluation of growth and yield potential of three varieties of chili pepper (Capsicum frutescens) intercropped with maize (Zea mays) at different planting times. Biodiversitas 25: 3985-3994. Chili pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) is a horticultural crop with high economic value. Land-use change had led to a decrease in the potential chili pepper cultivation area. One way to overcome this problem is to use intercropping, for example by planting chili peppers with maize. The purpose of this study was to determine suitable planting times and varieties for intercropping. This research was conducted with a nested design with two treatment factors. The first factor, cropping treatment, had four levels: control (chili pepper monoculture) and chili peppers planted (intercropped) at 0, 4, and 6 weeks after maize planting (MSJ). The second factor was chili variety: Bonita, Shadiva and Lobita. The sowing, soil preparation, planting, maintenance, and harvesting methods were the same for each treatment. The results of this study indicate that the 0 MSJ cropping treatment significantly increases plant height, particularly for the Shadiva variety. The Bonita variety was most productive in the 4 MSJ cropping treatment. In contrast, the control exhibited a higher incidence of geminivirus (Geminiviridae) at the same planting time. The optimal selection of planting time, in conjunction with the most suitable varieties, can enhance productivity and suppress the spread of plant diseases.

Rapid assessment of a thrips outbreak on shallots in Brebes and Tegal, Central Java Province, Indonesia

SHANIA ANANDA — 2025-01-21

Abstract. Ananda S, Triwidodo H, Anwar R, Sartiami D. 2024. Rapid assessment of a thrips outbreak on shallots in Brebes and Tegal, Central Java Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 5024-5030. One of the high-economic-value crops extensively cultivated by farmers in Indonesia is shallots. The cultivation of shallots often faces problems from plant pests and diseases, which can decrease productivity. One of the pests infesting shallots is thrips. In September 2023, a thrips outbreak was reported in shallot fields in Brebes and Tegal Districts, Central Java Province, Indonesia, causing significant losses for farmers, with severe infestations leading to crop failure. Typically, the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is the primary pest causing significant losses in shallot commodities in Brebes and Tegal. Prior to 2023, thrips were considered secondary pests and rarely caused severe damage. This research aims to investigate the history of thrips infestations based on interviews with 40 farmers, determine the pest population level using pest counts, and identify thrips to species. The research findings indicate that while farmers' knowledge about thrips still needs to improve, there is a significant potential for enhanced thrips management. The farmers’ knowledge, perspective, and actions significantly affect the thrips population in the fields. Farmers in Tegal exhibited more thorough knowledge of thrips management than those in Brebes, where thrips populations were higher. Climatic factors, such as increased temperatures and decreased rainfall, contributed to the rise in the thrips population. Farmers' adaptation strategies to cope with thrips outbreaks include increasing the frequency and dosage of pesticide spraying, early harvesting, and abandoning infested fields, which results in crop failure. The thrips species causing shallot damage in Brebes and Tegal was Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae).

Unveiling the occurrence of vulnerable Sisorid catfish (Teleostei: Sisoridae) in Bangka based on morphological and molecular evidence

FITRI S. VALEN — 2024-12-05

Abstract. Valen FS, Mamat NB, South J, Ottoni FP, Vieira LO, Kamarudin AS, Afandi AY, Hasan V. 2024. Unveiling the occurrence of vulnerable Sisorid catfish (Teleostei: Sisoridae) in Bangka based on morphological and molecular evidence. Biodiversitas 25: 4543-4550. Glyptothorax robustus Boeseman 1966 is a vulnerable catfish species that is known to be distributed across Java and Sumatra. The objective of this research is to document, for the first time, the presence of G. robustus in Bangka, Indonesia, and to update the species' geographic distribution. This discovery of a freshwater fish in a new location significantly contributes to the understanding of its biogeography. A purpose-sampling approach was employed to collect the specimens. The species were identified morphologically and molecularly through DNA barcoding. On 20 January 2023, five G. robustus specimens were collected from the Bumang River in Bangka Island using fish traps. The occurrence of G. robustus at this location represents the most northerly record of this species and extends its known geographic range. Additionally, this new site is approximately 200 km north of the nearest known location on Sumatra Island and 300 km north of the nearest known location in Java. This record expands the documented distribution range of G. robustus and enhances our understanding of this species. Furthermore, an updated record of the G. robustus DNA sequence from the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene is presented. This sequence constitutes the first DNA barcode for Indonesia and has the potential to support future studies in biogeographical and ichthyological research. The DNA sequence was registered in NCBI GenBank under the accession code OR144414. This DNA barcode can serve as a standard for identifying G. robustus and will support future DNA and biotechnology-based studies.

Association and distribution patterns of nipah (Nypa fruticans) in a degraded protected mangrove forest

SYAIFUL EDDY — 2024-12-05

Abstract. Eddy S, Milantara N, Setiawan AA, Taufik M, Rosanti D, Putri SAD, Rahmawati. 2024. Association and distribution patterns of nipah (Nypa fruticans) in a degraded protected mangrove forest. Biodiversitas 25: 4525-4534. The invasion of nipah (Nypa fruticans) serves as an indicator of mangrove forest degradation that has occurred globally, impacting biodiversity. Therefore, understanding the population dynamics of nipah is essential for controlling its growth. This study aims to classify land cover types in the Air Telang Protected Forest (ATPF), analyze the association of nipah with other plants, and examine its distribution patterns. We employed a descriptive research method, utilizing Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for land cover change analysis, alongside field surveys to collect data on plant species associated with nipah. Drone photography was used to document nipah populations across various land cover types. Our findings revealed four land cover types in ATPF: primary forest, secondary forest, open area (shrub), and plantation, with 29 plant species associated with nipah. Nipah has spread across various land cover types through multiple mechanisms. We estimate that nipah will dominate nearly all degraded areas of ATPF and hinder the succession process if restoration efforts are not implemented promptly. However, with the right strategies, there is hope for successful restoration. This research contributes to understanding nipah's population dynamics, the implications of its dominance, and strategies for controlling its growth. In addition, this study is more widely useful for information on mangrove ecosystem management, ecological risk assessment, ecosystem restoration efforts, and conservation policy development.

Optimization and molecular identification of PUA-14 bacterial isolate from protease-producing mangrove waters

Feskaharny Alamsjah — 2025-01-30

Abstract. Protease enzymes are hydrolase enzymes that break down proteins into simpler molecules and are extensively utilized in the food, pharmaceutical, and other chemical industries. Selecting microorganisms as enzyme producers can address the high demand for enzymes and promote sustainable production. This research analyzed carbon sources, nitrogen sources, trace elements, carbon source concentrations, nitrogen source concentrations, and optimum inoculum concentrations for PUA-14 bacterial isolates producing protease. In addition, biomolecular analysis was conducted, including DNA isolation, amplification, and sequencing, which aimed to identify protease-producing PUA-14 bacterial isolates from mangrove waters using biomolecular-based identification. The research employed experimental techniques, specifically the One Factor at A Time (OFAT) method and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with a Central Composite Design (CCD) using Design Expert 13 software. Results demonstrated that PUA-14 bacterial isolates had optimal conditions for producing protease. These conditions included a carbon source of lactose at 0.5%, a nitrogen source of NaNO3 at 2.5%, trace element Zn, and an inoculum concentration of 2.5%. Molecular-based analysis revealed that isolate PUA-14 showed similarities with Bacillus pseudomycoides strain LB-AsDX1-3. The research findings are anticipated to offer novel insights into the regulation of protease activity by the PUA-14 bacteria and establish the groundwork for the creation of more effective industrial applications.

Dynamics of vegetation diversity and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in post-coal mining revegetation land in Sawahlunto, West Sumatra, Indonesia

WELLY HERMAN — 2024-12-16

Abstract. Herman W, Iskandar, Budi SW, Pulunggono HB, Kurniati, Milantara N. 2024. Dynamics of vegetation diversity and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in post-coal mining revegetation land in Sawahlunto, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 4627-4641. Post-coal mining causes significant changes in vegetation, soil, and landscape, necessitating reclamation to increase land area through revegetation activities as per government policy. Revegetation is expected to accelerate the recovery of ecosystem functions and reduce the impact of coal mining activities. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the dynamics of vegetation diversity and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) on post-coal mining revegetation land in Sawahlunto, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Vegetation samples were obtained using the purposive sampling method, and AMF analysis was carried out using the wet-sieving decanting method. The results showed an increase in vegetation diversity along with the increasing age of the revegetation plants. The highest control of plant species was Acacia mangium with INP values ??ranging from 100-300%. Vegetation diversity and vegetation dominance index were positively correlated with spore density with correlation coefficient values ??of 0.083 and 0.029. However, the relationship between diversity and vegetation dominance index in influencing spore density had a small effect; the highest spore density was found in revegetation in 2006, with a total of 555 spores per 25 g of soil^-1. It can be concluded that natural succession land materials and revegetation in post-coal mining land up to 32 years of age can improve vegetation growth but still cannot match natural forests, both in terms of the number of species growing and the level of vegetation diversity achieved. However, it is important to note that this study has limitations, such as the focus on a specific region and the need for further research to understand the long-term effects of revegetation.

Growth and mortality model of Caesio cuning in Karimunjawa National Park, Indonesia

PRANATA CANDRA PERDANA PUTRA — 2024-11-30

Abstract. Putra PCP, Wahyudi ST, Sambah AB, Sartimbul A. 2024. Growth and mortality model of Caesio cuning in Karimunjawa National Park, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 4215-4222. Global climate change causes an increase in sea surface temperatures and changes in current patterns, which implies the occurrence of marine deoxidation, which has an impact on fish reproduction and growth and coupled with high levels of exploitation, which causes a decrease in fisheries productivity in the Karimunjawa National Park Area, one of which is yellowtail (Caesio cuning (Bloch, 1791)). This study aims to analyze yellowtail growth and mortality model with a biology approach. Samples were collected from as many as 900 individuals during the Northwest and Southeast monsoon season. Data were analyzed using the von Bertalanffy growth model with FAO-ICLARM Stock Assessment Tools II. The results show a significant relationship between the Northwest and Southeast monsoon seasons where growth is negative allometric because b<3 with r² values ??in each season of 0.85 and 0.89, the growth model obtained (Lt = 389.6[1 - e^{0.22-(t0+0.37)}]) with total mortality of 2.02, where fishing mortality (F) 1.69 and natural mortality (M) 0.33 and produces an exploitation level (E) of 0.84 which indicates that yellowtail has been fully exploited as indicated by the value of E>0.5. The highest recruitment pattern occurs in the Southeast monsoon season (July), amounting to 19.46%. This means that sustainable management is needed to maintain the stock of yellowtail resources in the Karimunjawa National Park Area.

Assessing the climatic impacts on abundance of Mansonia annulifera, Ma. indiana, and Ma. uniformis (Diptera: Culicidae) in Central Thailand

ARINA ABDULLOH — 2024-12-16

Abstract. Abdulloh A, Chaiphongpachara T, Laojun S. 2024. Assessing the climatic impacts on abundance of Mansonia annulifera, Ma. indiana, and Ma. uniformis (Diptera: Culicidae) in Central Thailand. Biodiversitas 25: 4736-4744. Mansonia mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are important vectors for transmitting filarial nematodes, including Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti, which cause lymphatic filariasis in humans. In this study, we used a Poisson regression model to evaluate the impact of climatic variables atmospheric pressure, rainfall, relative humidity, temperature, and wind speed on the abundance of three Mansonia mosquito species, including Ma. annulifera, Ma. indiana, and Ma. uniformis in Central Thailand. Over the period from November 2021 to October 2022, we collected the mosquitoes in three villages: Rua Village, Wat Khok Ket Village, and Khlong Bang Kae Village using BG-Pro CDC-style traps equipped with dry ice, BG-lure, and an ultraviolet light system, operating from 6:00 PM to 6:00 AM for three consecutive days each month. Our analysis revealed significant associations between several climatic factors and mosquito abundance. For Ma. annulifera, each unit increase in temperature and relative humidity significantly increased mosquito abundance by 83.2% and 16.2%, respectively (p<0.05). In contrast, increases in wind speed, atmospheric pressure, and rainfall correspondingly decreased abundance by 57.6%, 10.3%, and 0.7% (p<0.05). For Ma. indiana, rises in temperature, atmospheric pressure, and rainfall notably increased mosquito counts by 119.3%, 30.1%, and 0.6%, respectively (p<0.05). Conversely, an increase in wind speed led to a significant reduction of 43.2% (p<0.05). In the case of Ma. uniformis, temperature, and rainfall positively influenced mosquito abundance by 114.5% and 0.7%, respectively (p<0.05), while a rise in relative humidity resulted in a 3% reduction (p<0.05). These findings have significant practical implications, providing crucial insights into predicting future shifts in mosquito populations in response to climatic changes, thereby empowering the surveillance and control of mosquito-borne diseases in this region.

Medicinal plants used for menstrual regulators and pain relievers in Tumiang Village, West Kalimantan, Indonesia

RUQIAH GANDA PUTRI PANJAITAN — 2024-12-19

Abstract. Panjaitan RGP, Khairunnisa, Titin, Akbarini D. 2024. Medicinal plants used for menstrual regulators and pain relievers in Tumiang Village, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 4796-4805. The use of medicinal plants for traditional treatment is a common practice in various rural areas in Indonesia. Therefore, this study aims to create an inventory of medicinal plants used as menstrual regulators and pain relievers by the community in Tumiang Village, Samalantan Sub-district, Bengkayang District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. This study employs a qualitative method with triangulation techniques, and data collection was conducted with interviews, observations, and documentation by involving 11 informants. The results showed that a total of 15 plants were used as menstrual regulators and pain relievers by the community of Tumiang Village. These included korongan (Ricinus communis), marampayo (Croton hirtus), kakompo (Limnophila rugosa), sarat saribu (Lygodium microphyllum), antidur (Phyllanthus urinaria), ganda rusa (Phaleria macrocarpa), ahiak (Zingiber officinale), cakur (Kaempferia galanga), unyit (Curcuma longa), tamulawak (Curcuma zanthorrhiza), matsoe (Perilla frutescens), karaoke (Piper betle), kumis kucing (Orthosiphon aristatus), asam jawa (Tamarindus indica), and rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa). In addition, 2 plants, namely pinang (Areca catechu) and saring kuyang (Zingiber purpureum), were specifically used only as menstrual pain relievers. The results of the study highlight the unique role of the Zingiberaceae family is the most commonly utilized, with leaves being the most frequently used plant part, and the most prevalent processing method being boiling. This research underscores the significance of these plants in the health of the local community and their potential for further scientific exploration.

Species diversity of brackish water fishes and their associated endoparasites from the Tamala Fish Sanctuary of Kapatagan, Lanao del Norte, Philippines

ALLYSSA MARIE A. CALDERON — 2024-12-16

Abstract. Calderon AMA, Morilla LJG, Estaño LA. 2024. Species diversity of brackish water fishes and their associated endoparasites from the Tamala Fish Sanctuary of Kapatagan, Lanao del Norte, Philippines. Biodiversitas 25: 4745-4755. Fish plays a vital role in the aquatic ecosystem and is integral to human nutrition and food security. The survey of brackish water fishes and its associated endoparasites in Tamala Fish Sanctuary, Kapatagan, Lanao del Norte, Philippines, was carried out in August 2023 in three coastal barangays of Taguitic, Margos, and Lapinig. A total of 174 individuals belonging to 5 families were collected, comprising six species: Chanos chanos, Oreochromis niloticus, Oreochromis mossambicus, Glossogobius giuris, Mugil cephalus, and Ambassis nalua. Among the recorded species, M. cephalus harbors the highest abundance (35.63%) and can be found in all three sites, while O. mossambicus is the least abundant (2.87%) and is restricted to only one site. Endoparasites in these fish species, comprising nematode, trematode metacercariae, and Acanthogyrus sp., were also recovered in this study. The prevalence of infection is reported to be highest in Barangay Taguitic (42.86%), followed by Margos (25.45%) and Lapinig (10.48%). Among the species, C. chanos (35.71%) recorded the highest infection rate, followed by G. giuris (29.73%), O. niloticus (26.09%), and M. cephalus (1.61%). In contrast, two species, O. mossambicus and A. nalua, were not infected with endoparasites. Adult species (24.74%) also exhibit the highest prevalence rate compared to juveniles (9.09%). In terms of intensity, Lapinig (7.64±0.23) has the highest value in the site, followed by Margos (1.5±0.10), then Taguitic (1.4±0.17). With regards to species, G. giuris harbors the highest mean intensity (7.82±0.62), followed by C. chanos (1.6±0.17), O. niloticus (1.42±0.10), and M. cephalus (1±0.02). Furthermore, adult fish species (4.33±0.25) exhibit higher mean intensity than juveniles (1.41±0.04). The mean intensity per site, species, and age were significant (p<0.05). Endoparasites in these brackish water fish hosts are an excellent biological indicator in aquatic ecosystems. This study provides baseline data for further investigation on fish species diversity and its endoparasites in the area.

Ecosophy as a form of protection for the Tapanuli Orangutan (Pongo tapanuliensis) in the Batang Toru Landscape, North Sumatra, Indonesia

YUDHA LESMANA — 2024-12-07

Abstract. Lesmana Y, Basuni S, Soekmadi R. 2024. Ecosophy as a form of protection for the Tapanuli Orangutan (Pongo tapanuliensis) in the Batang Toru Landscape, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 4535-4542. Forest clearing for economic development often conflicts with saving biodiversity. Forest clearing by humans to date has been anthropocentric in its utilization of forest resources, which are still classified as exploitative in the Batang Toru Landscape, South Tapanuli District, North Sumatra, Indonesia. As a result, the Tapanuli orangutan (Pongo tapanuliensis) become alienated in its own home and migrates to community gardens for get food. The community considers orangutans to be very cruel by stealing and destroying their plantation products, which results in a decrease in economic income, triggering human-orangutan conflict. Local communities carry out evictions in various ways based on their initiatives and experiences. This study aims to analyze the concept of ecosophy (ecological philosophy)and factors of human-orangutan conflict as an alternative conservation of wild and endangered species protection. The research location focused on six sub-districts of the Tapanuli orangutan range in the other-use forest area of South Tapanuli District. This research used qualitative methods through interviews and discussions with communities living around the forest. The results showed that the concept of ecosophy can integrate intellectual, spiritual, and emotional dimensions at all levels of education for public awareness of the importance of protecting the Tapanuli orangutan. Higher levels of education showed positive results towards saving the Tapanuli orangutan. This study suggests that a long-term solution to human-orangutan conflict requires a comprehensive approach that emphasizes the ecosophy between humans and nature.

Leaf productivity of Halophila major: A significant morphometric correlation with biomass, except leaf area

Robba Fahrisy Darus — 2025-01-26

Halophila major is a newly rediscovered seagrass species in Indonesia that was described based on morphometric traits and not involved by leaf productivity. Leaf dry weight, biomass, and carbon concentration are the leaf productivity parameters that need time to examine, especially for rapid assessment. Based on scientific publications, allometric equations could be used to assess the leaf productivity quickly. This study aims to determine leaf dry weight, leaf biomass, and carbon concentration using allometric methods and analyses the relationship between morphometrics and leaf productivity on H. major. Morphometric characters (leaf length-LL, leaf width-LW, and leaf area-LA) were used to see the correlation with leaf dry weight (LDW), specific leaf area (SLA), biomass (BIO), and concentration carbon (CS). These results indicate that the biomass of H. major is greater than H. ovalis. LL and LW are strongly correlated with LDW compared to LA. Biomass is also greatly influenced by LL and LDW. Furthermore, these results show that allometric equations can be used quickly to assess the biomass of small seagrasses. Leaf productivity variation is affected by the leaf size. Thus, leaf productivity can describe a new seagrass species in the future. However, more data is needed for knowing and interpreting a character in new seagrass species. Hence, this study must be replicated for other seagrass species.

Mapping of Sapuka Islands water areas, South Sulawesi, Indonesia using Marxan technology for coral reef conservation

JAYA JAYA — 2025-01-24

Abstract. Yaya J, Roswiyanti R, Rauf A, Massiseng ANA, Daris L, Zaenab S. 2024. Mapping of Sapuka Islands water areas, South Sulawesi, Indonesia using Marxan technology for coral reef conservation. Biodiversitas 25: 5012-5023. Mapping coastal and marine conservation areas is essential for supporting sustainable resource management and promoting designated utilization practices. This study aimed to assess the condition of coral reefs and develop a map of conservation zones in the Sapuka Islands' waters, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The study's novelty lies in providing an updated status of coral reef conditions and identifying optimal zones for conservation within the Sapuka Islands. Data were collected through direct observation, Focus Group Discussions (FGD), social mapping, GPS-based coordinate tracking, underwater photo transects, and the identification of planning units, conservation features, and cost metrics. Findings indicated a decline in coral reef area over the past three years, with coverage reducing from 6,094.67 ha in 2022 to 5,771.67 ha in 2023 and further to 5,559.67 ha in 2024. Several coral genera were identified, including Euphyllia, Acropora, Montipora, Pocillopora, Giniastrea, Sinularia, and Porites. The Marxan analysis identified a core conservation zone encompassing 6,950 ha, distributed across the waters of Sapuka Caddi Island (6,575 ha) and Pelokang Island (375 ha).

Characteristics of six cherry tomato genotypes as genetic material for plant breeding programs

ANUNG WAHYUDI — 2024-11-11

Abstract. Wahyudi A, Hakim NA, Rachman MS. 2024. Characteristics of six cherry tomato genotypes as genetic material for plant breeding programs. Biodiversitas 25: 3850-3859. The morphological characteristics of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) are a source of genetic variation in efforts to improve the quality of tomatoes in plant breeding programs. Breeding programs focus on developing genotypes with high fruit set and yield potential. Cherry tomatoes are often selected for their prolific fruiting capabilities. This study aimed to determine the morphological characteristics of six cherry tomato plant varieties. This study used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) comprising four introduced hybrid cherry tomato varieties from Japan (Chika, Chou Amai, Premium Ruby, and Aiko) with two commercial hybrid varieties from PT. Bintang Asia (Citra Asia F1 and Rempai), each with three replications. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a 5% significance level, and orthogonal contrast analysis was adopted for mean value testing. Observations of qualitative characteristics were conducted from the vegetative phase through post-harvest. The results showed that Japanese-introduced tomatoes were superior in fruit length, sweetness, and number of fruits per plant. Meanwhile, the Chika tomato variety was superior in the number of leaves under the first bunch (8.67), weight of 10 fruits (280 g), fruit width (3.75 cm), and flesh thickness (0.45 cm). The Premium Ruby variety was superior in fruit sweetness (7.9 ºbrix) and in harvest age (64 DAT). In comparison, the Aiko variety showed superiority in bunch length (22.57 cm) and number of fruits per plant (238.33). The characteristics of introduced hybrid cherry tomato varieties from Japan can be used as material for assembling new cultivars. These findings have direct implications for increasing tomato productivity in Indonesia, providing valuable insights for future breeding programs.

Wildlife existence and potential threats in Pelangi Forest Biosite of Ijen Geopark, East Java, Indonesia

ARIF MOHAMMAD SIDDIQ — 2024-12-20

Abstract. Siddiq AM, Kurnianto AS, Sulistiyowati H, Wijaya MT, Ratnasari T, Dewi N, Utami ET, Ayuningtyas TR. 2024. Wildlife existence and potential threats in Pelangi Forest Biosite of Ijen Geopark, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 4487-4497. A comprehensive study of the diverse wildlife and potential threats at the Pelangi Forest Biosite (Rainbow Forest Biosite, RFB) of Ijen Geopark, East Java, Indonesia was conducted in May 2023. Bird and primate observations were carried out using the point count method, while herpetofauna observation was conducted using the Visual Encounter Survey (VES). Data collection on potential threats to community activities in the RFB used a questionnaire survey method. Data analysis used the Diversity Index (H’), Existence factor (Ef), and scale-Likert for potential threats. The Pelangi Forest is home to an impressive 62 wildlife species, including six amphibian species, nine reptile species, 46 bird species, and one primate species. The value of wildlife species diversity in RFB, calculated using the Shannon-Wiener index, is remarkably high (H= 3.48). The wildlife species in the Pelangi Forest had an average existence value of 41.94%, indicating a moderate uniqueness level, with the Javan lutung (Trachypithecus auratus (É.Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812)) standing out with the highest Ef value (80%). According to Likert-scale analysis, potential threats to biodiversity in the RFB of Ijen Geopark are relatively low (23.54%). However, some crucial notes for evaluating the conservation plan, namely the illegal poaching or hunting of wildlife species, such as birds and large mammals, still occur. Therefore, implementing education-based tourism, such as birdwatching or wildlife observation, can increase awareness and knowledge about conservation for tourists and society.

Non-synonymous Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) on Growth Differentiation Factor 9 as candidate gene for reproduction in Indonesian local cattle

IRMA IRMA — 2024-11-30

Abstract. Irma, Rasad SD, Hilmia N, Sumantri C. 2024. Non-synonymous Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) on Growth Differentiation Factor 9 as candidate gene for reproduction in Indonesian local cattle. Biodiversitas 25: 4011-4019. Reproduction is a biological process that plays an essential role in livestock production. In mammals, the tendency to spontaneously conceive and maintain an embryo is a complex biological process affected by environmental and genetic factors, such as Growth Differentiation Factor 9 (GDF9). Therefore, this study aims to analyze the diversity of the GDF9 gene in the three breeds of cattle (Bos taurus), namely Peranakan Ongole (PO), Belgian Blue (BB), and its crossbreed (BB×PO) by molecular sequencing. A total of 20 blood samples were taken from cattle in the Livestock Embryo Centre, Bogor, Indonesia. DNA was extracted with genomic kit protocol followed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were then analyzed using Sanger sequencing. Sequence analysis was performed using Bio-Edit, Finch TV, and Molecular Evolutionary Genetic Analysis (MEGA) software. Variables analyses were allele and genotype frequency. The results showed that there were five non-synonymous mutations, namely c.589T>G (rs525937888), c.659T>G, c.974C>G, c.1105T>A, and c.1358G>A. These missense mutations altered the amino acid of GDF9 protein at position p.197Phe>Val, p.220Leu>Arg, p.325Ser>Cis, p.369Trp>Arg, and p.453Arg>His, respectively. The results also showed that the mutation prevalence wasigher in Peranakan Ongole compared to Belgian Blue and its crossbreed.

Population and distribution patterns of juvenile scleractinian corals in Sempu Island Nature Reserve, East Java, Indonesia

ANDIK ISDIANTO — 2024-10-31

Abstract. Isdianto A, Ishaq SY, Yamindago A, Iranawati F, Yanuar AT, Hidayah LN, Marsela K, Adhihapsari W, Lelono TD, Fathah AL, Atikawati D, Putri BM, Wardana NK, Supriyadi, Luthfi OM. 2024. Population and distribution patterns of juvenile scleractinian corals in Sempu Island Nature Reserve, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 3480-3490. Coral reefs, which play a vital role in tropical marine ecosystems, are threatened by anthropogenic and natural stressors, despite their important ecological and economic roles. This study examines the resilience of coral ecosystems through the lens of juvenile coral populations at Floating House Beach, which is part of the Sempu Island Nature Reserve, East Java, Indonesia. Using the Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) method along a 100-meter reference line with a 1 × 1-meter transect, our study found that coral cover was severely damaged, with live coral cover of only 18.67% and 17.61% at two observation stations, which was dominated by the life form CM (Coral Massive) at both stations. However, twelve juvenile coral genera were identified that showed potential for natural recovery, namely Acropora, Favia, Favites, Galaxea, Leptoseris, Montipora, Mycedium, Platygyra, Pocillopora, Porites, Stylophora, and Turbinaria. Juvenile coral densities were low, at 0.55 and 0.88 colonies/m², indicating a very low coral recruitment category with Pocillopora being the most common. Spatial distribution, analyzed using the Morisita Index, showed a predominantly clumped arrangement (Ip>0), indicating non-random aggregation of juveniles. The results of this study highlight the significant impact of environmental stressors on juvenile coral communities and underscore the urgent need for targeted conservation efforts to support coral resilience and recovery.

Isolation and identification of salt-tolerant, phosphorus-solubilizing bacterial strains from rice soil in rice-shrimp farming systems in Tien Giang Province, Vietnam

TRUONG QUOC TAT — 2024-11-11

Abstract. Tat TQ. 2024. Isolation and identification of salt-tolerant, phosphorus-solubilizing bacterial strains from rice soil in rice-shrimp farming systems in Tien Giang Province, Vietnam. Biodiversitas 25: 3868-3875. This study aimed to isolate, select, and identify the phosphate-soluble bacterial (PSB) pathogens from eight salt-affected soil samples collected from paddy rice fields in the Go Cong Dong and Tan Phu Dong districts of Tien Giang Province, Vietnam. Bacteria were isolated on Pikovskaya’s agar media supplemented with 1% NaCl, and the amount of phosphorus dissolved in liquid NBRIP was supplemented with various concentrations of NaCl via molybdate coloration to evaluate the salt tolerance and phosphorus solubility of the isolated bacterial strains. The result showed that from 8 saline soil samples, a total of 15 strains of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria were isolated and 2 (code 1.7 and 6.1) of them showed good phosphorus solubilization. In addition, isolates 1.7 and 6.1 exhibited good growth and phosphorus solubilization in liquid NBRIP media supplemented with NaCl at concentrations ranging from 1.0% to 5.0%. Molecular analysis results showed that strains 1.7 and 6.1 were identified as Burkholderia vietnamiensis 1.7 and Priestia aryabhattai 6.1, respectively. These results show that B. vietnamiensis 1.7 and P. aryabhattai 6.1 can be used as biofertilizers for rice cultivation in salty soils in Tien Giang Province, reducing the cost and use of chemical fertilizers.

Response of transgenic tobacco with P5CS gene expression to polyethylene glycol-induced drought stress

AHMAD RIDUAN — 2024-11-13

Abstract. Riduan A, Santoso D, Sudarsono. 2024. Response of transgenic tobacco with P5CS gene expression to polyethylene glycol-induced drought stress. Biodiversitas 25: 3974-3984. Drought stress, a significant obstacle in plant growth and production, can be effectively addressed with the use of polyethylene glycol (PEG). This treatment has shown promise in screening plant germplasm responses to drought stress. The objectives of this experiment were to determine the effects of stress due to PEG treatment at 0%, 5%, or 10% concentration on growth, leaf proline content, and their correlation to stress responses in the T1 seedlings derived from five T0 transgenic Gombel Shili (GS) tobacco P5CS. Positive results of total nucleic acid PCR analysis in T1 seedling populations derived from each of the T0 plants indicated that the regenerated T0 plants were transgenic tobacco integrating P5CS transgene. Results of the experiment revealed that the effects of stress due to PEG treatment indicated stress due to PEG treatment (5% or 10%) reduced the growth plants of all tobacco plants. The stress sensitivity index categorized the T1 plants P5CS transgenic GS tobacco into tolerance, medium tolerance, and sensitivity against PEG-induced stress. Notably, the T1 plants P5CS transgenic GS tobacco exhibited better growth with higher plant height, leaf, biomass, and root dry weight compared to non-transgenic tobacco under stress and non-stress conditions. The over-expression of the P5CS gene led to a significant increase in leaf proline content after drought stress was observed in all transgenic tobacco compared to non-transgenic tobacco.

Identification of 16S rRNA genes in bacteriocin-producing bacteria

SUKMAWATI SUKMAWATI — 2024-11-04

Abstract. Sukmawati S, Sipriyadi, Rosalina F, Ratna, Dewi NK, Zakariah MIB. 2024. Identification of 16S rRNA genes in bacteriocin-producing bacteria. Biodiversitas 25: 3720-3727. The use of safe and effective biopreservatives in the food industry is highly important to extend the product shelf life and maintain the product quality without posing health risks. Bacteriocins, antimicrobial compounds produced by bacteria, offer biopreservatives potential that can inhibit the growth of pathogens and spoilage microorganisms in food products. Bacteriocins as biopreservatives in the food industry due to their antimicrobial properties and potential to enhance food safety and shelf life. Bacteriocins as biopreservatives are stable at high temperatures, which makes them suitable for various food processes. They are also stable across a broad pH range, ensuring their effectiveness in different food environments. This stability under various conditions instills confidence in their effectiveness. This study aimed to identify the 16S rRNA gene of bacteriocin-producing bacteria as an initial step in developing biopreservative candidates. This research method is a descriptive method that describes the types of bacterial species that are capable of producing bacteriocins. Bacteria were isolated from shrimp paste (cincalok), and genetic analysis was performed using PCR and sequencing techniques to identify the 16S rRNA gene. The bacterial samples derived from shrimp paste were identified as Bacillus paramycoides strain MCCC 1A04098 BSH 1, Bacillus albus strain MCCC 1A02146 BSH 2, and Bacillus cereus strain IAM 12605 BSH. All three samples are Gram-positive with bacilli-shaped cells, leading to the conclusion that these bacteria have the potential as biopreservatives.

Diurnal activity patterns of painted storks (Mycteria leucocephala) in an urban artificial wetland in Malaysia

NURFARAH AIN LIMIN — 2025-01-09

Abstract. Limin NA, Abidin MZZ, Kamar NNS, Amran MAA, Yusof NNM. 2024. Diurnal activity patterns of painted storks (Mycteria leucocephala) in an urban artificial wetland in Malaysia. Biodiversitas 25: 4878-4885. The increasing population of painted storks (Mycteria leucocephala) in Malaysia poses potential risks to native waterbird species, such as the milky stork. Despite their growing presence in urban artificial lakes, such as those in Putrajaya and Selangor, our understanding of their activity patterns remains limited, highlighting the importance of this research. Therefore, this study closely investigated the diurnal activity patterns of painted storks in an urban artificial wetland in Malaysia. Stork behavior was observed using instantaneous scanning and focal sampling methods for over 20 days. Results indicated that preening was the most common activity (30%), followed by foraging (24%), vigilance (23%), walking (15%), and other behaviors (8%). Storks displayed significantly more preening in the morning, though the durations were shorter compared to the afternoon and late afternoon. They also spent more time foraging and being vigilant in the morning than at other times. Furthermore, during all sessions, the number of individuals observed in the grassy areas was much higher than in the lake or on nearby rooftops. This study provides valuable insights into the behavior of painted storks, which could inform management strategies for waterbird species in urban artificial wetlands.

Exploring the microbial diversity and functional potential of Domas Crater of Mount Tangkuban Perahu, Indonesia, through shotgun metagenomics

HARYONO BUDI SANTOSO — 2024-12-05

Abstract. Santoso HB, Suwanto A, Pratama R. 2024. Exploring the microbial diversity and functional potential of Domas Crater of Mount Tangkuban Perahu, Indonesia, through Shotgun Metagenomics. Biodiversitas 25: 4613-4626. Domas Crater, an extreme environment in Indonesia, is known for high temperatures and acidic conditions, providing a unique habitat for specialized microbial communities. These extreme conditions increase the possibility of discovering thermophilic enzymes with valuable biotechnological applications. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the microbial diversity in Domas Crater using shotgun metagenomics to analyze both previously reported microbes and novel microorganisms comprehensively. Shotgun metagenomics is particularly advantageous in identifying microbial species that cannot be cultured using conventional methods, enabling the exploration of microorganisms with considerable potential. The application of next-generation sequencing technologies and bioinformatics tools allowed the successful reconstruction of eight high-quality Metagenome-Assembled Genomes (MAGs), a testament to the technical proficiency of the study. The genomes were further characterized based on the functional genes, including the enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism or Carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZyme), biosynthetic gene clusters for secondary metabolite (BGCs), and genes associated with micronutrient metabolism. The results showed that the microbial community was dominated by Hydrogenobaculum and Sulfurisphaera, both known for adaptation to extreme environments. Moreover, the first Hydrogenobaculum and Thermocladium were recorded in Indonesia as the novel discoveries of the study. These findings highlight the significance of Domas Crater as a reservoir for novel microbial species, particularly in terms of thermophilic microorganisms with unique enzymatic properties.

The effect of planting distance engineering treatment on the morphophysiology and yield of soybean varieties integrated with oil palm

WAGINO WAGINO — 2024-11-12

Abstract. Wagino, Rauf A, Hanum C, Rahmanta. 2024. The effect of planting distance engineering treatment on the morphophysiology and yield of soybean varieties integrated with oil palm. Biodiversitas 25: 3909-3919. The use of inter-land in oil palm plantations of immature plants is commonly studied, and the use in productive oil palm plantations distance has not been investigated. The research aimed to evaluate the productivity, environmental characteristics, and economic value of oil palm and soybean integration. A Split-Plot Design was used with the main plot consisted oil palm planting, the sub-plot was soybean planting repeated three times. The results that light intensity unmodified oil palm planting distance system decreased by 28% compared to the modified. The treatment of oil palm planting distance modification had a significant effect on the amount of leaf chlorophyll, seed weight per plant (11.49 g), weight of 100 seeds (18.29 g), production per-plot (993.55 g), and Dena 1 (692.90 g). The Land Equivalency Ratio (LER) was >1 (1.06) integration of Dena 1 soybean variety with oil palm planting distance engineering and an R/C value of 1.79, providing greater benefits compared to the monoculture planting system. The system also provided improvements to the environment by an increase in nitrogen (N) nutrient levels and soil organic carbon (C) levels. The oil palm planting distance engineering model could be a solution to increase sustainable soybean production in Indonesia.

Genetic diversity and phylogenetic reconstruction of horseshoe crabs from East Java, Indonesia based on DNA barcode COI

DWI ANGGOROWATI RAHAYU — 2024-11-04

Abstract. Rahayu DA, Amarwati R, Faizah U, Nugroho ED, Rusdianto, Ajiningrum PS, Mamat NB. 2024. Genetic diversity and phylogenetic reconstruction of horseshoe crabs from East Java, Indonesia based on DNA barcode COI. Biodiversitas 25: 3789-3802. Horseshoe crabs or mimi mintuna (Indonesian) are an ancient arthropod with 4 species, but there are limited studies on the species from East Java. This indicates the need for the collection of more accurate genetic resources as an important step for its conservation. Therefore, this study aims to examine genetic diversity and phylogenetic reconstruction of horseshoe crabs from East Java using DNA barcode COI. A total of 20 samples were obtained from Beejay Bakau Resort, Probolinggo, Kenjeran Beach, Surabaya, Batah Timur Beach, Madura, and Lekok Beach, Pasuruan. The 621 bp CO1 gene sequence was used for genetic diversity analysis and phylogenetic tree reconstruction. Subsequently, muscle samples were preserved in pure-grade ethanol and subjected to DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), sequencing, and sequence analysis. The sequence data were analyzed using bioinformatics tools, Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) Systems, the Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) web application, and haplotype network. Phenetic taxonomy was further applied using Ntysc to enhance the robustness of the genetic analysis. The results showed that the high haplotype diversity (Hd) of 0.957, 16 haplotypes, and nucleotide diversity (?) of 0.00097 indicated a wide range of genetic variations. The frequency of parsimony informative sites was 26.48%, with 19 polymorphic sites and an overall ts/tv ratio of 2.32. In addition, the phylogenetic trees showed a clear and unambiguous branching pattern for cluster Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda Latreille 1802 and Tachypleus gigas O.F.Müller 1785. This finding is a matter of concern for managing and conserving horseshoe crab species in East Java waters.

Short Communication: Helminth fauna of Lutjanidae from Kedonganan, Bali, Indonesia

ERICK ARRASHY RUDIANTO — 2025-01-13

Abstract. Rudianto EA, Wijayanti DP, Haryanti D, Indrayanti E. 2024. Short Communication: Helminth fauna of Lutjanidae from Kedonganan, Bali. Biodiversitas 25: 4986-4993. The biodiversity of parasites in demersal reef fishes is immense but remains poorly understood and often overlooked. This is also hindered by the lack of survey of parasite communities in reef fishes, especially in Indonesia. Therefore, we surveyed endoparasites of reef-associated and demersal lutjanids in the Kedonganan fish market, Bali. A total of 25 individuals of six lutjanid species: Lutjanus erythropterus, Lutjanus russellii, Lutjanus sebae, Lutjanus timoriensis, Lutjanus vitta, and Pristipomoides multidens, were collected from the fish market. The parasites were collected using a modification of the gut wash method. Two individuals of Philometridae were recovered from L. vitta. Other recovered helminth fauna were Acanthocephala, Nematoda, and Digenea, mainly belonging to Siphoderina spp. and Hamacreadium sp. We also reported for the first time, endoparasites of L. erythropterus and P. multidens in Indonesian waters. This study highlighted the importance ichthyo-parasitological survey as a part of the biodiversity survey. More surveys and reports on endoparasites in demersal reef fishes in Indonesia are needed, especially on their biology, ecology, diversity, and impact on human health, considering that most of these demersal fishes are consumed by local people.

A comparative study of insect diversity and distribution across elevations at Denai Cadamba, UiTM Puncak Alam, Malaysia

KHAIRUDIN NURUL FATHIAH — 2024-11-16

Abstract. Fathiah KN, Alhafiza IMDP, Amin IN, Khairiyah MHS, Akmal AWN, Norhafizah MZ. 2024. A comparative study of insect diversity and distribution across elevations at Denai Cadamba, UiTM Puncak Alam, Malaysia. Biodiversitas 25: 3473-3479. Insects play a significant role in shaping the ecosystem community and are beneficial to mankind in many ways. They are known for many roles such as pollinators, bioindicators, scavengers, and vectors for diseases. A study on the diversity and distribution of class Insecta was conducted using two Malaise traps at the hiking trail of Denai Cadamba, UiTM Puncak Alam, Malaysia as no study has been done here before. Two study sites with two different elevations were chosen: low elevation (70 meters above sea level/masl) and high elevation (110 masl). A total of 2476 individuals from 335 morphospecies belonging to 13 orders were collected. The orders identified were Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Collembola, Thysanoptera, Orthoptera, Blattodea, Microcoryphia, Isoptera, Mantodea, and Psocoptera. Diptera was the most common order sampled, while Microcoryphia and Psocoptera recorded the least number, with only two individuals found each. The Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H?) showed that the higher elevation (trap 2) has a higher diversity with H?=1.362 compared to the lower elevation (trap 1) with H?=1.017. The Evenness Index (E?) and Margalef Richness Index (R?) were also higher for trap 2 with the values E?=0.300 and R?=1.635 respectively, while for trap 1, the values were E?=0.276 and the R?=1.315, respectively. Mann-Whitney test showed that there was a significant difference in the insect distribution between the low elevation and the high elevation with P<0.05. In general, this study found that the order distribution differs across the elevations. This might be due to the rainy season, sunlight exposure, warmer conditions, less human disturbance, and type of vegetation. The data obtained in this study can be used as a baseline for future research while serving as an educational purpose to create awareness among the public about insect conservation and management.

Analysis of two strain probiotics on digestive enzymes, liver function and antimicrobial activity of catfish (Clarias gariepinus) treated with Aeromonas hydrophila

NURUL AINI — 2024-12-05

Abstract. Aini N, Wahyuningsih SPA, Uzakky FN, Betzy C, Fatimah, Andriyono S. 2024. Analysis of two strain probiotics on digestive enzymes, liver function and antimicrobial activity of catfish (Clarias gariepinus) treated with Aeromonas hydrophila. Biodiversitas 25: 4333-4339. Catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell 1822) is one of the most consumed fish. Good fisheries management is needed to maintain fish stocks. One of the efforts to manage fisheries safely is by using probiotics in the form of Duo Strain Probiotics (DSP). DSP is a probiotic formula consisting of Lactobacillus casei and Bacillus subtilis. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of DSP on digestive enzyme levels, liver health status, and the potential of catfish blood serum as an antimicrobial agent. The treatments included DSP to the feed with concentrations of 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% using Aeromonas hydrophila infection. The results showed no significant change in amylase enzyme level between DSP treatments of various concentrations and the control treatment. DSP treatment of 10% and 5% in the non-infected fish group was the best treatment for increasing the level of protease and lipase enzymes, respectively. For liver health status parameters, 15% DSP treatment was the best treatment that could suppress the production of AST and ALT enzymes in fish blood serum. Catfish blood serum infected with pathogens and treated with 15% DSP has the ability as an antibacterial agent against A. hydrophila.

Phylogenetic relationship of local rice from Central Java, Indonesia with Pokkali variety based on Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers

QORI NUR FAUZIAH — 2024-11-13

Abstract. Fauziah QN, Purwanto E, Rahayu M. 2024. Phylogenetic relationship of local rice from Central Java, Indonesia with Pokkali variety based on Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers. Biodiversitas 25: 3965-3973. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a major food crop in Asia particularly susceptible to the effects of climate change, with drought being a significant threat to productivity, potentially reducing yields by up to 50%. Indonesia is the largest producer of rice in Asia, with Central Java contributing up to 18% of the total, but the production of high-yielding varieties remains constrained. The objective of plant breeding is to ensure the sustainability of rice production by developing superior varieties. Therefore, this study aimed to develop local Central Java rice varieties tolerant to drought using the unique identification power of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers. The potential impact of this research is the development of drought-tolerant rice varieties that could significantly improve rice production in Central Java. The experiment was conducted in Karanganyar and at the UGM campus, comprising several stages, including isolation, DNA amplification, and sequencing analysis. The results showed that based on sequencing analysis using BLAST, SNP was present in both the control and local rice varieties. The sequencing results were analysed for phylogenetic relationship using MEGA 11, showing thatPutih Mutiara (Klaten), Merah Sengreng (Boyolali), and Merah Wangi (Klaten) had the closest evolutionary relationship, and the most identical genetic structure to Pokkali varietycompared to the two controls (IR64 and Ciherang), and three local rice varieties namely Putih Mentikwangi (Karanganyar), Hitam Mutiara (Karanganyar), and Hitam Cempo (Boyolali).

Species richness and nest entrance characteristics of stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) in Ujung Kulon National Park, Banten, Indonesia

JAJANG MIHARJA — 2025-01-18

Abstract. Miharja J, Atmowidi T, Priawandiputra W, Perwitasari D, Kahono S. 2024. Species richness and nest entrance characteristics of stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) in Ujung Kulon National Park, Banten, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 4961-4970. Stingless bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponinae) are distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. Ujung Kulon National Park (UKNP), a conservation area of flora and fauna in the western part of Java, was designated by UNESCO in 1992 as a Natural World Heritage site. This study measured the species richness, nesting site, and nest-entrance characteristics of stingless bees in UKNP. Samplings of stingless bees were conducted by road sampling and based on the information from officers of UKNP and the local communities from June to December 2023. Results showed that 163 colonies of stingless bees were found belonging to four species, i,e., Tetragonula laeviceps, Tetragonula fuscobalteata, Heterotrigona itama, and Lepidotrigona terminata. Based on the number of colonies, L. terminata was the most dominant (44%), followed by T. laeviceps (41%), T. fuscobalteata (12%), and H. itama (3%), respectively. The nest of T. laeviceps was found in residential house cavities, bamboo and tree holes, and old and abandoned ant nests, showcasing their adaptability and resourcefulness. Meanwhile, the nest of T. fuscobalteata was found in the rock holes and tree cavities; L. terminata and H. itama nests were found in tree cavities. The unique nest entrance characteristics of each species further highlight their fascinating adaptability. This study showed a new distribution record of stingless bees in Ujung Kulon National Park, Banten, Indonesia.

Phytochemical, antioxidant, in silico, and in vitro anti-breast cancer effects of Erigeron sumatrensis from Gayo Highlands (Indonesia) against MCF-7 cells

VIVIVERA RUSELLI PUSPA — 2025-01-18

Abstract. Puspa VR, Adista MA, Djufri. 2024. Phytochemical, antioxidant, in silico, and in vitro anti-breast cancer effects of Erigeron sumatrensis from Gayo Highlands (Indonesia) against MCF-7 cells. Biodiversitas 25: 5123-5137. This study investigated the therapeutic potential of Erigeron sumatrensis, a wild herb from the Gayo Highlands, by evaluating its methanol stem extract's phytochemical profile, antioxidant activity, biological activity, molecular docking, ADMET prediction, and MTT assay using MCF-7 cells. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of various secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, steroids, tannins, and alkaloids. The stem extract exhibited the highest total phenolic content at 959.091 mgQE/g. Antioxidant activity, assessed using the DPPH assay, was strong with an IC₅₀value of 96 ?g/mL. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the methanol extract of E. sumatrensis stems led to the identification of 24 compounds. Molecular docking studies identified three compounds-Stigmast-7-en-3-ol, (3?,5?,24S)-, Caryophyllene oxide and 1H-Cycloprop[e]azulen-7-ol, decahydro- 1,1,7-trimethyl-4-methylene-, [1ar(1a?,4a?,7?,7a?,7b?)] exhibiting potential anti-proliferative activity against MCF-7 cells. ADMET analysis predicted compliance with all identified compounds, suggesting their suitability as oral drug candidates. The in vitro cytotoxicity assay against MCF-7 cells yielded a moderate cytotoxic classification with an IC₅₀ of 192.90 ?g/mL. These findings highlight the promising potential of E. sumatrensis as a source of bioactive compounds for developing novel anti-breast cancer drugs. However, further research is needed to explore its full therapeutic potential and facilitate its development into pharmaceutical products.

Impact of subsistence hunting on the diversity of wildlife species in the Amazonian Andes of Northeastern Peru

ELVER CORONEL-CASTRO — 2024-12-25

Abstract. Coronel-Castro E, Meza-Mori G, Torres-Guzmán C, Oliva-Cruz M, Pariente-Mondragón E, Sopla-Tafur R, Barboza E, Amasifuen Guerra CA. 2024. Impact of subsistence hunting on the diversity of wildlife species in the Amazonian Andes of Northeastern Peru. Biodiversitas 25: 4816-4828. This study examines the impact of subsistence hunting on wildlife diversity in the northeastern Amazonian Andes of Peru, where hunting is a crucial activity for the food and livelihoods of rural communities. Fieldwork was conducted in 25 communities, where 1,027 residents were interviewed to identify the species hunted, the motivations behind this practice, and the impact of hunting on species population abundance. A total of 53 hunted species were recorded (24 birds and 29 mammals), with notable orders including Carnivora, Columbiformes, and Rodentia. Species diversity was assessed using diversity indices, and community clustering was analyzed, revealing a high diversity of hunted species. In two communities, Omia and Primavera, hunting was fairly evenly distributed among various species. In comparison, in Lonya Grande and Nuevo Tingo, we found a concentration of hunting on a few species, potentially leading to the overexploitation of these populations. Additionally, communities were categorized into two main hunting groups based on ecosystem and elevation. Principal component analysis revealed that species such as majaz (Cuniculus taczanowskii) and venado gris (Odocoileus virginianus) are hunted primarily for food, while others, such as loro choclero (Psittacara mitratus), are hunted for conflict with humans. Moreover, there was a widespread perception of the declining abundance of hunted species, indicating the pressure that subsistence hunting places on local wildlife. These findings highlight the need for collaborative, sustainable management strategies to conserve wildlife in this ecoregion, emphasizing the role of the entire community in this crucial effort.

Influencing the environmental factors on the abundance of puerulus Panulirus homarus in the Mentawai Islands, West Sumatra, Indonesia

SUPARNO SUPARNO — 2024-11-11

Abstract. Suparno, Yusra, Lubis AS, Viza AFY. 2024. Influencing the environmental factors on the abundance of puerulus Panulirus homarus in the Mentawai Islands, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 3758-3767. The lobster puerulus, the final larval stage of the spiny lobster, is significantly influenced by environmental factors, making it crucial for sustainable aquaculture development. This study aimed to analyze how these factors affect the abundance of puerulus Panulirus homarus (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Mentawai Islands, West Sumatra, Indonesia has practical implications for aquaculture. A one-way analysis of variance revealed that the temporal period significantly impacts the abundance of puerulus P. homarus (P<0.05). In February (west season), the abundance was not significantly different from April (transition season I), but both differed significantly from June (east season). The highest abundance occurred in June (33.8±4.21 ind/trip), followed by April (27.00±5.00 ind/trip) and February (23.20±2.22 ind/trip). Regression analysis showed that temperature (R²=0.8111), salinity (R²=0.5158), and phosphate (R²=0.5492) strongly correlated with puerulus abundance. In contrast, chlorophyll-a (R²=0.2236), nitrate (R²=0.4136), and sea current velocity (R²=0.0223) were less significant. These results emphasize the importance of temperature, salinity, and phosphate as key factors influencing puerulus distribution, providing valuable insights for sustainable aquaculture. Environmental parameters were observed using Aqua Modis satellite imagery. They included Sea Surface Temperature (SST), chlorophyll-a concentration, and current velocity, showing a good correlation with field measurements from the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMs).

State of sediment transport and seagrass distribution under the combined action of velocity and current direction

WIDYASTUTI UMAR — 2024-12-05

Abstract. Umar W, Hasim H, Moka WJC. 2024. State of sediment transport and seagrass distribution under the combined action of velocity and current direction. Biodiversitas 25: 4515-4524. This research delves into the intricate dynamics of sediment transport and seagrass distribution on the West Coast of Bone Bay, Indonesia, specifically focusing on the profound influence of ocean currents. Our data, meticulously collected from Karang-Karangan, Siwa, and Sembilan Island, reveal a compelling narrative. We employed quantitative methods, including measuring ocean current speeds using Marotte current meters, which recorded velocities ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 m/s. Sediment samples were analyzed for grain size, with median sizes ranging from 233 µm (fine sand) to 626 µm (coarse sand). Sedimentation rates, a key indicator, were measured using sediment traps, recorded between 10 and 50 mg/cm²/day. Seagrass cover was assessed through line transect sampling, revealing cover percentages from 28 to 45% across the study sites. The results, a testament to the power of scientific inquiry, indicate that Sembilan Island had the highest sedimentation rates and seagrass coverage, which correlates with its unique hydrodynamic conditions, particularly the southward-directed currents. These findings underscore the critical relationship between ocean currents, sediment transport, and seagrass ecosystems, which are essential for the proposed designation of Bone Bay as a marine protected area. This research underscores the importance of combining quantitative data with a thorough understanding of environmental interactions to effectively manage and conserve coastal ecosystems. Further studies are recommended to explore the detailed mechanisms of these interactions, paving the way for a deeper understanding of our natural world.

Comprehensive assessment of Terebralia palustris populations in the Sayeung Calang River ecosystem, Aceh Jaya, Indonesia

MUHAMMAD FAUZAN ISMA — 2025-01-26

Abstract. Isma MF, Prayitno SB, Haeruddin, Muskananfola MR. 2025. Comprehensive assessment of Terebralia palustris populations in the Sayeung Calang River ecosystem. Biodiversitas 26: 62-72. Terebralia palustris (Linnaeus, 1767) a mangrove-dwelling gastropod, has a vast Indo-Pacific distribution spanning over 10,000 kilometers across diverse ecoregions. This study aimed to analyze population ecology and health conditions of T. palustris. Samples were collected from three sections of the Sayeung Calang River, Indonesia, using a 50 m line transect with 10 × 10 m plots and 1 × 1 m subplots. Density showed no significant variation (p > 0.05) with even distribution (<1). SL and SW morphometrics differed significantly (p < 0.05). Other morphometrics (SP, BWL, AW, AL, BW) showed no significant variation. The highest morphometric variation coefficient exceeded 40% (AW/SL). ST1 - ST2 and ST3 differentiation was primarily driven by SW/SL (34.31%), while ST1-ST4 and ST2 and ST3-ST4 differentiation was primarily driven by BW/SL (38.52 and 39.17%, respectively). PCA analysis identified SW/SL and SP/SL as the main morphometric characters (r = 0.44). Discriminant analysis indicated that AW/SL, AL/SL, SP/SL, and BWL/SL were most differentiated between sections. T. palustris exhibited an unimodal age distribution, suggesting disrupted health and severe competition, resulting in low adaptation (diversity coefficient: 20.44-38.04%). In conclusion, T. palustris in the area demonstrates distinct morphometric adaptations and distribution patterns, likely influenced by environmental conditions. Limited growth and adaptation capacity may result from intraspecific competition and habitat variability.

Chromosome number of some species of Hymenophyllaceae from Thailand

SIWAKORN CHOKRASSAMEEHIRUN — 2024-12-02

Abstract. Chokrassameehirun S, Kraichak E, Jaruwattanaphan T. 2024. Chromosome number of some species of Hymenophyllaceae from Thailand. Biodiversitas 25: 4389-4396. Hymenophyllaceae, known by the common name filmy ferns family, a basal family of leptosporangiate ferns, comprises ca.450 species and is distinctive amongst the entire pteridophytes by mostly unistratrose lamina. Classification and evolution of the family have fascinated botanists for many decades. Chromosome numbers in this family provide insights into evolutionary trends and have been useful for genus delimitation in recent classification schemes. However, interest in studying chromosome counts has declined in recent years. This study aimed to provide additional chromosome counts from Thailand species. Mitotic chromosomes were observed by using the hematoxylin squash technique. Five species belonging to Abrodictyum, Crepidomanes, and Hymenophyllum were examined, including H. acanthoides (Bosch) Rosenst. (2n=2x=41) and H. longifolium Alderw. (2n=2x=72), which were recorded for the first time. All specimens are of the diploid cytotype based on the chromosome base number of the genus. The results support aneuploid reduced evolution in Hymenophyllum, especially in subg. Hymenophyllum, with H. acanthoides showing a unique number, is assumed to have been reduced from 2n=42, which is the most typical within the subgenus. Additionally, A. obscurum (Blume) Ebihara & K.Iwats. var. obscurum (2n=2x=66) and H. exsertum Wall. ex Hook. (2n=2x=42) show consistent numbers within the species, whereas C. minutum (Blume) K.Iwats. (2n=2x=72) displayed some variation within the species, suggesting multiple cytotypes and reticulate evolution. More sampling is still needed for all species to fill the gap in the evolution study for this fern family.

LC-HRMS profiling, antibacterial activities, and in silico study of ethyl acetate extract from Dracaena angustifolia root bark

I WAYAN KARTA — 2024-11-04

Abstract. Karta IW, Warsito W, Masruri M, Mudianta IW. 2024. LC-HRMS profiling, antibacterial activities, and in silico study of ethyl acetate extract from Dracaena angustifolia root bark. Biodiversitas 25: 3555-3567. The escalating resistance of bacteria to conventional antibiotics has spurred new sources of exploration of natural antibacterial agents. This study aimed to unveil the antibacterial potential of Dracaena angustifolia Roxb. root bark extract through a comprehensive approach of in vitro assays, LC-HRMS analysis, in silico, and molecular dynamics simulations. The root bark, extracted with ethyl acetate, was identified using LC-HRMS and tested for antibacterial activity using the diffusion method. The extract demonstrated the ability to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi. Of 37 annotated compounds, four (Arbutin, (-)-Caryophyllene oxide, Ruscoponticoside C, and Striatisporolide A) were predicted by PASS to exhibit antibacterial potential. Molecular docking revealed differences in the binding interactions between amino acid residues and ligands of the target protein (PDB ID: 3HUN). Ruscoponticoside C shares binding site similarities with the native ligand Ampicillioic acid. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that the ligand-protein complexes of Arbutin, Ruscoponticoside C, Striatisporolide A, and Ampicillioic acid were more stable compared to Chloramphenicol. This study suggests that this plant’s root bark extract has potential as an antibacterial agent, inspiring further in-depth research into the isolation of its secondary metabolites and their potential impact on drug discovery.

Characterization and identification of potential cellulolytic bacteria for bio-degradation of durian shell waste in Mekong Delta, Vietnam

TRUONG QUOC TAT — 2024-11-30

Abstract. Tat TQ, Khanh ND, Thi QVC. 2024. Characterization and identification of potential cellulolytic bacteria for bio-degradation of durian shell waste in Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Biodiversitas 25: 4284-4291. Microorganisms play crucial roles in the decomposition of plant biomass. This study aimed to isolate, screen, and identify potential mesophilic cellulose-degrading bacterial (CDB) strains from natural compost from durian shells (DS). Results revealed that a total of fifteen aerobic strains were isolated at 37°C, thirteen of which exhibited enzymatic degradation of cellulose, with cellulolytic index (CI) values ranging from 0.34 to 3.22. Five strains with CI values greater than 2.0 presented potential extracellular cellulase enzyme activity, with carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) at 0.18-0.31 U/mL and filter paper cellulase (FPase) at 0.03-0.19 U/mL. The DSC.03 and DSC.04 strains showed the highest CMCase and FPase activities, respectively. Subsequently, molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis confirmed DSC.03 (PP851408.1) and DSC.04 (PP851410.1) isolates as Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus velezensis, respectively. The maximum bio-degradation percentages were 86.85% for filter paper and 48.72% for dry DS powder, which occurred in the mixed-culture treatment of the two selected strains after 15 days of incubation under shaking conditions at 150 rpm and 37°C. These findings indicate for the first time that natural durian shell compost contains potential cellulose-degrading bacterial communities with high extracellular enzyme-producing ability and active interactions with each other, which can be beneficial for the fermentation or composting of DS waste.

Preparation and characterization of chitosan derived from slipper lobster (Thenus orientalis)

RAHMAN KARNILA — 2024-11-30

Abstract. Karnila R, Hasan B, Iriani D, Putra HS, Fauzi M, Zulfarina. 2024. Preparation and characterization of chitosan derived from slipper lobster (Thenus orientalis). Biodiversitas 25: 4360-4369. Slipper lobster (Thenus orientalis (Lund, 1793)) is a marine fishery commodity that can be utilized its large carapace (proportion >50%) to be converted into chitosan, but ideal, accurate and rapid characterization has not been developed in detecting chitosan and its derivatives as potential raw materials for nutraceuticals. In this study, the proportion and chemical composition of fan shrimp were analyzed, and the carapace of fan shrimp was determined for the degree of deacetylation of chitin and chitosan, then chitosan was evaluated for glycosidic chains using LCMS-MS from ESI sources. The method used was descriptive with 3 repetitions. The results showed that the largest proportion of the fan shrimp body was found in the carapace at 52.98%. The highest mineral content in the carapace is calcium at 752 mg/L and the lowest is phosphorus at 0.36 mg/L and higher than meat. The yield value of chitosan was 31.19% with a deacetylation degree of 80.15%. The glycosidic chain of chitosan has many amine groups from the structure of the compound 2-Amino-2-Deoxy-D-Glucose Chitosamine and 2-(Aminomethyl)-N-(3-isopropyl octahydro [1,2,4] triazolo [4,3-a] pyridine-6-il)-1 piperidinekar kotakamida which have high quality chitosan affinity, but there is a compound 5-Aminomethyl-2,4-Dihydro [1,2,4] Triazol-3-One Hydrochloride and N-[3-Methyl-2-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-butyl] isoleucinamide hydrochloride which tends to be dissociated and cationized by HCl. Overall, these data suggest the glycosidic chain of slipper lobster has potential as a raw material for nutraceuticals and functional food ingredients.

Diversity of bacterial isolates as biocontrol agents against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici

IRWANDHI IRWANDHI — 2024-10-31

Abstract. Irwandhi, Prihatiningsih N, Abraham S, Isroni M, Sativa RG, Kamaluddin NN, Khumairah FH, Maulana H, Sofyan ET, Simarmata T. 2024. Diversity of bacterial isolates as biocontrol agents against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Biodiversitas 25: 3403-3410. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) is a soil-borne pathogen causing fusarium wilt in tomato plants, leading to significant crop losses worldwide. The severity of this disease is likely to increase with climate change, as rising temperatures and soil salinization create more favorable conditions for the pathogen. This study focused on characterizing bacterial isolates that could become biocontrol agents resilient to climate stress and identifying them through molecular techniques. Biochemical assays assessed the bacteria's ability to fix nitrogen and produce protease enzymes, siderophores, and hydrogen cyanide (HCN), which are essential for antagonizing FOL. The biological efficacy of these isolates was determined through antagonism assays, followed by molecular identification of the most effective isolates. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used, involving six bacterial isolates and a control group with four replications for each treatment. All six isolates demonstrated the ability to fix nitrogen and produce protease enzymes, siderophores, and HCN, successfully inhibiting the growth of FOL. Among these, isolate R18 exhibited the strongest inhibition zone (55.55%), significantly reducing the mycelium weight to 0.0417 g, and showed tolerance to both temperature and salinity stress. Through 16S rRNA sequencing molecular identification, R11 was identified as Bacillus megaterium, and R18 was identified as Bacillus albus. These results highlight the potential of these bacterial isolates, especially R18, as effective biocontrol agents for managing fusarium wilt in tomato plants under changing climate conditions.

Amino acid profile and potential utilization purposes of albumin from four types of freshwater fish in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

NURFAIDAH NURFAIDAH — 2024-11-30

Abstract. Nurfaidah, Asikin AN, Kasmiati, Angraeni. 2024. Amino acid profile and potential utilization purposes of albumin from four types of freshwater fish in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 4199-4207. Albumin, a high-quality protein, is known for its complete amino acid profile, which is essential for numerous biological functions, including immune response and nutritional status maintenance. This study investigates the amino acid composition of albumin in four freshwater fish species commonly found in Indonesia: Cyprinus carpio, Pangasius pangasius, Channa striata, and Trichopodus trichopterus to asses their potential utilization in sustainable food resources and nutritional and health-related products. Albumin extraction was performed using homogenization and incubation techniques, followed by amino acid analysis using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The results revealed the presence of 18 amino acids, including 9 essential and 9 non-essential amino acids. The most abundant amino acids were glutamic acid, aspartic acid, leucine, and lysine, with lysine being particularly noteworthy for its role in wound healing and protein synthesis. Significant variations in the amino acid composition were observed across the species, influenced by factors such as diet, habitat, and species-specific physiology. Pangasius pangasius exhibited the highest lysine content (12.01%), while C. carpio had the highest glutamic acid content (24.55%) of total amino acid. These findings suggest that the albumin from these freshwater fish species is a valuable source of high-quality protein, with potential applications in developing nutraceuticals, functional foods, and dietary supplements aimed at improving health and nutritional status. Importantly, the study highlights the potential of these fish species as a sustainable source of protein, contributing to food security and supporting the development of affordable, protein-rich products that can enhance public health while reducing the reliance on conventional livestock-based proteins. This study provides new insights into the amino acid composition of fish albumin from Indonesian freshwater species, contributing to the broader understanding of the nutritional value of local fish resources and their role in promoting sustainable food systems.

Gamma-ray irradiation alters the morphology, anatomy and agronomic characters of the groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) bison cultivar in M1 generation

NILAHAYATI NILAHAYATI — 2024-11-30

Abstract. Nilahayati, Handayani RS, Nazimah, Neni, Saputra D. 2024. Gamma-ray irradiation alters the morphology, anatomy and agronomic characters of the groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) bison cultivar in M1 generation. Biodiversitas 25: 4179-4189. Groundnut is the world's most important agricultural commodity, serving as a major source of protein and vegetable oil. Enhancing the genetic diversity of groundnuts is essential for improving yield, early maturity and environmental resistance such as drought tolerance. This study aims to determine the effect of gamma irradiation on the morphological and agronomic diversity of bison groundnut cultivar in the M1 generation. Gamma irradiation was carried out at the Radiation Process Technology Research Center, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia, Jakarta. This research was designed using a single-factor Randomized Complete Block Design. The dose of gamma irradiation was 0 Gray (Gy), 100 Gy, 200 Gy, and 300 Gy, with three replications. Consequently, there were a total of 12 experimental units. We generated 600 groundnut plants in total. The observed variables included morphological diversity such as variation in leaf, stem, seed color and seed shape. The agronomic variability was recorded to the seed growth percentage, plant height, number of branches, flowering age, harvesting age, number of pods, number of empty pods, dry pod weight per plant, dry seed weight per plant, 100 seed weight per plot, dry seed weight per plot, length, width, and number of leaf stomata. The results showed that gamma irradiation treatment induced morphological and agronomic changes in the bison groundnut cultivar. Morphological changes included alterations in leaf color, pod shape, and seed coat color. Higher doses of gamma irradiation can negatively impact certain agronomic traits such as plant height and yield, beginning at 200 Gy, but at 100 Gy all parameters slightly increased. Higher dose of gamma irradiation also delayed the flowering and harvesting time. Further studies are also needed to evaluate the heritability of these traits in the M2 generation to ensure the stability of desirable traits.

Characterization of endophytic bacterial isolates from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) seedlings and ramets for their plant growth promoting potential

IDA AYU PUTU SURYANTI — 2024-11-04

Abstract. Suryanti IAP, Purnamasari MI, Prihatna C, Rusmana I, Wahyudi AT, Suwanto A. 2024. Characterization of endophytic bacterial isolates from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) seedlings and ramets for their plant growth-promoting potential. Biodiversitas 25: 3775-3788. Using sterile tissue culture to cultivate oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) seedlings results in the loss of beneficial endophytic bacteria, which can lead to various growth issues, including abnormal flower development and reduced palm oil production. The study aimed to investigate the potential endophytic bacteria in oil palm seedlings and ramets that serve as plant growth promoters. This research began with isolating and characterizing bacterial isolates with plant growth-promoting traits, then identification using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. In vitro and in vivo growth tests were carried out to assess the prospects of these bacterial isolates. Seventeen bacterial isolates were successfully cultured from oil palm seedlings and ramets (seedlings from tissue culture), with 12 and 5 isolates, respectively, which displayed characteristics of plant growth-promoting bacteria: 88% could produce aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase, 18% exhibited nitrogen-fixing abilities, 47% demonstrated phosphate solubilization, and 12% were producers of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) hormone, which. One of the isolates, designated as 3AK, was indicated as the Aeromonas genus, which originates from the environment and has all the plant growth-promoting properties tested qualitatively in this study. In vitro growth testing showed that 3AK isolate had the most significant average lengths for both shoots (4.4±0.4 cm) and roots (8.2±0.5 cm). In the greenhouse experiment (in vivo), the oil palm seedlings treated with bacteria, such as 3AK, exhibited differences in shoot and root dry weight compared to the control group, and the difference was statistically significant. These findings collectively indicate that endophytic bacteria code 3AK is isolated from oil palm root, identified as Aeromonas taiwanensis through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and has the potential as a plant growth promoter. Inoculation of Aeromonas taiwanensis strain 3AK and PsJN as Burkholderia phytofirmans strain PsJN (already known as a model for promoting plant growth) was carried out for the first time on the growth of oil palm seedlings.

Analysis of changes and criticality level of mangrove forest ecosystem as a basis for rehabilitation downstream of Poso Watershed Area, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

RENDY AHMAD YANI — 2024-10-09

Abstract. Yani RA, Naharuddin N, Toknok B, Malik A, Akhbar A, Massiri SD, Suleman SM. 2024. Analysis of changes and criticality level of mangrove forest ecosystem as a basis for rehabilitation downstream of Poso Watershed Area, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 3179-3188. Effective mangrove forest management requires accurate data and information on changes and criticality levels within the ecosystem. This research aimed to assess changes and determine the criticality levels of mangroves using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) as a foundation for sustainable conservation and rehabilitation efforts. Multi-temporal satellite data was utilized to analyze mangrove forest cover changes between 2013 and 2023, while NDVI transformations were applied to evaluate forest vegetation density and criticality levels. The results identified five families and 11 mangrove species in the downstream Poso Watershed, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. These included Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. from the Avicenniaceae family, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lam., Bruguiera cylindrica (L.) Blume, Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B.Rob., Rhizophora apiculata Blume, Rhizophora mucronata Lam., and Rhizophora stylosa Griffith from the Rhizophoraceae family, Sonneratia alba Sm. from the Sonneratiaceae family, Xylocarpus granatum J.Koenig and Xylocarpus rumphii (Kostel.) Mabb. from the Meliaceae family, and Nypa fruticans Wurmb from the Arecaceae family. The mangrove canopy density downstream of the Poso Watershed was categorized into dense (55,652 ha), moderate (56,863 ha), and rare (67,578 ha). The R. stylosa was the dominant species. The criticality assessment classified the mangrove forest as largely damaged, with a TSV₁ value of 190 on a scale of 167-233. Severely damaged or very critical areas covered 35,836 ha (6.58%), damaged or critical areas encompassed 401,462 ha (73.68%), and 107,546 ha (19.74%) were classified as not damaged or not critical. The ecosystem damage was further assessed through vegetation density, with moderate density recorded at 1,259 trees/ha and rare density at 360 trees/ha. Monitoring these changes and criticality levels is essential for successful rehabilitation and demonstrates a strong commitment to sustainable conservation.

Genetic diversity of mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) in Vietnam based on cox1 gene fragments

LE TAN PHAT — 2024-12-01

Abstract. Phat LT, Quang HT, Huy NV, Binh MN, Chat TT. 2024. Genetic diversity of mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) in Vietnam based on cox1 gene fragments. Biodiversitas 25: 4379-4388. Mud crab (Scylla paramamosain Estampador 1950) is a commonly found resource throughout Vietnam, with increasing exports each year. However, production is yet to be able to meet consumer demand, which continues to increase, leading to consistently high market prices. Accurately estimating genetic variation in mud crab populations is crucial for developing conservation management strategies for highly exploited fishery resources. In this study, genetic variations and population structure of S. paramamosain were examined by analyzing the nucleotide sequences of a 780 base pairs (bp) region of the mitochondrial cox1 gene from three populations across thirteen collection sites in Vietnam, covering a diverse geographical range. A total of 45 individuals were examined, the cox1 gene sequences were aligned, and 17 haplotypes were identified, with two of these haplotypes being shared by the populations. The haplotype diversity ranged from 0.57143 (Thua Thien Hue) to 0.80000 (Ca Mau). The haplotype network displayed that the haplotypes were divided into two clusters with Hap_3 as the center. Pairwise Fst values between populations ranged low, from 0-0.01266. The AMOVA results highlighted that within-population variation (99.85%) was higher than among-population variation (0.15%). Findings from neutral tests and mismatch analysis suggested implications for mud crab population dynamics. S. paramamosain in Vietnam showed high genetic diversity within the populations, as shown by low genetic variation and the significant gene flow between populations when analyzing the cox1 gene. These results underscore the interconnectedness of the mud crab population and provide a foundation for establishing an enduring mud crab farming initiative in Vietnam.

Diversity and spatial distribution of Lauraceae tree species in Lower Montane Forest at Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Northern Thailand

SIRIPHUM SRISUWAN — 2024-11-13

Abstract. Srisuwan S, Sungkaew S, Wachrinrat C, Asanok L, Kamyo T, Thinkampheang S, Kachina P, Hermhuk S, Phumphuang W, Yarnvudhi A, Marod D. 2024. Diversity and spatial distribution of Lauraceae tree species in Lower Montane Forest at Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Northern Thailand. Biodiversitas 25: 3510-3520. Montane forests are characterized by high plant diversity, including a notable representation by the Lauraceae family, which offers a variety of ecological and economic benefits. This study aimed to assess the species diversity, spatial distribution, and habitat suitability of the Lauraceae family in the Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Northern Thailand. A Generalized Linear Model (GLM) was employed to determine the spatial distribution of the dominant Lauraceae species, whereas the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) model was used to assess habitat suitability for key species. A total of 24 species across 10 genera were found. The most species-rich genera were Cinnamomum and Litsea, followed by Cryptocarya, Machilus and Phoebe, and Actinodaphne, Persea, Beilschmiedia, and Neocinnamomum. Habitat suitability for important Lauraceae species was categorized into low-, medium-, and high-potential areas. The elevation and soil organic matter were the most significant factors influencing species abundance. Additionally, soil properties also played a role in species distribution. The spatial distribution of Lauraceae species was primarily influenced by elevation. However, this distribution is also influenced by the interplay between elevation, soil properties, climate, and human activity. Thus, a comprehensive knowledge of these determinants can inform conservation strategies and ensure the long-term viability of Lauraceae populations in montane forests.

Weed species in plant communities as indicators of degradation of vegetation cover and fertile soil layer in desert regions

BEKTEMIR OSMONALI — 2025-01-08

Abstract. Osmonali B, Tokbergenova A, Taukebayev O, Zulpykharov K, Salmurzauly R, Smanov Z, Ussen S. 2024. Weed species in plant communities as indicators of degradation of vegetation cover and fertile soil layer in desert regions. Biodiversitas 25: 4930-4938. The geographical position of Kazakhstan on the continent of Eurasia determines its special role in solving problems of conservation of biodiversity of natural biological and land resources. One of the numerous factors of anthropogenic desertification is overgrazing. Under long-term unsystematic grazing, fodder lands of sandy massifs are more exposed to various types of soil deflation and vegetation changes. In desert regions, weeds can be an important indicator of degradation of vegetation cover and fertile soil layer. Some weed species may indicate soil moisture deficiency, salt degradation or lack of fertile substances. The purpose of our work is to identify soil changes, depending on the dominance of weed species and the degree of disturbance. On the example of the following weed species: Peganum harmala, Pseudosophora alopecuroides, Alhagi pseudalhagi, Suaeda linifolia, Karelinia caspia. Suaeda linifolia and K. caspia are indicator plants of salinisation by toxic salts. The study of weed species in desert regions can help to determine the level of degradation of soil and vegetation cover and to develop measures for their restoration and improvement. The study of weed species in plant communities of desert regions can help to determine the degree of degradation of vegetation cover and fertile soil layer, as well as to develop measures for their restoration and protection. Peganum harmala and A. pseudalhagi are indicators of overgrazing and degradation of vegetation cover. Pseudosophora alopecuroides, also known as indicator shrub, is a plant species that is often used as an indicator of land cover degradation. This species typically grows on soils with low nutrient content and can tolerate dry and unfavourable conditions. Thus, observing the presence of P. alopecuroides in a particular area can be a useful indicator to determine the level of vegetation degradation and the need for measures to restore and protect soil and vegetation.

Genetic, phenotypic, and agronomic diversity of arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) across agroclimatic zones for environmental adaptation and conservation

KACUNG HARIYONO — 2024-10-31

Abstract. Hariyono K, Noviana L, Ubaidillah M, Kurnianto AS, Handoko RNS. 2024. Genetic, phenotypic, and agronomic diversity of arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) across agroclimatic zones for environmental adaptation and conservation. Biodiversitas 25: 3431-3441. Understanding the genetic and phenotypic diversity of crops like arrowroot is essential for developing sustainable agricultural practices and ensuring food security. This study, therefore, is of significant importance as it provides insights into how environmental factors influence trait variability, which can inform targeted conservation and agronomic strategies in the context of climate change. This study investigated the genetic, phenotypic, and agronomic diversity of arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea L.) across three agroclimatic zones in Jember District, East Java Province, Indonesia, with a focus on the impact of environmental factors on these traits. Sampling was conducted in Wuluhan, Sumbersari, and Arjasa subdistricts, covering 20 locations. Genetic analysis revealed that Arjasa presented the highest genetic diversity, with a median Genetics_Mean of 0.75 and an interquartile range (IQR) of 0.7-0.83, whereas Sumbersari and Wuluhan had median Genetics_Mean values of 0.8 and 0.8, respectively. Phenotypic diversity was also highest in Arjasa, with a Phenotypic_Mean of 0.83 (IQR: 0.78-0.86), whereas it was 0.8 in Sumbersari and 0.82 in Wuluhan. The quantitative traits presented less variability, with median Quantitative_Mean values of 0.22 in Arjasa, 0.19 in Sumbersari, and 0.21 in Wuluhan. The conservation priority index (CPI) was calculated, identifying Antirogo as the location with the highest CPI value of 0.440, indicating a high priority for conservation efforts. In contrast, Kebonsari had the lowest CPI value of 0.235. Principal component analysis (PCA) further highlighted the significant variability in genetic and phenotypic traits across sub-districts, particularly in Arjasa, where unique environmental conditions likely contribute to this diversity. The results emphasize the importance of targeted conservation strategies and agronomic practices to optimize the genetic and phenotypic potential of arrowroot, particularly in the face of environmental variability and global climate change.