Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity

Evaluation of antioxidant sources in fermented cocoa pod husk as animal feed

YUNILAS YUNILAS — 2025-02-06

Abstract. Yunilas, Ramadhani R, Tapotubun AM, Tapotubun EJ, Nasution MIA, Fariani A, Akbar R. 2025. Evaluation of antioxidant sources in fermented cocoa pod husk as animal feed. Biodiversitas 26: 521-527. Cocoa has pods that have the potential to be used as feed. However, before being applied to livestock, fermentation using local microorganisms is necessary. This study aimed to evaluate antioxidant sources in fermented cocoa pod husk as feed for animal science and fisheries. The design used in this study was a Complete Randomized Design 3 x 3 factorial pattern with 3 replicates. Factor I was the dose of LMO (DM1 = 2%, DM2 = 4%, DM3 = 6%) and Factor II the fermentation time (LF7 = 7 d, LF14 = 14 d, LF21 = 21 d). Results showed that the dose of LMO and the fermentation time had a very significant effect (p<0.01) on phenol content and there was an interaction between the dose of LMO and the fermentation time (p<0.01). The dose of LMO had a very significant effect (p<0.01) and the fermentation time had no effect (p>0.05) on flavonoid content and there was no interaction between the dose of LMO and the fermentation time (p>0.05). The antioxidant content of the best fermented CPH in this study is DM1LF14 with a phytochemical screening was alkaloid (+), phenol (++), flavonoid (++), saponin (-), tannin (+), yield percentage 15.20%, flavonoids 0.20% and phenols 0.87%.

Diversity and distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates in Krueng Aceh watershed, Aceh Province, Indonesia

CHITRA OCTAVINA — 2025-02-20

Abstract. Octavina C, Muchlisin ZA, Satriyo P, Hurzaid A. 2025. Diversity and distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates in Krueng Aceh watershed, Aceh Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 601-616. Krueng Aceh, the densest watershed in Aceh Province, Indonesia, features diverse habitats with rainwater as its main source. However, agriculture, plantations, sand mining, and waste disposal have affected its aesthetics. This study examines the diversity and distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates in Krueng Aceh. Conducted over six months (March-August 2024), it used purposive sampling at 10 stations (upstream, midstream, and downstream). Surber nets sampled upstream and midstream, while PVC pipes were used downstream. A total of 1240 benthic macroinvertebrates were identified across 3 phyla, 5 classes, 29 families, 42 genera, and 49 species. Hydropsyche angustipennis dominated hard substrates, while Tarebia granifera dominated soft substrates. Most macroinvertebrates exhibited a clustered distribution, with some showing no clear pattern. The diversity index (H') ranged from 0.99 to 3.46 (moderate to high), and the Simpson dominance index from 0.10 to 0.62 (low dominance). Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) grouped the 10 stations into two similarity clusters. Overall, macroinvertebrate diversity in Krueng Aceh was relatively high, and water quality remained within acceptable standards.

Digestive tract microbiota composition of white shrimp with symptoms of White Feces Syndrome (WFS) causing high mortality in Pasuruan, Indonesia

WORO HASTUTI SATYANTINI — 2025-02-20

Abstract. Satyantini WH, Rahardjo KKE, Amin M, Mukti AT, Andriyono S, Yasin ISM. 2025. Digestive tract microbiota composition of white shrimp with symptoms of White Feces Syndrome (WFS) causing high mortality in Pasuruan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 690-697. Disease outbreaks remain one of the leading causes of failure in white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931)) farming, with White Feces Syndrome (WFS) continuing to pose a significant challenge. In Pasuruan Regency, particularly in Gerongan and Kalianyar Villages, shrimp farmers have reported alarming mortality rates associated with this disease, often experiencing high shrimp death rates within a single day. This study aimed to determine the primary pathogen responsible for WFS by analyzing differences in the microbial composition between healthy and infected shrimp using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS). Shrimp samples were collected from two villages in Pasuruan where WFS outbreaks had been reported. In Gerongan Village, sampling was conducted at DOC 22, while in Kalianyar Village, it was carried out at DOC 51. Each village provided two shrimp samples: healthy shrimp and those showing disease symptoms. Healthy shrimp were identified by the absence of visible disease symptoms, such as pale hepatopancreas, empty digestive tracts, and floating white feces. Sampling was conducted manually between 10 AM and 12 PM to minimize stress. The shrimp were immediately placed in sterile cool boxes with ice packs, maintaining a temperature of approximately 4°C to preserve gut microbiota and prevent microbial degradation. The shrimp gut samples were analyzed to identify the microbial composition, revealing that the dominant bacteria in the guts of WFS-infected shrimp were pathogenic species, including Photobacterium damselae, Vibrio vulnificus, and Vibrio coralliilyticus. These pathogens are suspected to be the main causative agents of WFS outbreaks in the studied areas.

Diversity and composition of plants in ex-mining revegetation lands for cement raw materials in South Kalimantan, Indonesia

MOCHAMAD ARIEF SOENDJOTO — 2025-02-21

Abstract. Soendjoto MA, Sudiarta IWK, Cangara MIZ, Patria WA, Riefani MK. 2025. Diversity and composition of plants in ex-mining revegetation lands for cement raw materials in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 670-680. PT Indocement Tunggal Prakarsa Tbk carries out open-pit mining to obtain cement raw materials in Kotabaru District, South Kalimantan, Indonesia, for the Tarjun-12 Factory. The company then undertakes the challenging task of revegetating ex-mining lands. However, there are no existing records of plant species post-revegetation, which occurred 13 to 16 years ago. This research is unique in its approach, aiming to document plant species and analyze their presence after revegetation. The methodology involves placing an observation path on each ex-mining land, with each path comprising 10 observation plots (20 m x 20 m) for recording woody plants at tree level. Each observation plot includes a small plot (10 m x 10 m) for data collection at the pole level, one plot (5 m x 5 m) for sapling level and non-woody plants (herbs), and one plot (2 m x 2 m) for seedling level and non-woody plants (grasses, ferns). The data were then analyzed after obtaining the importance value index, diversity index (Shannon-Wiener), and similarity index (Sorensen). The study revealed that more than 90% of the 155 plant species (54 families) are spontaneously grown plants, and most plant communities between ex-mining lands are dissimilar. The highest diversity is in woody plants at the sapling level and also trees on ex-laterite mining land. These results represent unique baseline data for 13-16 years post-revegetation.

Differences in ichthyofauna composition among tropical seagrass habitats in the small semi-enclosed bay

HUSAIN LATUCONSINA — 2025-02-28

Abstract. Latuconsina H, Zulfahmi I, Prasetyo HD, Rangkuti AM, Nur M, Kautsari N, Marasabessy I. 2025. Differences in ichthyofauna composition among tropical seagrass habitats in the small semi-enclosed bay. Biodiversitas 26: 992-1007. The seagrass ecosystem is an important habitat for ichthyofauna in coastal waters and small islands in tropical areas. The richness of ichthyofauna species in seagrass habitats is highly dependent on the physical characteristics of the habitat and the support of other nearby habitats. This research aims to compare the number of species, families and orders of ichthyofauna among different seagrass habitats in the waters of a semi-enclosed bay. The research stations were based on different seagrass habitats in Inner Ambon Bay (IAB), Maluku, Indonesia, single-vegetation seagrass meadows and mixed-vegetation seagrass meadows. We conducted fish sampling using beach seines at monthly intervals for one year. We collected a total of 10,772 fish specimens representing 123 species from 46 families and 22 orders. Of note, 69.1% were juveniles. Different species were present in different seagrass habitats, each with its own physical characteristics. Fish abundance, species richness, and similarity indices were higher in mixed-vegetation seagrass habitats than single vegetation habitats. Proximity between seagrass habitats supports high similarity in species, families and orders. Therefore, protecting different types of seagrass habitats is the right strategy for supporting the abundance and diversity of the ichthyofauna. In addition, the protection of habitats surrounding seagrass meadows, such as mangroves and coral reefs, which are ecologically linked through tidal migration of ichthyofauna, is also important to support the conservation of ichthyofauna to achieve sustainable fisheries use in IAB to support food security.

Variability of agronomic characters and seed quality of 12 sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) genotypes

ADITYA KUSUMAWARDANA — 2025-02-11

Abstract. Kusumawardana A, Ilyas S, Qadir A, Trikoesoemaningtyas, Human S. 2025. Variability of agronomic characters and seed quality of 12 sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) genotypes. Biodiversitas 26: 628-635. Sorghum is a nutrient-rich food crop, an alternative commodity to substitute rice and other cereal crops, and can be grown on dry land; thus, it is important for food diversification to support food security and sustainable agriculture development in Indonesia. Utilization of high-quality seeds of superior varieties will improve sorghum productivity and quality. This study aimed to characterize the performance of 12 sorghum genotypes and identify potential lines for developing superior varieties. The planting materials used were nine BRIN sorghum lines (GHP-2, GHP-16, CTY-43, GH-1, GH-7, GH-9, G-5, G-7, G-8) and three national varieties (Bioguma 1, Pahat, Samurai 2). This research was conducted from June to October 2024 at the Institut Pertanian Bogor Leuwikopo Experimental Farm, Bogor, and Seed Quality Testing Development Center for Food Crops and Horticulture, Depok, West Java, Indonesia. The experimental design was a single-factor (genotypes) randomized complete block design with four replications. Seeds were planted in plots of 1x2.8 m with a spacing of 70x20 cm. Observations were made on agronomic characters and seed quality. The characters of plant height, 1000-seed weight, flowering age, and seed weight per plot significantly differed among genotypes. GH-9 line showed the highest productivity (2467.61 g seeds per plot) and 1000-seed weight (33.7 g). Of the 12 genotypes tested, the flowering ages ranged from 57 to 65 days after planting, with the fastest flowering age (57 days) on the CTY-43 line. Plant height measurements showed the lowest plant height (123.4 cm) on GHP-16, while the highest was GH-7 (228.9 cm).

Molecular and risk-based approaches to the status of Goldbanded Jobfish Pristipomoides multidens (Day, 1871) in Kupang, Indonesia

DIAH PERMATA WIJAYANTI — 2025-03-03

Abstract. Wijayanti DP, Indrayanti E, Haryanti D, Wijayanti MK, Elmir ZG, Fachri FR, Bhagooli R, Nozawa Y. 2025. Molecular and risk-based approaches to the status of Goldbanded Jobfish Pristipomoides multidens (Day, 1871) in Kupang, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 928-940. Snappers are economically valuable and important fishing activities in Indonesia. However, the lack of data on the stock status contributes to the uncertainty of the sustainability of the fisheries. We employed the Cytochrome C Oxidase subunit I (COI) mtDNA gene to analyze the genetic diversity of the fish in combination with the Risk-Based Framework (RBF) methods of the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) to assess the status of the Goldbanded jobfish (Pristipomoides multidens, Day, 1871) fishery at Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara. Results indicated that all specimens collected from Kupang District belong to Pristipomoides multidens (Day, 1871), forming 2 clades. The clades have a low genetic distance, which likely suggests the fish are caught from the same fishing area. The phylogenetic tree reconstruction indicated potential genetic sub-divisions in the snapper population in the Timor Sea. The Risk-Based Framework approach showed the risk potency of the fishing activity has a low effect on the Goldbanded Jobfish, the baitfishes such as mackerel tuna, scads, Indian mackerel and squids, and most of the by-catch fishes. The final MSC score for the Goldbanded Jobfish fishery was 74, below the MSC £80 guide post, suggesting a medium risk potential faced by the fishery. Therefore, catch regulations, such as harvest control rules or open-close fishing should be applied to sustain the fishery.

Bat species on Timor Island, Indonesia

FADLAN PRAMATANA — 2025-02-08

Abstract. Pramatana F, Hasibuan MM, Tohir RK, Tae CE, Fathurohman F, Maryanto I, Wiantoro S, Supriatna N, Arsa IGBA, Rammang N, Marawali A. 2025. Bat species on Timor Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 564-571. Timor Island, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia, is one of the Lesser Sunda regions with unique biodiversity. Updating information as a database needs to be carried out to become the basis for conservation actions at the species and ecosystem levels, considering that bat species are very vulnerable to habitat destruction. This research aims to collect a checklist of bat species on Timor Island by selecting sampling locations based on the habitat's climatic conditions. The study was conducted in 10 research locations, including conservation, forest, village, and one disturbance area. Data was collected using mist nets, harp traps, and interviews with local communities. Suppose there is a record or a species that is doubtful in its identification, a specimen will be made and will then send samples to the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Indonesia. Bat research in the Timor Island area was carried out in 1979 and recorded twenty-two species of bats. However, the locations in that research are spread across the Timor Leste region. This study on Timor Island, Indonesia, recorded twenty bat species, including a new record of Dobsonia viridis in the Lesser Sunda Island region. This species was previously documented only in Celebes and Moluccas.

Potential probiotic characteristics of Bacillus sp. originated from intensive snakehead fish (Channa striata) raising ponds in Vinh Long Province, Vietnam

NGUYEN TRI YEN CHI — 2025-01-21

Abstract. Chi NTY, Minh NLK, Thi QVC. 2025. Potential probiotic characteristics of Bacillus sp. originated from intensive snakehead fish (Channa striata) raising ponds in Vinh Long Province, Vietnam. Biodiversitas 26: 85-93. Internal white spot disease caused by Aeromonas schubertii in snakehead fish (Channa striata) has become increasingly common and leading to significant economic losses to fish farmers. This study aimed to isolate and screen Bacillus with potential probiotic characteristics from intensively cultured snakehead fish in Vinh Long province. The results isolated 16 out of 34 Bacillus strains from pond water, sludge, and the intestine samples of snakehead fish were antagonistic against A. schubertii using the diffusion well method. In the study, strain BC2LM1 exhibited the highest antibacterial activity and was identified as Bacillus based on morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing results. Strain BC2LM1 in this study was able to survive in media with pH ranging from 2.0 to 4.0 after 6 h of incubation. In particular, it tolerated bile salts at a concentration of 0.5% after 9 h of inoculation. The strain also demonstrated the ability to produce extracellular enzymes, including cellulase, amylase, and protease. Moreover, BC2LM1 was found to be susceptible to ampicillin/sulbactam, clindamycin, doxycycline, tetracycline, erythromycin, and levofloxacin. These findings show the potential application of Bacillus to control A. schubertii infections in intensively cultured snakehead fish in the Mekong Delta.

Genetic diversity and population structure of an endemic bee Wallacetrigona incisa in South Sulawesi, Indonesia

ANDI GITA MAULIDYAH INDRASWARI SUHRI — 2025-02-25

Abstract. Suhri AGMI, Hasan PA, Bahar I, Salatnaya H, Hashifah FN, Rahmah MH, Wulandhani S, Mubarok H, Astuti WW. 2025. Genetic diversity and population structure of an endemic bee Wallacetrigona incisa in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 861-868. Stingless bees are vital pollinators for biodiversity, yet their genetic diversity and population dynamics in isolated regions like Sulawesi, Indonesia, remain poorly understood. A stingless bee species in the highland regions of Sulawesi, Wallacetrigona incisa, was investigated for its genetic variability, population dynamics, and environmental influences. This study aimed to clarify the genetic basis of the different populations in the highlands and lowlands. Inbreeding rates, population structure, and genetic exchange were assessed using molecular markers. The results showed low levels of inbreeding across populations with minor geographic differences, indicating that gene flow is still occurring between populations. Population structure analysis identified two distinct genetic groups, a highland group and a lowland group, suggesting strong genetic divergence, possibly due to geographical isolation. The association with over-winter survival in this study was the broad climate variables floral abundance and temperature. The results indicate that floral richness, particularly in highland regions, predicts genetic diversity better than temperature. These findings suggest that environmental variables, especially floral diversity, are particularly important for shaping W. incisa population genetics. Our study contributes new knowledge to W. incisa conservation and management by revealing that floral richness, particularly in highland regions, strongly influences genetic diversity and population robustness, underscoring the necessity of preserving diverse floral habitats. Additionally, this research contributes to our knowledge of the impacts of geographic and environmental factors on the genetic diversity of stingless bees and provides a valuable basis for future conservation efforts on a large scale in Sulawesi and other similar ecological areas.

The community structure of Echinodermata (Echinoidea and Holothuroidea) on seagrass ecosystem in Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

FURQON DARMA NURCAHYO — 2024-12-05

Abstract. Nurcahyo FD, Zen HM, ‘Azizah HPN, Nugroho GD, Ramdhun D, Yap CK, Indrawan M, Setyawan AD. 2024. The community structure of Echinodermata (Echinoidea and Holothuroidea) on seagrass ecosystem in Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 4561-4571. Echinoderms, which encompass various classes such as sea urchins and sea cucumbers, play a crucial role in marine ecosystems and contribute significantly to maintaining ecological balance. Therefore, this study was conducted to understand the composition structure of echinoderms (Echinoidea and Holothuroidea) in several beaches of Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The survey was conducted on March 2024 at Pringjono Beach, Dadap Ayam Beach, Ngrenehan Beach, Torohudan Beach, and Ngrawah Beach. Data analyzed included species diversity, density and ecological indices of echinoderms (Echinoidea and Holothuroidea) at each beach location. The research findings revealed that across the five beaches of Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, there were two classes of echinoderms, namely Echinoidea (sea urchins) and Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers), with a total of 7 identified species, namely Echinometra mathaei, Echinometra oblonga, Heterocentrotus trigonarius, Tripneustes gratilla, Colobocentrotus atratus, Stomopneustes variolaris, and Holothuria leucospilota. Only one beach recorded the presence of sea cucumbers, while the number of sea urchin species varied at each beach. Dadap Ayam Beach recorded the highest number of sea urchin species, followed by Ngrenehan Beach. Additionally, Dadap Ayam Beach exhibited higher values of species diversity and richness compared to other beaches. A total of seven echinoderm species were identified, with a total abundance of 367 individuals/1000 m². The beaches in this study showed variations in the diversity and distribution of echinoderms, particularly Echinoidea and Holothuroidea. However, overall species diversity and richness values were generally low, indicating the potential vulnerability of these ecosystems.

Short Communication: Orchid diversity in the riparian area of Samin River, Central Java, Indonesia

BISMA YOGA HERDANANTA — 2025-01-18

Abstract. Herdananta BY, Karina R, Khoirunnisa S, Nugraha GD, Setyawan AD. 2024. Short communication: Orchid diversity in the riparian area of Samin River, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 5046-5054. Riparian area provides various ecosystem services, including the habitat of orchids. This research aimed to determine the diversity of orchid species along the riverbank of Samin River, Karanganyar-Sukoharjo Districts, Central Java, Indonesia. Data collection was conducted in three segments of the river: upstream (Blumbang and Gondosuli Villages), middle stream (Girilayu and Plosorejo Villages) and downstream (Kadokan Village). At each station, explorative method using cruising path with length of 1 km along the riverbank and width of 5-10 meters on both sides was used to document the presence of orchids. Data was analyzed to produce the Shannon-Wiener biodiversity index (H'), evenness index (E), and Margalef species richness index (R). This study recorded 19 species of orchids in which 13 species with 198 individuals were found in the upstream, four species with 154 individuals in the middle stream, and two species with 2 individuals in the downstream. Orchid species with the highest frequency was Crepidium kobi. There were 5 species of terrestrial orchids and 14 species of epiphytic orchids. For the epiphytic orchid, Zone 3 on the host tree was the zone with the largest number of species and individuals found. The upstream and middle stream had moderate diversity, while the downstream had low diversity. The three stations had different evenness categories in which quite evenly distributed in the upstream, less even in the middle stream and uneven in the downstream. All three stations had low richness index. The findings of this study suggest that the importance of maintaining riparian habitats to support the sustainability of biodiversity, especially orchid. Conservation efforts can help maintain the balance of ecosystems and biodiversity in this area. This study can be the basis for more effective conservation management in riparian areas.

The study of diversity and distribution of bats in several fragmented forests and small adjacent islands in Batam City, Riau Island, Indonesia

FAUZIAH SYAMSI — 2025-01-26

Abstract. Syamsi F, Novarino W, Dahelmi, Chairul. 2025. The study of diversity and distribution of bats in several fragmented forests and small adjacent islands in Batam City, Riau Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 223-232. Bats are ecologically and taxonomically diverse and crucial in tropical ecosystems, including on islands. This study compares bat diversity in fragmented forests on urban islands and adjacent islands connected by bridges to assess the impact of urbanization on bat populations, providing insights for conservation and habitat management. We sampled bats across four sites in Batam City, Indonesia, including two secondary forests (SF1 and SF2) and two small islands (SI1 and SI2). Using 120 harp trap nights and 120 net nights, we captured 429 bats representing 15 species and 4 families. Our findings revealed moderate bat diversity (H' 1.02 to 1.66), with SF1 being the most stable habitat, showing balanced species richness, evenness (0.72), and low dominance (0.24), indicating an evenly distributed community. The Bray-Curtis Similarity index indicated that SF1 had a distinct bat community with only 58% similarity to other habitats. Notably, two near-threatened species were found in SF1, emphasizing its ecological significance. The study suggests that fragmented forests with healthy vegetation and habitat complexity surrounding urban areas are more supportive of bat populations than small islands with limited resources. These results highlight the need for targeted conservation efforts in forest fragments surrounding urban areas to preserve bat diversity in Batam City, Riau Island, Indonesia.

Quality of sugar palm sap (Arenga pinnata) from various production centers in West Sumatra, Indonesia

TUTY ANGGRAINI — 2025-03-03

Abstract. Anggraini T, Anwar A, Hervani D, Suhendra D, Wisnubroto MP, Noflindawati, Nst IM. 2025. Quality of sugar palm sap (Arenga pinnata) from various production centers in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 859-860. Arenga pinnata is a palm tree that produces palm sap, which contains high sugar content and offers a sweet taste and bioactive components that function as antioxidants. These A. pinnata trees grow in West Sumatra, where sugar palm fruit and palm sap sugar are the main horticultural products. In this study, we investigated the quality of palm sap (A. pinnata) from various sap-producing regions thrive in West Sumatra, Indonesia, focusing on their color, total sugar contents, antioxidant activities, total phenolic contents, and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) measurements. We compared palm sap sugar from the West Pasaman, Agam, Tanah Datar, Limapuluh Kota, South Solok, and Dharmasraya regions in West Sumatra. The color of palm sugar sap is vibrant yellow-red. The total sugar content ranges from 7-15.73%. The antioxidant activity of palm sap varies based on its concentration, with its total polyphenol content ranging from 46.32-499.32 mg GAE/g, highlighting the potential health benefits of palm sap. We also used the FTIR analysis to identify functional groups in the samples. This finding showed that the quality of palm sap found in West Sumatra varies in terms of quality. Based on its antioxidant content, MNJ A has the highest antioxidant activity, and TLM A has the highest total polyphenols. These results show that total polyphenols are not the only ones that contribute to the antioxidant activity of palm sap.

Enhanced mycorrhiza helper bacterial inoculant for improving the health of Arabica coffee seedlings grown in nematode-infected soil

REGINAWANTI HINDERSAH — 2025-01-26

Abstract. Hindersah R, Asyiah IN, Amaria W, Fitriatin BN, Mudakir I, Banerjee S. 2025. Enhanced mycorrhiza helper bacterial inoculant for improving the health of Arabica coffee seedlings grown in nematode-infected soil. Biodiversitas 26: 127-124. The Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and Mycorrhiza Helper Bacteria (MHB) combine to combat the Pratylenchus coffeae nematode infection on coffee plantations sustainably and synergistically. Additionally, AMF facilitates the availability of phosphorus in plants. The objectives of present study are to formulate an enhanced MHB liquid inoculant containing Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas diminuta, and to test its efficacy in controlling P. coffeae in roots, improving P status in soil and plants, and promoting the growth of Arabica coffee seedlings infested with the nematodes. MHB liquid inoculant was enhanced by optimizing molasses, nitrogen, phosphorus, and MHB concentrations. The five treatments were used, and five replications were in a randomized block-design greenhouse experiment to investigate the AMF Glomus agregatum and MHB inoculant. The improved substrate for MHB liquid inoculant comprised 2% molasses, 0.05% NH₄Cl, and 0.1% KH₂PO₄, with a 2:3 initial volume ratio of B. subtilis and P. diminuta. Scaling up the MHB inoculant in the 2 L reactor boosted the bacterial population to 10¹⁰ CFU/mL and the P content to 100 mg/kg. Applying 200 AMF spores and 10⁹ CFU/mL MHB increased leaf number, plant P uptake, and soil P while decreasing root damage and nematode population in soil and roots. Combined AMF and MHB reduced P. coffeae infestation in roots by 70.79% and increased P content in soil and plants by 57.2% and 61.9%, respectively.

Water quality assessment based on saprobic index of phytoplankton with emphasis on several potentially Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)

JABANG NURDIN — 2025-03-03

Abstract. Nurdin J, Aziz R, Nur L, Janra MN. 2025. Water quality assessment based on saprobic index of phytoplankton with emphasis on several potentially Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs). Biodiversitas 26: 890-899. The estuary is one of the most productive ecosystems on earth due to the accumulation of all materials, including nutrients, from the upstream to the downstream. This ecosystem also plays a role in habitat function for many living organisms, such as protists, bacteria, invertebrates, and vertebrates. However, this ecosystem may suffer from the accumulation of waste, which leads to pollution. This study aims to investigate and update the information regarding water quality based on the phytoplankton from the estuaries in Padang City, West Sumatra Province, Indonesia, and its potential as Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs). Sampling was conducted from November to December 2023 at six estuaries in Padang, and several formulas, such as diversity, equitability, dominance, Bray-Curtis, and saprobic indices, were used to analyze all of the data, respectively. A total of 130 species of phytoplankton belonging to five classes were identified, where Bacillariophyceae showed the highest diversity (98 species). Overall, the phytoplankton was moderate to highly diverse (2.95>=H' >=3.93), highly equitable (0.73>=EH>=0.93), low dominant species (0.03>=C>=0.11), and the highest similarity using Bray-Curtis occur between station 5 and station 6. At the same time, the Saprobic index was constant (X: 1.00). The pollution status at these estuaries could be considered light at the b-mesosaprobic or b-meso/oligosaprobic phase. In addition, 16 phytoplankton species were identified as HABs from these estuaries, including Alexandrium, Dinophysis, Prorocentrum, and Pseudo-nitzschia. Reducing the source of pollution from organic or non-organic materials, where the majority come from household waste disposal, may keep the health and quality of the rivers and estuaries in Padang

Butterfly diversity along an altitudinal gradient and land uses in East Java, Indonesia

AMIN SETYO LEKSONO — 2025-02-20

Abstract. Leksono AS, Yanuwiadi B, Millah N, Abdullah SA. 2025. Butterfly diversity along an altitudinal gradient and land uses in East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 551-563. Butterflies are a group of insects that are vulnerable to disturbances due to changes in land use. Land-use changes due to human activities can have negative impacts on insects, including butterflies. This study aims to analyze butterfly diversity at different elevations and land uses in Lumajang, East Java, Indonesia. Butterfly diversity was surveyed using an active visual survey method by adopting Pollard Walk transect. The samplings were made for three months (August to October 2022) in seven sites along an altitudinal gradient. The characteristics of butterfly assemblages in East Java were analyzed in terms of the number of individuals, the species richness, and Shannon's diversity index. A total of 3099 individual butterflies belong to 123 species and six families were observed in seven locations. The abundance of butterflies varied among study sites. The highest species richness and diversity were found in Ranu Bedali, representing forest/plantation areas in lower altitudes, while the lowest was found in Kandangtepus representing an area dominated by arable land. The abundance, species richness, and diversity across elevation and land use differ significantly between locations. In general temperature, light intensity and forests or plantations had positives effect on butterfly abundance, richness, diversity and composition, while humidity, altitude, shrubs or grasses, and agriculture land had negative influences on those butterfly parameters.

Variability of yield and yield components of 23 hybrid cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens) genotypes under shaded and unshaded conditions

Deka Rosalinda Maulidya Putri — 2025-01-29

Abstract. Putri DRM, Syukur M, Ritonga AW. 2025. Variability of yield and yield components of 23 hybrid cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens) genotypes under shaded and unshaded conditions. Biodiversitas 26: 396-406. Cayenne pepper production is challenged by limited agricultural land, necessitating a sustainable intercropping system to meet rising demand. This requires varieties that can grow, develop, and produce under shade-stress conditions. This study aimed to obtain information on the variability of growth, yield components, and physiological traits and to determine yield-related traits in cayenne pepper hybrids obtained from full-diallel crosses under shaded and unshaded conditions. A total of 23 genotypes, consisting of 20 F1 hybrids from five parental lines and three comparisons, were planted using a nested randomized complete block design with two factors: shade and genotype. The results showed that G8 and G27 exhibited superior performance under shade conditions, producing a higher number of fruits per plant, fruit yield per plant, marketable number of fruits, marketable yield fruit, fruit diameter, and fruit weight compared to unshaded conditions. These findings have practical implications for cayenne pepper production, as they can guide the selection of varieties for shaded conditions. Chili was categorized into six clusters under unshaded conditions and four clusters under shaded conditions. Marketable yield fruit, marketable number of fruits, and number of fruits per plant had a significant positive correlation coefficient on fruit yield per plant under unshaded conditions. In contrast, under shaded conditions, there was a significant positive correlation shown on fruit diameter, plant height, marketable yield fruit, number of fruits per plant, marketable number of fruits, and fruit weight.

Abundance of adult Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) across six settlements in South Sulawesi, Indonesia

FADLY RIAN SAPUTRA — 2025-02-05

Abstract. Saputra FR, Wahid I, Supriyono, Hadi UK. 2025. Abundance of adult Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) across six settlements in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 509-519. Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus are major vectors of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika. These diseases impose a significant global health burden, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions where environmental conditions favor mosquito population growth and disease transmission. This study aimed to analyze the abundance of adult Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus across six settlements in South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Mosquito collections were conducted from January to October 2023. The selected settlements were Manuju, Pangembang, Tamala’lang, Adatongeng, Lae-Lae, and Panaikang. The findings indicated that Ae. aegypti was predominantly found indoors in Lae-Lae, with a total of 696 individuals (58.7%) from 100 surveyed houses, while Ae. albopictus was mostly found indoors in Pangembang, with 31 individuals (55.4%). Outdoors, Ae. aegypti was most abundant in Lae-Lae, where 32 individuals (80.0%) were captured in vegetated areas around 100 surveyed houses, such as near bamboo trees and other vegetation surrounding the settlements Similarly, Ae. albopictus was more frequently found outdoors in the same area, with 177 individuals (33.1%) captured under similar conditions. In total, Ae. aegypti was primarily found indoors, with 1186 individuals (p<0.01), while Ae. albopictus was mainly found outdoors, with 535 individuals (p<0.001). These findings reveal significant differences in the abundance of these mosquito species between indoors and outdoors, highlighting the influence of local environmental factors on their distribution in South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia.

Isolation and characterization of fluorescent Pseudomonas endophyte from lowland creeping-sensitive plant, and its effect on several plant pathogens and plant growth

LOEKAS SOESANTO — 2025-02-21

Abstract. Soesanto L, Azkiyah A, Primayuri D, Sundari D, Mugiastuti E. 2025. Isolation and characterization of fluorescent Pseudomonas endophyte from lowland creeping-sensitive plant, and its effect on several plant pathogens and plant growth. Biodiversitas 26: 723-730. Despite declining effectiveness and the risk of pathogen resistance, farmers still prefer synthetic fungicides to control plant disease. A safe alternative to synthetic fungicides is toxins produced by biocontrol agents. This research aimed to isolate the endophytic bacteria, fluorescent Pseudomonas, from lowland creeping-sensitive plants (Mimosa sp.), analyze its morphological and biochemical characteristics, and assess its impact on pathogens and plant growth promoters. The experiment was conducted at the Plant Protection Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Jenderal Soedirman University, from June to September 2024. Samples of creeping-sensitive plant roots were collected from several marginal soils in the lowlands of Banyumas and Cilacap Regencies. The result showed that a total of 15 isolates of endophytic fluorescent Pseudomonas were isolated from the samples. It was also noted that 80% of fluorescent Pseudomonas isolates were able to inhibit the growth of several plant pathogens. Fluorescent Pseudomonas isolates demonstrate significant variability in their ability to inhibit pathogenic fungi and bacteria, with PE13 and PE14 showing the most effective inhibition and enzyme production capabilities and several isolates had a positive effect on plant growth parameters. Fluorescent Pseudomonas exhibited both abilities through the production of several hydrolysis enzymes (lipase, cellulase, protease, and chitinase), HCN, siderophores, and phosphate solubilizing compounds.

Fish diversity and associated physicochemical conditions in seaweed farming areas in Bone Gulf Waters, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

FIJWAL PATANGNGARI — 2025-01-26

Abstract. Patangngari F, Musbir M, Najamuddin. 2025. Fish diversity and associated physicochemical conditions in seaweed farming areas in Bone Gulf Waters, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 153-165. The waters of Bone Gulf, located on the coast of Bone District, possess a longstanding legacy of fishing gear, specifically small fishing gear with a mesh size of 15 mm, which is in use today because of the substantial population along the coast. Seaweed farming regions have increasingly become alternatives to fishing zones. This research examines fish diversity and environmental factors in seaweed cultivation zones. Fish were obtained from fishermen utilizing fishing gear in seaweed regions, specifically around the Cape (ST 1), the middle (ST 2), and a distant estuary (ST 3) in Bone waters, from February to August 2024. 2375 fish specimens were gathered, encompassing 67 species from 40 families. Increased diversity was noted in species count (15-46), the species diversity index (2.48-3.18), the evenness index (0.832-0.910), the species richness index (2.64-6.96), and the species dominance index (0.057-0.096). The five most frequently captured species were Chanos chanos, Leiognathus fasciatus, Siganus guttatus, Terapon jarbua, Crenimugil seheli, and Lates calcarifer, together with Oreochromis mossambicus, classified as Vulnerable (VU), and Himantura uarnak, classified as Endangered (EN). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) shows that current velocity and depth are the main factors significantly associated with fish stocks. Furthermore, the phosphate, turbidity, nitrate, salinity, temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen metrics exhibited no significant impact across the three sites. Future research should focus on long-term monitoring of fish population dynamics, investigating the effects of seaweed farming on fish community structure, and formulating sustainable management practices that engage local communities to preserve and enhance aquatic ecosystems and ensure long-term ecosystem health.

Salicylic acid treatment induced change in the morphological, chlorophyll content, and phytochemical traits in two rice genotypes

YAYUK MULYATI — 2025-02-25

Abstract. Mulyati Y, Zubaidah S, Adiredjo AL, Rofiq M, Jadid N, Saputro TB, Isnawati, Muhaimin FI, Farapti, Sari GM. 2025. Salicylic acid treatment induced change in the morphological traits and the content of chlorophylls and endogenous salicylic acid in two rice genotypes. Biodiversitas 26: 778-788. Salicylic acid (SA) plays a crucial role in rice plant resistance. At the same time, the elicitation mechanisms of its induction are not well understood. The exploration of rice's endogenous SA during the vegetative and generative phases in response to SA elicitation is a new area of study. Similarly, the correlation between SA and rice resistance characteristics is a fresh perspective that this research aims to address. The study focuses on the effect of exogenous salicylic acid (SA) elicitation on plant height, the content of chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, endogenous SA, and the number of productive shoots and filled grains) characters in two rice genotypes, namely genotype A (Situbagendit×Cibogo3) and genotype B (Situbagendit×Ciherang8). SA at concentration 0-2.5 mg L?¹ was applied to the in vitro shoot culture of the rice varieties. The results showed that genotype B had significant content of chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll, endogenous SA content (generative phase), number of productive shoots, and filled rice grains compared to genotype A. SA concentration of 2 mg L?¹ was proven to be the optimal dose that could maximize the resistance and productivity characters of genotype B. Conversely, higher or lower concentrations tended to produce less significant or negative effects. A positive correlation between endogenous SA content and the number of productive shoots was found in genotype B. This study revealed the importance of genetic factors and elicitor concentration in improving rice resistance traits that affect productivity. These findings have practical implications, as they contribute to the development of superior rice cultivars that can support sustainable food security, offering hope for the future of agriculture.

Identification of the nettle caterpillar in smallholding oil palm plantation cultivated on peatland in Ogan Ilir, South Sumatra, Indonesia

ERISE ANGGRAINI — 2025-01-26

Abstract. Anggraini E, Setiawati T, Herlinda S, Irsan C, Mulawarman, Gofar N, Muslim A, Lau WH. 2025. Identification of the nettle caterpillar in smallholding oil palm plantation cultivated on peatland in Ogan Ilir, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 36-44. Nettle caterpillars are a major pest in oil palm plantations, posing a significant threat to the productivity and sustainability of this crop. These voracious leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause severe damage, hindering plant growth, reducing fruit production, and even leading to the mortality of oil palm trees. This study aimed to identify the species of caterpillars that inflict damage, their physical traits, population densities, and the symptoms of their attacks. This study employed direct observation and documentation of caterpillar species in the field. Observations were conducted to assess the extent of damage inflicted by caterpillars in the field. Subsequently, document using a camera, collect field samples, and identification of the nettle caterpillars found in oil palm plantation cultivated on peatland in Ogan Ilir, South Sumatera, Indonesia. This investigation identified three species of caterpillars: Setora nitens, Birthosea bisura, and Parasa lepida. These three species of caterpillars typically exhibit similar coloration but possess distinct morphological traits. The S. nitens species predominates among the largest number of species. Caterpillars consume both young and mature oil palm leaves, remaining only in the midrib. Additional indications of the attack include perforations in the leaves. The incidence of caterpillar assaults may attain 100% of nettle caterpillar infestation, accompanied by an attack rate of 57.75%. This study concludes that three primary species of nettle caterpillar were identified in oil palm plantations, exhibiting indications of damage classified as fairly severe. Thus, effective management of nettle caterpillars is crucial to maintaining the productivity and profitability of oil palm plantations.

Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas veronii bv veronii causes disease in gourami (Osphronemus gouramy)

DINI SISWANI MULIA — 2025-01-26

Abstract. Mulia DS, Nisa Z, Suwarsito, Purbomartono C, Isnansetyo A, Nafiqoh N, Yasin ISM, Azzam-Sayuti M. 2024. Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas veronii bv veronii causes disease in gourami (Osphronemus gouramy). Biodiversitas 25: 5103-5111. Gourami (Osphronemus gouramy) is a type of freshwater fish with excellent potential, but its cultivation is often disturbed by bacterial diseases caused by Aeromonas spp. The presence of virulent genes often influences the pathogenicity of Aeromonas spp. and treatment with antibiotics causes bacteria resistance. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Aeromonas veronii bv veronii causing disease in gourami (O. gouramy). A purposive sampling method was used to obtain specific diseased gourami. Phenotypic characteristics were determined morphologically and biochemically, while genotypic characteristics were based on 16S rDNA and virulent genes. A total of 10 virulent genes were used, including the aerA/haem, alt, ast, act, flaA, lafA, fstA, ahp, ela, and lip genes. Subsequently, antibiotic susceptibility tests were carried out using 10 µg gentamycin disk, 10 µg bacitracin, 30 µg tetracycline, and 30 µg chloramphenicol. Data on phenotypic and genotypic identification, the detection of virulence genes, and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were analyzed descriptively and qualitatively. The results showed that isolate BmSG-03 was closely related to A. veronii bv veronii strain ATCC 35624 with a similarity rate and query of 99.58% and 100%, respectively. The A. veronii bv veronii BmSG-03 isolate was detected to contain the aerA/haem, lafA, and ela genes, while the alt, ast, act, flaA, fstA, ahp, and lip genes were not detected. This isolate was resistant to bacitracin, tetracycline, and gentamycin but susceptible to chloramphenicol. Moreover, further investigations were recommended on genotypic characteristics of A. veronii bv veronii resistance gene and other antibiotic tests due to limited reports in Indonesia. For effective disease control, there should be a comprehensive database on the characteristics of the pathogen to obtain more effective and appropriate mitigation efforts.

Endophytic fungi isolated from Heliotropium indicum and their antagonism activity toward Fusarium solani and F. oxysporum

ALI MUSTOFA — 2025-02-12

Abstract. Mustofa A, Hastuti US, Susanto H. 2024. Endophytic fungi isolated from Heliotropium indicum and their antagonism activity toward Fusarium solani and F. oxysporum. Biodiversitas 25: 617-627. Endophytic fungi have great potential as biological control agents due to their ability to produce various bioactive compounds that can inhibit the growth of plant pathogens. One genus of pathogens that is often a problem in agriculture is Fusarium, which causes wilt disease in various types of plants. This study aimed to identify endophytic fungi from the leaves and stems of Heliotropium indicum, analyzed the content of secondary metabolites in plant extracts and endophytic fungal isolates, and evaluated the antagonistic potential of endophytic fungal isolates against pathogenic fungi. This study consisted of observing the location of endophytic fungi in plant tissues, identification of endophytic fungi, detection of secondary metabolite in fluid culture of each endophytic fungi and H. indicum, and antagonism test. The histological observations showed that endophytic fungi are found in the leaf epidermal, sponge, and parenchyma tissue. There were ten endophytic fungi isolates found in leaves and stems, namely Nigrospora gorlenkoana, N. guilinensis, N. musae, N. oryzae, N. rubi, Nigrospora sp. 1, Nigrospora sp. 2, Nigrospora sp. 3, Nigrospora sp. 4, and Penicillium oxalicum. The 10 endophytic fungal isolates including leaf and stem extracts of H. indicum contained secondary metabolite compounds; however, the species Nigrospora sp. 2 had high potential metabolite compounds. These metabolite compounds were able to inhibit the mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum, indicating their potential as biocontrol agents. The antagonism test results showed that the ten fungi isolates have antagonism effect toward F. solani and F. oxysporum. The highest antagonism effect against F. oxysporum was 77.2%, the lowest antagonism effect was 46.5%, the highest antagonism effect against F. solani was 64%, and the lowest was 28.2%. The antagonism mechanism of micoparasitism can be seen from the microscopic observations.

Comparison of rhizobacterial communities between secondary forest and palm oil plantations in East Kalimantan, Indonesia

ERVINDA YULIATIN — 2025-02-04

Abstract. Yuliatin E, Hariani N, Dharma B, Patang F, Budiman. 2025. Comparison of rhizobacterial communities between secondary forest and palm oil plantations in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 490-499. The conversion of primary forests to plantations is considered a sustainable form of land management; however, its implications for soil rhizobacterial diversity remain insufficiently explored. This study compared the rhizobacterial communities associated with Palm oil Plantation (PP) and Secondary Forest (SF) in East Kalimantan using a metagenomic approach. The soil samples were collected around the Secondary Forest soil (SF) and Palm oil Plantation soil (PP) plant roots in Berambai, Samarinda. The samples were then analyzed for soil physico-chemical properties such as pH, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), organic matter, and C/N ratio. At the same time, the rhizobacterial diversity was analyzed using a metagenomic analysis through Illumina Hiseq. Soil physico-chemical assessments showed acidic conditions in both soils, with PP being more acidic (pH 4.41) than SF (pH 5.38); nutrient analysis indicated medium nitrogen levels and high organic carbon in both soils, while PP had elevated P content due to fertilization. Metagenomic analysis revealed similar rhizobacterial richness, but diversity was slightly higher in PP. Dominant phyla included Proteobacteria and Acidobacteriota, with notable orders like Rhizobiales and Acidobacteriales. The functional analysis highlighted rhizobacterial roles in organic decomposition, plant growth promotion, and nitrogen fixation, illustrating ecological adaptation to soil conditions and management practices. This study provides insights into the rhizobacterial functional diversity in distinct soil environments.

Phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis of local durian (Durio zibethinus) leaf extract from Criwik, Rembang, Central Java, Indonesia

ANDINI DESI SAWITRI — 2025-01-26

Abstract. Sawitri AD, Yuniastuti E, Purwanto E, Parjanto. 2025. Phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis of local durian (Durio zibethinus) leaf extract from Criwik, Rembang, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 55-61. Durian (Durio zibethinus), an important tropical fruit in Indonesia, is widely known for its unique flavor and potential health benefits. Despite extensive research on the nutritional and pharmacological properties of its fruit, the bioactive potential of its other plant parts, particularly the leaves, remains limited. This study explored the phytochemical profile and bioactive compounds in the leaf extract of Criwik durian, a local variety from Rembang, Central Java, Indonesia. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, and phenolic compounds, all known for their diverse pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Importantly, this is the first study to report the presence of phytochemical in the durian leaf extract. Additionally, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was conducted to characterize the bioactive components, which identified 11 distinct compounds. These included squalene, ethyl iso allocholate, neophytadiene, and phytol, all associated with health remedies and pharmacological effects. These results provide a detailed chemical profile of Criwik durian leaves, highlighting their potential as a valuable resource for the development of natural health products and herbal remedies. These findings enhance our understanding of the bioactive potential of durian leaves and encourage further research into their medicinal applications. Thus, Criwik durian leaves could serve as a promising source for the future exploration of natural health product development and sustainable medicinal practices.

Unveiling microbiome diversity and abundance in the ceca and intestine of freshly slaughtered market-sold kampung chickens

RETNO MURWANI — 2025-03-02

Abstract. Murwani R, Sembiring A, Cahyani NKD, Anggoro AW, Kurniasih EM, Budiharjo A, Ambariyanto A. 2025. Unveiling microbiome diversity and abundance in the ceca and intestine of freshly slaughtered market-sold kampung chickens. Biodiversitas 26: 909-919. The native Indonesian kampung chicken is a popular and desirable meat source sold live at traditional markets, offering fresh meat for consumers. The aim of this research was to investigate the microbial diversity of intestines and cecum of freshly sacrificed female kampung chickens using genomic sequencing. The DNA from 50 samples of female kampung chickens was extracted and amplified by PCR targeting the 16S rRNA V4 region. The PCR products were sequenced, and the taxonomic composition was summarized using the Phyloseq package, with taxa merged at six levels: domain, phylum, class, family, genus, and species. The result showed that the microbiome was dominated by Firmicutes (61.22%), Bacteroidota (20.06%), Actinobacteriota (7.14%), and Proteobacteria (2.81%). Lactobacillus aviarius (2.82%) was abundant across the samples. The cecum exhibited more diverse microbiomes than the intestines, with a predominance of Firmicutes. Beneficial bacteria, such as L. aviarius (5.26%) and Bacteroides barnesiae (3.03%), were dominant in the small intestine and cecum, respectively. A significant portion of the sequences remained unidentified or uncultured (50.95% and 20.61%, respectively). The gut microbiome of market-sold, freshly sacrificed female kampung chickens displays remarkably high diversity and richness, characterized by beneficial bacterial abundance, crucial for maintaining the chickens' overall health. These findings strongly support the consumer preference for fresh female kampung chicken meat, validating the traditional choice of the local community.

Development of lectin gene-based SNAP and ARMS markers as anticancer biomarkers in mutant rodent tuber (Typhonium flagelliforme) of Pekalongan accession, Indonesia

ZIDNI MUFLIKHATI — 2025-02-03

Abstract. Muflikhati Z, Sianipar NF, Reflinur, Anas. 2025. Development of lectin gene-based SNAP and ARMS markers as anticancer biomarkers in mutant rodent tuber (Typhonium flagelliforme) of Pekalongan accession, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 424-433. Typhonium flagelliforme is a medicinal plant with potential anticancer properties. This study aimed to develop Single Nucleotide Amplified Polymorphism (SNAP) and Amplification Refractory Mutation System (ARMS) markers from the lectin gene that contributed to anticancer activity found in gamma-irradiated mutant rodent tuber plants of the Pekalongan accession. The two markers were designed for the site of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), which were identified at approximately 500 bp in the length of the lectin gene sequence. The SNAP Lec113 primer designed from a 113 bp silent mutation in the respective gene has successfully differentiated rodent tuber mutant lines across the wild-type, determined by the specific T allele at 351 bp. Meanwhile, the ARMS Lec241 primer, designed from a 241 bp missense mutation (arginine to threonine), distinguished mutants from their wild-type by the specific G allele at 193 bp. The two developed markers demonstrated their high specificity and sensitivity in detecting genetic variations spanning lectin gene involved in anticancer biosynthesis. The SNAP marker effectively distinguished among seven mutant samples, while the ARMS marker provided consistent results across experiments. These molecular markers offer a rapid and accurate method for identifying genetic variations in rodent tuber plants, providing a significant practical benefit for the field of genetic screening and mutation impact studies. The three-primer SNAP system presents a more cost-effective option for large-scale screening compared to the four-primer ARMS system. This study provides a foundation for targeted breeding programs and genetic studies in rodent tuber, potentially accelerating the development of varieties with enhanced medicinal properties. The markers enhance genetic screening efficiency and understanding of medicinal properties in rodent tuber, significantly advancing the field of natural product therapeutics and mutation impact studies.

Butterfly (Lepidoptera) community structure in several habitat types of Tancak Maesan Forest, Bondowoso, East Java, Indonesia

ABDU ROHMAN — 2025-02-20

Abstract. Rohman A, Subchan W, Buana YC. 2025. Butterfly (Lepidoptera) community structure in several habitat types of Tancak Maesan Forest, Bondowoso, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 651-661. Butterflies are one of the biota in Tancak Maesan Region, Perhutani, Forest Management Unit (FMU) Bondowoso, East Java, Indonesia. The region encompasses several habitat types. Habitat-type variations can influence butterfly diversity and dispersion. Butterfly species may be impacted by habitat loss, modification, degradation, fragmentation, and the escalation of human population and activities. Alterations in species diversity and richness composition directly influence particular regions as producers of ecological services. This study aimed to analyze the composition of the butterfly community in Tancak Maesan Region, Perhutani, FMU Bondowoso. We documented 29 species of butterflies. The safeguarded forest and waterfall ecosystems (28 species) exhibited the highest butterfly species diversity. Protected forest habitats offer critical components for butterfly survival, including ample nectar supplies for adults, host plants for larvae, and stable microclimatic conditions. Symbrenthia lilaea exhibited the most significant population density and importance value (IVI: 11.11). The Nymphalidae family exhibited the most significant species diversity relative to the other families. The safeguarded forest ecosystem exhibited the highest diversity index (H': 3.291). The residential area exhibits the highest bird evenness index (E: 1.19). The agricultural habitat exhibited the highest dominance index (D: 0.072). The abiotic parameters fall within the acceptable tolerance limit. A total of 49 plant species were identified in the vegetation study. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) of butterflies indicated that the species Tanaecia sp., Appias albina, Miletus sp., Papilio memnon, Eurema blanda, Tanaecia palguna, Udara akasa, and Oriens gola had a positive correlation with light intensity and wind speed in forest and agricultural environments. In conclusion, butterfly communities exhibit a significant relationship with diverse habitats, particularly protected forest areas, serving as ecological indicators of habitat alteration.

Metabolite profiles and biomarkers of three Selaginella (Selaginellaceae) medicinal plant species in Java Island, Indonesia

AMANDA KHOIRUNISA — 2025-02-04

Abstract. Khoirunisa A, Chikmawati T, Nugroho G, Miftahudin. 2025. Metabolite profiles and biomarkers of three Selaginella (Selaginellaceae) medicinal plant species in Java Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 434-443. Metabolite content in plants is an important taxonomic marker that facilitates the realistic delimitation of species. Substantial improvement is needed for the metabolomic data of several fern species, including Selaginella, which is widely used as a medicinal plant on Java Island. Therefore, this research aimed to profile metabolite compounds in Selaginella ornata, S. plana, and S. willdenowii, and identify biomarkers for species differentiation. Metabolite content and data were determined with Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) and MZmine 3.1.0 beta software, respectively. Meanwhile, metabolite profiling, heatmap clusters, and cluster analysis were carried out using MetaboAnalyst 5.0. A total of 113 metabolites were detected in three Selaginella species observed. Based on metabolite characteristics, cluster analysis categorized all individuals into three groups, showing that individuals from the same species were more similar than others, with S. ornata metabolites appearing more similar to S. willdenowii than to S. plana. Three species had similarities in the compounds 1,3,5-benzenetricarbonitrile, 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid, 3-furoic acid, 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid, amentoflavone, avobenzone, ibuprofen, kojic acid, and skyrin. Metabolites only possessed by each species of S. plana, S. ornata, and S. willdenowii included 4-vinylphenol, velutin, and axahine B, respectively. This research reported for the first time several low-weight secondary metabolites with potential application as biomarkers to differentiate three species.

Density and distribution mapping of invasive plant Jatropha gossypiifolia in priority savanna of Bama Resort, Baluran National Park, East Java, Indonesia

Solfiyeni Solfiyeni — 2025-01-28

Abstract. Solfiyeni, Nurmalasari A. 2025. Density and distribution mapping of invasive plant Jatropha gossypiifolia in priority savanna of Bama Resort, Baluran National Park, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 255-264. Jatropha gossypiifolia (Bellyache bush) is one of the invasive alien plant species in the savanna of Baluran National Park, East Java, Indonesia. The invasiveness of J. gossypiifolia is the main focus of this study because this species has the potential to have a significant and far-reaching impact on the stability of the savanna ecosystem in Baluran National Park. This study aims to determine the density, distribution pattern, and distribution area of J. gossypiifolia and to analyze environmental factors that affect its presence in the savanna of Bama Resort, Baluran National Park. The survey method for distribution mapping and a single plot method to determine density and distribution pattern. Meanwhile, to analyze the relationship between environmental factors and plant density of J. gossypiifolia, Canonical Component Analysis (CCA) was used. The results showed that the density of J. gossypiifolia plants in the observation area of 400 m² was 1.94 individuals/m² or estimated in hectares around 19,400 individuals/ha and this plant was found growing in 15 sub-plots out of a total of 16 sub-plots observed in the field. The distribution pattern of J. gossypiifolia plants in the observation area is clustered with a Morisita Index value of 1.48. Furthermore, it is known that the distribution area of J. gossypiifolia plants in the priority savanna of Bama Resort is around 25 hectares of the total savanna area of Bama Resort of around 512 hectares. The existence of J. gossypiifolia plants is strongly influenced by the high and low light intensity. Jatropha gossypiifolia plants have spread quite widely in the priority savanna of Bama Resort, Baluran National Park. This plant is most commonly found growing in savannas close to the road, so it is necessary to routinely monitor each savanna as an effort to manage invasive alien plants in the savannas of Baluran National Park.

Species diversity and the spread of invasive fish in the Upper Bengawan Solo River, Central Java, Indonesia

MUHAMMAD RAHARDIAN ADILA HAQQI — 2024-11-11

Abstract. Haqqi MRA, Sholichah DM, Armando MF, Sani MF, Aprianto MK, Dewangga A, Yap CK, Dadiono MS, Setyawan AD. 2024. Species diversity and the spread of invasive fish in the Upper Bengawan Solo River, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 4000-4010. Bengawan Solo is the largest and longest river in Java, Indonesia, and has a major role in supporting the life of communities around it. To understand the quality of the Bengawan Solo River environment, the study can be done from physical, chemical, and biological aspects. This research was carried out to inventory the species and the spread of invasive fish found in the Upper Bengawan Solo River, Central Java, Indonesia. This research was conducted from November to December 2023 and settled on 5 sampling stations located on main body of Bengawan Solo River, including (i) northern spillway of Gajah Mungkur Reservoir, Wonogiri, (ii) Colo Reservoir, Sukoharjo, (iii) Demangan Floodgate, Surakarta, (iv) Tlumpuk, Karanganyar, and (v) Jati, Sragen. Data collection was performed using Visual Encounter Survey (VES) and direct catch with several fishing tools, collected species identified using iNaturalist, and several books such as Jenis Ikan Introduksi dan Invasif Asing di Indonesia, Ikan Air Tawar di Ekosistem Bukit Tigapuluh, Ensiklopedia Populer Ikan Air Tawar, and Baku Saku Pengolah Data Jenis Ikan. Identification also carried out by interviewing local people at study area location to match out vernacular names. The results showed 20 species of fish from 12 families were found, dominated by Cyprinidae. The most fish captured is tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), which can be obtained from all the sampling stations. A species with high conservation status according to IUCN Red List was also found, namely Rasbora lateristriata with Vulnerable (VU) status. As many as 6 species discovered were categorized as invasive, including snakehead fish (Channa striata), red devil fish (Amphilophus citrinellus), tilapia (O. niloticus), catfish (Clarias gariepinus), sailfin catfish (Pterygoplichthys pardalis), and guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Their invasive characteristics are usually due to their predatory trait, well adaptability, and high population. The introduction of invasive fish in the Upper Bengawan Solo River was caused by several reasons, such as intentional release for stocking population, escaping fish from nearby farms, and wild releases from fish keepers.

Composition and role of ants (Formicidae) as indicators of habitat conditions in different stands in urban forest, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

BUDIAMAN BUDIAMAN — 2025-01-26

Abstract. Budiaman, Nuraeni S, Nurhaini, Prastiyo A. 2025. Composition and role of ants (Formicidae) as indicators of habitat conditions in different stands in urban forest, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 145-152. Urban forests provide ecological services such as air, microclimate, and environmental biodiversity, ecosystems in urban areas, assessing their quality and health through ecological indicators such as ants (Formicidae), which are very sensitive to habitat changes and serve as effective bioindicators for urban forest management sustainable. This research aims to identify the diversity and distribution of ant species and assess the potential of ants as ecological indicators of environmental conditions in urban forests. Sampling was done in three different stands: teak (Gmelina arborea), suren (Toona sureni), and mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni). The trap method uses a pitfall trap to collect ant specimens, which were then identified. Data analysis was carried out by calculating diversity, dominance, abundance, and evenness indices, as well as further analysis using correlation and principal component analysis (PCA). The results showed that there was significant variation in ant species composition among various stand types with 9 species, 6 genera, and 3 subfamilies. Species from the Camponotus genus dominate in urban forests, with Camponotus virulens dominating in teak stands, Camponotus sp. in suren stands, and Pheidole plagiaria in mahogany stands. The findings of the correlation analysis demonstrated a highly significant and positive relationship between humidity and ant dominance (0.989). This suggests that humidity is the environmental factor that exerts the greatest influence on the increased dominance of specific species. Furthermore, the very strong and positive relationship between diversity (H') and evenness (E) (0.943) indicates that ecosystems with high diversity tend to have a more even distribution of species. PCA analysis revealed a relationship between ant species composition and environmental factors such as temperature and humidity. The differences in ant species (Formicidae) composition across various stand types in the Makassar city forest are influenced by environmental conditions, such as temperature and humidity, making them suitable ecological indicators for assessing habitat quality and urban forest ecosystem health. This information supports sustainable urban forest management and biodiversity conservation efforts in urban environments, highlighting the importance and significance of ants in ecological studies.

Effect of moon phase during tides on variation of aquatic biodiversity in a tropical coastal lake of Anak Laut Lake, Aceh, Indonesia

AHMAD MUHTADI — 2025-02-26

Abstract. Muhtadi A, Leidonald R, Rohim N, Firdaus M. 2025. Effect of moon phase during tides on variation of aquatic biodiversity in a tropical coastal lake of Anak Laut Lake, Aceh, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 810-823. Anak Laut Lake, Aceh, Indonesia, is a coastal lake whose water dynamics are influenced by sea tides. It serves as a vital environment for marine life in Singkil and surrounding waters, functioning as a nursery and feeding grounds for prawns and fish larvae. This study was conducted from March to April 2023 at Anak Laut Lake in Gosong Telaga Barat Village, North Singkil District, Aceh Singkil District, Aceh Province, Indonesia. Sampling was conducted on four occasions during the tidal cycle: the new moon, first quarter, full moon, and last quarter. Aquatic biota samples were collected during both high and low tides. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) multivariate analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel 2016 and Minitab. The nekton in Anak Laut Lake exhibited variations in space and time during high and low tides, with 29 families and 55 species identified. Benthic organisms included 26 species, classified into four distinct classes and 23 families. The abundance of phytoplankton was higher than that of zooplankton, reaching 90.96-95.30% of the plankton community. The larvae and juveniles discovered in Anak Laut Lake predominantly consisted of fish species from marine environments that reproduce in estuaries and seas and are transported into the lake by tidal currents. Fish population and diversity were higher during high tide due to the availability of habitats and the influx of marine fish. The tidal dynamics influenced the presence, abundance, and diversity of aquatic organisms in the lake. The new and full moon phases greatly affected the dynamics of the water quality and biodiversity of the lake due to the pronounced tidal ranges produced.

Selection and validation of stable reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis across seven Musa genomes during early flowering development

KAWEE SUJIPULI — 2025-01-26

Abstract. Sujipuli K, Mingmanit Y, Inthima P, Laywisadkul S, Ratanasut K, Premjet D, Premjet S, Pongcharoen P, Pathaichindachote W, Phinyo M, Boonsrangsom T. 2025. Biodiversitas 26: 125-135. Banana (Musa spp.) is a globally important fruit crop, with most edible varieties resulting from hybridizations between Musa acuminata (AA genome) and Musa balbisiana (BB genome). Seed formation in hybrid bananas is undesirable for both fresh consumption and processing, making it crucial to understand the genetic mechanisms controlling pollen viability and development to prevent seed set in commercial cultivation. However, comprehensive evaluations of reference genes for gene expression studies in various Musa genomic groups are still lacking. This study evaluated five candidate reference genes-ACT2, CAC, RPS4, RPL4, and SAMDC1-across seven Musa genomes using reverse transcriptase quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). Four of these genes (CAC, RPS4, RPL4, and SAMDC1) demonstrated high primer specificity, with single PCR amplification peaks and melting curve Tm values ranging from 75.42 ± 0.03 to 82.51 ± 0.03. Expression abundance varied, with Ct values between 21.58 ± 0.26 and 24.68 ± 0.20. Using five stability analysis programs, CAC was identified as the most stable reference gene across all seven Musa genomes, making it the optimal candidate for normalizing gene expression data in banana studies. This study provides a valuable tool for enhancing the accuracy of gene expression analysis in banana breeding programs targeting seedless fruit production, thereby demonstrating the practical relevance of reference gene evaluation in banana genomic studies.

Gut microbiome profile of Namalycastis sp. at Setiu wetland in Terengganu, Malaysia

SHUMPEI IEHATA — 2025-02-03

Abstract. Iehata S, Hamzah SR, Azmi SS, Ibrahim YS. 2025. Gut microbiome profile of Namalycastis sp. at Setiu wetland in Terengganu, Malaysia. Biodiversitas 26: 358-367. Marine worm regulates the surrounding sediment microbial composition structure and diversity. While there are increasing reports on marine worm-related microbiome assemblage and their functional role in the ecosystem, more knowledge still needs to be reported on the gut microbiome associated with the Nypa worm (Namalycastis sp.). The present study conducted 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to investigate the microbiome community of the Nypa worm gut as well as the environmental sample (rotten Nypa and surrounding water) and analyzed potential microbial functions using functional annotation of prokaryotic taxa (FAPROTAX). Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and upset plot results revealed the obvious relationship between microbiome compositions associated with Namalycastis sp. gut and their habitat (Nypa). Similarly, some genera, such as genus Demequina, were found to be in higher abundance in Namalycastis sp. gut and Nypa. This higher abundance could indicate a symbiotic relationship or a specific adaptation to the Nypa environment. Functional predictions based on FAPROTAX indicated that Nypa worms possess higher potentials for aromatic hydrocarbon degradation, aromatic compound degradation, aliphatic non-methane hydrocarbon degradation, and hydrocarbon degradation than environmental samples. The findings in this study suggested that the Nypa worm gut is a reservoir of several beneficial bacteria, such as Rhodococcus and Saccharimonadales, which create a unique microbial environment that facilitates the microbiological degradation of organic compounds. In addition, the genus Rhodococcus and candidatus Xiphinematobacter would become potential biomarkers to monitor the shifting environmental condition of mangroves.

Peat-derived Streptomyces spp. isolated from edamame rhizosphere with plant growth-promoting properties

IRA ERDIANDINI — 2025-02-02

Abstract. Erdiandini I, Tjahjoleksono A, Astuti RI, Husen E, Wahyudi AT. 2025. Peat-derived Streptomyces spp. isolated from edamame rhizosphere with plant growth-promoting properties. Biodiversitas 26: 326-334. Peatlands, which are known for their high organic matter content, are common habitats for actinomycetes. These microorganisms have been recognized for their potential as plant growth promoters. However, there have been limited reports on peat-derived actinomycetes with plant growth-promoting properties, especially in edamame-cultivated peatlands. This study aimed to isolate and investigate plant growth-promoting actinomycetes in the rhizosphere of edamame-cultivated peatlands. The results showed that a total of 46 strains were isolated from the edamame rhizosphere during the anthesis and reproductive phase. Importantly, 36 of these strains were found to be biologically safe, as showed by the negative hemolysis and hypersensitivity test. All 36 strains produced indole-3-acetic acid in the range of 2.42 to 50.07 µg/mL. Based on the in vivo plant growth-promoting activity assay, strains RT34, AR26, AR39, and BT59 promoted the highest primary root growth of edamame sprouts. Interestingly, the acetylene reduction assay revealed that only RT34 and AR39 strains exhibited nitrogenase activity as high as that of Azotobacter sp. as a positive control. The nitrogenase activity of these strains was up to 27.42 nmol C₂H₄ h^-1tube^-1 and 28.10 nmol C₂H₄ h^-1tube^-1. Furthermore, quantitative phosphate solubilization assay showed phosphate solubilization up to 527.76 µg/mL in the range of 258.31 to 527.76 µg/mL. Based on 16S rRNA sequencing, these strains were closely related to the genus Streptomyces. The finding of present results strongly indicates that these Streptomyces strains have plant growth-promoting properties and can be proposed as biostimulants to enhance edamame growth in peatlands.

Estimation of genetic parameters and path analysis in sweet-waxy corn (Zea mays var. ceratina)

ARYA WIDURA RITONGA — 2025-02-28

Abstract. Ritonga AW, Mukhlisin, Sutjahjo SH. 2025. Estimation of genetic parameters and path analysis in sweet-waxy corn (Zea mays var. ceratina). Biodiversitas 26: 879-889. Waxy corn is commonly consumed as a staple food in Eastern Indonesia. The development of hybrid sweet-waxy corn is crucial for enhancing its quality and productivity. The information about genetic parameters and yield-related traits is essential in plant breeding programs to obtain high-yielding hybrids. This study aimed to determine the genetic variability, heritability, and yield-related traits in sweet-waxy corn hybrids. This research was carried out at two locations, Bogor and Lampung, from September 2023 to February 2024. Fifteen sweet-waxy corn hybrids were sown in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The recorded data were plant height, ear height, stem diameter, leaf width, leaf length, the number of leaves, the number of kernels per row, the number of rows per ear, ear diameter, ear length, and ear weight without husk. The findings revealed that the G1, G7, and G12 hybrids demonstrated superior yield traits at both locations. All observed traits demonstrated high heritability, with the exception of stem diameter and the number of kernels per row. The phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were within the moderate to high, with percentages ranging from 4.15% to 16.69%. Correlation analysis suggested a positive association between ear weight without husks with the other traits. Ear diameter, ear length, and the number of kernels per row had highly positive direct effects on the ear weight without husks, while leaf width had a strong indirect effect through ear diameter (0.415). Thus, these traits may be utilized as selection criteria in corn breeding programs.

The diversity of wild edible plants used by community living around Mount Merapi National Park, Central Java, Indonesia

KHOTROTUN NIDA FARIKHA — 2024-11-08

Abstract. Farikha KN, Syahrani LPW, Alfiyah LK, Luthfia, Nurwulandari M, Nazar IA, Junaedi E, Setyawan AD. 2024. The diversity of wild edible plants used by community living around Mount Merapi National Park, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 3041-3049. Mount Merapi National Park is one of the conservation areas in Indonesia that serves as habitat for various species of wild plants with ecological value and social benefits for local communities. However, the impacts of social, economic, and environmental changes have led to a decline in community interest in utilizing the presence of wild plants there. This research aims to document the diversity of wild edible plants used by local community living around Mount Merapi National Park in Kemalang Sub-district, Klaten District, Central Java, Indonesia. Data collection involved physical observation and semi-structured questionnaires to 58 respondents. Data analysis was carried out by classifying plants based on their local names, families, scientific names, growth forms, parts utilized, uses, and conservation status. This study documented 45 species of wild edible plants belonging to 32 families with the dominance of the Zingiberaceae family. Wild edible plants are utilized as food sources, cooking ingredients, and traditional medicine with leaves being the most commonly utilized part. Andrographis paniculata is most frequently utilized by the community. Based on the IUCN Red List, there are 20 wild edible species categorized as Least Concern, 13 species Not Evaluated, 11 species Data Deficient, and 1 species Endangered.

Exploring habitat characteristics and herpetofauna diversity in the Kamojang and Darajat Geothermal Power Plants, West Java, Indonesia

ERRI NOVIAR MEGANTARA — 2025-01-26

Abstract. Megantara EN, Husodo T, Mutaqin AZ, Kendarto DR, Wulandari I, Pujianto MP, Shanida SS, Afriyanti F. 2025. Exploring habitat characteristics and herpetofauna diversity in the Kamojang and Darajat Geothermal Power Plants, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 203-222. Considering their vital role in preserving ecological stability, herpetofauna are essential indicators of the environment's health. From 2019 to 2023, this project examines the herpetofauna's habitat and variety surrounding the Kamojang and Darajat Geothermal Power Plants, West Java, Indonesia. The study's objectives were to monitor species diversity, evaluate habitat conditions, and understand how land use changes affect these species. Data were gathered by vegetation analysis and visual and auditory encounter surveys in various land cover types, including natural forests, mixed gardens, pine plantations, shrubs, swamps, riparian, artificial gardens, craters, and replanting areas. The results identified 37 species of herpetofauna, including 18 amphibians and 19 reptiles. Vegetation analysis revealed that natural forests and riparian zones supported the highest species richness. In contrast, areas with monoculture vegetation, such as pine plantations, had lower biodiversity. Natural habitats tend to have lower temperatures and high humidity, creating ideal conditions for specialist species requiring a stable and humid environment. In contrast, artificial habitats have warmer temperatures and lower humidity, favoring generalist species, which are more adaptable to variable environmental conditions. Artificial habitats also provide diverse microhabitats, such as open areas for basking and shade from plant canopies, which favor certain reptiles and amphibians. Adapting species to these different conditions reflects the importance of maintaining a balance between natural habitats to support specialist species and artificial habitats for more flexible species. This combination of abiotic factors and habitat structure is key to the sustainability of herpetofauna diversity in both areas. Habitat quality was affected by human activities such as land conversion and agriculture, which decreased the diversity of herpetofauna and the vegetation structure. This study emphasizes the significance of habitat conservation and sustainable land management in maintaining biodiversity in geothermal areas.

Species distribution model and population dynamics of invasive alien plant Calliandra calothyrsus in Gunung Ciremai National Park, West Java, Indonesia

IING NASIHIN — 2024-12-20

Abstract. Nasihin I, Widhiono I, Sudiana E, Nurdin, Herlina N, Imaningsih W. 2024. Species distribution model and population dynamics of invasive alien plant Calliandra calothyrsus in Gunung Ciremai National Park, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 4806-4815. Invasive alien plants are a serious threat to conservation areas since they will threaten biodiversity by over-dominating species composition and reducing diversity. However, conservation area managers have not taken invasive alien plant management seriously. Calliandra calothyrsus is one of the invasive alien plant species that has been reported to occur in conservation areas. The purpose of this study was to develop a habitat suitability model and investigate population dynamics of C. calothyrsus in Gunung Ciremai National Park (GCNP), West Java Province, Indonesia. Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) was used to build the model using 13 environmental predictors, including climate, physical, and soil characteristic variables. Population structure data were collected from 98 sampling plots, each measuring 10x10 m. The population dynamics and distribution of C. calothyrsus populations were analyzed using RangeShifter software with 50 years of simulation. The results showed an AUC value of >0.80, indicating the distribution model of C. calothyrsus has a high level of agreement between the model prediction and actual observation. Simulation analysis shows that the population of C. calothyrsus in GCNP will continue to increase over the next 50 years and spread throughout the park from where the occurrences of C. calothyrsus were recorded. The findings of this study suggest that managing the growth of the C. calothyrsus population from seedling to sapling is necessary, while restoring bare ground and shrub can prevent the spread of C. calothyrsus.

The anatomy, histology, and oxidative stress level of the liver in fruit bat (Rousettus amplexicaudatus)

YENI DHAMAYANTI — 2025-01-26

Abstract. Dhamayanti Y, Suryadiningrat M, Mujiburrahman A, Firdausy LW, Maslamama ST, Purnama MTE. 2025. The anatomy, histology, and oxidative stress level of the liver in fruit bat (Rousettus amplexicaudatus). Biodiversitas 26: 102-110. Among the wildlife species known for propagating zoonoses is the fruit bat (Rousettus amplexicaudatus). It is known that the liver organ serves as a detoxifying center in the only flying mammal. An examination of the liver's anatomy, histology, and oxidative stress level was essential to bridge the gap between earlier research and take into account the liver's critical function in bats. Seven bats—four males and three females—were enlisted to examine the liver's gross anatomy, histology, levels of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and catalase (CAT). The study's findings, which highlight the unique aspects of bat liver anatomy and the absence of gender differences in enzyme levels, have significant implications for our understanding of zoonotic diseases. As a result, the liver is covered by connective tissue, which also separates the liver parenchyma into three lobes: the cranial, middle, and caudal lobes. The liver of a bat lacked an additional lobe, in contrast to most mammals. According to histology, the liver lobule's hepatocytes are grouped radially from the center and terminate in the central vein. The portal vein, bile ductules, and hepatic artery branches were all visible in the triad. Furthermore, this study found no significant differences (p<0.05) between male and female bats in terms of MDA (p = 0.463), SOD (p = 0.686), GPx (p = 0.455), and CAT (p = 0.443). As a reference for typical circumstances, this study concluded the anatomy, histology, and antioxidant enzymes of fruit bats' livers. Furthermore, fruit bats with normal liver conditions might be compared to the antioxidant enzyme profiles we reported.

Identification of subterranean termites and their attack characteristics on settlements in Jakarta Province, Indonesia

ARINANA ARINANA — 2025-01-26

Abstract. Arinana A, Ardiansyah F, Andika R, Tarmadi D, Satimo. 2025. Identification of subterranean termites and their attack characteristics on settlements in Jakarta Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 22-35. The increase in termite attacks on buildings in Jakarta, Indonesia coinciding with the city's construction boom, is reshaping environmental dynamics. This study aims to identify the subterranean termite species responsible for damaging residential structures and to analyze the patterns of these infestations throughout Jakarta. The research was conducted across 57 settlement sites within the city, guided by a comprehensive survey of termite-induced damage and a four-month monitoring period from September to December 2021, during which Perseroan Terbatas (PT) Larusa Adi Sumindo, Jakarta implemented a baiting system. Morphometric identification of the termites revealed at least four species associated with building infestations: Coptotermes curvignathus, C. gestroi, Macrotermes gilvus, and Microtermes insperatus. Coptotermes gestroi was the most prevalent among these, found at 39 sites. The findings indicate that termite damage was most severe in window and door frames (49.1%), while the foundation exhibited the least damage (3.5%). This research highlights not only the diversity of termite species infesting urban areas but also the specific structural components vulnerable to their attacks, including frames, foundations, floors, walls, ceilings, archives, and garden trees. These insights are crucial for developing targeted mitigation strategies and building resilience against these pervasive subterranean termites, supporting sustainable urban development in Jakarta and beyond.

Diversity of diurnal birds and their ecological role in Papua’s oil palm plantation landscape, Indonesia

RASYID AFFANDI — 2025-02-25

Abstract. Affandi R, Santosa Y, Kwatrina RT. 2025. Diversity of diurnal birds and their ecological role in Papua’s oil palm plantation landscape, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 799-809. Oil palm plantations significantly impact biodiversity, particularly in Indonesia, where they play a crucial economic role. However, the ecological consequences remain underexplored in Papua, especially for avian communities. This study examines bird diversity and ecological roles within Papua's oil palm agroecosystem. Observations were conducted in various land cover types in Kaureh Sub-district, Jayapura District, Papua, Indonesia, including oil palm blocks, High Conservation Value (HCV) areas, secondary forests, and shrubs. Using transect surveys, we recorded 46 bird species from 23 families, with the highest species richness in HCV areas. Bird communities contribute vital ecosystem services such as seed dispersal, pollination, and pest control. Granivorous and frugivorous species facilitate habitat regeneration, while insectivorous birds mitigate pest outbreaks, reducing the need for chemical pesticides. Raptors and carnivorous species regulate small mammal populations, enhancing ecological stability. Statistical analysis revealed significant correlations between bird abundance and environmental factors, including vegetation diversity and proximity to HCV areas. Despite their ecological importance, oil palm plantations exhibited lower species richness and evenness than natural habitats. Conservation strategies should integrate bird-friendly management practices, such as maintaining native vegetation, establishing ecological corridors, and minimizing chemical inputs. Enhancing biodiversity in oil palm landscapes can support agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability. This study underscores the need for further research and conservation efforts to balance economic gains with biodiversity preservation in Papua's oil palm agroecosystems.

Effect of host tree site conditions of Schima wallichii on vertical structure of epiphytic orchid community

INDRA FARDHANI — 2025-02-27

Abstract. Fardhani I, Kitagami Y, Torimaru T, Kisanuki H. 2025. Effect of host tree site conditions of Schima wallichii on vertical structure of epiphytic orchid community. Biodiversitas 26: 715-722. It is crucial to recognize the conservation challenges and potential intertwined with the delicate balance of epiphytic orchid communities. Therefore, it is imperative to deepen our understanding regarding the factors influencing the ecology of epiphytic orchid community, including how orchid diversity is distributed on a host tree. To clarify the variation in vertical community structure of epiphytic orchids on a host tree species, Schima wallichii, species richness and abundance of these orchids were investigated. Epiphytic orchids occurring on each host tree were allocated to one of five vertical zones. To understand their effects on community structures, host tree site factors such as density of trees surrounding the host, and angle and direction of slope on which the host tree stood, were measured. Crown zones of S. wallichii trees accumulated more species of epiphytic orchids than the trunk zone because the crown contains many branches, to which epiphytes can attach more easily than on the trunk. Zone 3, at the bottom of the crown zone, offered the most potential for many kinds of epiphytic orchid to colonize, according to the accumulation curves of species richness against both the number of host trees and orchid abundance; this is probably because it had larger branches than the other crown zones. The vertical community structures of epiphytic orchid on S. wallichii were not clearly segregated, even between trunk and the three crown zones. Host tree angle of slope significantly drove the vertical structure of the epiphytic orchid community.

Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of Araucaria spp. from Taman Bunga Nusantara, Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia

PURWANTININGSIH SUGITA — 2025-01-24

Abstract. Sugita P, Ustati MN, Kurniawanti, Syahbirin G, Dianhar H, Rahayu DUC. 2025. Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of Araucaria spp. from Taman Bunga Nusantara, Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 118-126. Araucaria columnaris (AC) and Araucaria cunninghamii (ACu) are members of the Araucaria genus known for their various pharmacological activities. This study aims to analyze the phytochemical properties, Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), and antioxidant activities of twigs from AC and ACu, using different solvents (i) acetone (A); (ii) ethanol (E); and (iii) Ethyl acetate (Ea). Quantitative measurements for TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity were conducted using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, aluminum chloride colorimetric method, and the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay, respectively. Phytochemical screening indicated the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, steroids, and triterpenoids in all extracts. Saponins were found exclusively in acetone extracts, while none contained alkaloids. The TPC is expressed as mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per g of extract, while TFC is presented as mg of quercetin equivalent (QE) per g of extract. The TPC of AC twigs in acetone (ACA) was the highest, followed by ethanol (ACE) and ethyl acetate (ACEa). Similarly, the highest TPC was also observed in acetone (ACuA) for ACu twigs, followed by ethanol (ACuE) and ethyl acetate (ACuEa). Regarding TFC, the order for AC twigs was ACA > ACEa > ACE, while for ACu twigs, it was ACuEa > ACuE > ACuA. ACuE exhibited strong antioxidant activity with an IC₅₀ value of 29.57 ± 1.11 µg/mL, whereas the other extracts displayed moderate antioxidant activity. The results of this research provide preliminary data that can serve as a foundation for future studies.

Comparative micromorphology of Costus pictus and Hellenia speciosa collected from Vietnam

Thanh Triet Nguyen — 2025-01-29

Abstract. Triet NT, Chen TV, Lam DNX, Hien NTT, Nga NT, Quynh TTT. 2025. Comparative micromorphology of Costus pictus and Hellenia speciosa collected from Vietnam. Biodiversitas 26: 407-417. Costus pictus and Hellenia speciosa are two herbs belonging to the family Costaceae that have been used in traditional medicine to treat diabetes and are also used as daily food. The comparative anatomical characteristics between C. pictus and H. speciosa from Vietnam have not been systematically noted. This study aimed to develop microanatomical monographs of C. pictus and H. speciosa from Vietnam. Six fresh plants each were randomly collected for use in this study. Anatomical structures of rhizomes, roots, stems, and leaves were carried out using the iodine green-carmine staining method. The anatomical structural features of plant parts were analyzed and recorded through optical microscopy. The anatomical structural features of the tested samples are similar to those of Costus species. Notably, the anatomical structure of H. speciosa rhizome is similar to its stem, but different from that of C. pictus rhizome. The microstructures of their roots and leaves easily distinguish these species from each other. Additionally, smaller unicellular trichomes were observed in C. pictus leaves, while sub-air cavities, larger unicellular stout trichomes, and peltate glandular trichomes were found in H. speciosa leaves. The present evidence highlights the main structural features for distinguishing and identifying Vietnamese C. pictus and H. speciosa.

Botanical survey of ethnomedicines in Dayak sub-ethnic groups, Ot Danum and Tomum in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

LISWARA NENENG — 2025-02-04

Abstract. Neneng L, Nawan, Naibaho FG, Rahman S, Septya L, Panjaitan D, Lestari RW, Irsyam ASD, Norwahyunie, Noraini. 2025. Botanical survey of ethnomedicines in Dayak sub-ethnic groups, Ot Danum and Tomum in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 458-469. The rise of globalization, urbanization, and environmental changes has led to the emergence of new infectious diseases and increased Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), posing significant public health threats. This study aims to document the traditional medicinal knowledge of the Dayak Ot Danum and Tomum subtribes in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, particularly regarding their ethnobotanical remedies for treating infectious diseases. Field surveys were conducted in August 2024 across four villages, utilizing purposive and snowball sampling techniques to interview 12 key informants, including traditional healers. Semi-structured interviews, Focus Group Discussions (FGD), and field observations were employed to gather information on the local use of medicinal plants. A total of 62 plant species were identified, with the highest proportions targeting bacterial infections (24 species), followed by viral (21 species), fungal (11 species), and parasitic infections (4 species), with mixed efficacy as antibacterial and antifungal (10 species) and antibacterial and antiviral (3 species). The Zingiberaceae family was the most frequently documented, a testament to the diverse and rich ethnobotanical knowledge of these communities. The findings highlight the effective use of traditional medicine in combating infections, suggesting the potential for integrating ethnobiological practices into contemporary healthcare strategies to address AMR. As indigenous populations face increasing health risks, preserving and leveraging traditional medicinal knowledge is crucial for developing sustainable approaches to health and wellness.

Rare, Endangered, Endemic, and Protected Species (REEPS) conservation in the Cisokan, West Java, Indonesia

TEGUH HUSODO — 2025-01-18

Abstract. Husodo T, Megantara EN, Mutaqin AZ, Kendarto DR, Withaningsih S, Wulandari I, Shanida SS, Febrianto P. 2024. Rare, Endangered, Endemic, and Protected Species (REEPS) conservation in the Cisokan, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 5094-5102. The Upper Cisokan Pumped Storage (UCPS) hydropower construction poses significant challenges to local biodiversity, particularly Rare, Endemic, Endangered, and Protected Species (REEPS). This study aimed to describe the distribution of REEPS threatened by the construction and analyze the trend of their presence during the development. Methods applied include sign surveys, camera trapping, and literature review across a 47-grid study area. The findings show that ten REEPS continue to occupy forest patches and corridors despite ongoing construction activities. All REEPS species were consistently recorded from 2009 to 2022, indicating that their habitat can still meet their survival needs. However, habitat fragmentation and overlapping land use due to construction threaten these species' long-term sustainability. The grid-based analysis identified nine grids as core habitats for multiple REEPS species, emphasizing the need for ongoing biodiversity management. This includes preserving critical corridors and forest patches, which are crucial for the survival of these species. Long-term monitoring ensures coexistence between wildlife and human activities, maintaining ecosystem balance while advancing the hydropower project. This study highlights the importance of integrating wildlife conservation with infrastructure development in biodiversity-rich areas.

Characterization and potential of L-glutaminase enzyme from symbiotic red algae Eucheuma spinosum as antibacterial, anticancer, and antiviral dengue agents by in vitro

HARNINGSIH KARIM — 2025-01-08

Abstract. Karim H, Azis A, Ramadani A, Pine ATD, Anita, Ahmad A, Mukriani, Massi MN, Permana AD. 2024. Characterization and potential of L-glutaminase enzyme from symbiotic red algae Eucheuma spinosum as antibacterial, anticancer, and antiviral dengue agents by in vitro. Biodiversitas 25: 4939-4949. Cancer is a disease caused by the abnormal growth of body tissue cells. A new approach in cancer treatment through targeted therapy is using microbial enzymes. One enzyme that has potential for future cancer therapy is L-glutaminase. On the other hand, dengue fever is endemic in Indonesia, necessitating maximum and sustained efforts to address the dengue problem, including infection and cancer. Indonesia is an archipelagic nation, with two-thirds of its territory comprising seas, and boasts many diverse marine biota and macroalgae. One cultivated variety of marine algae is the red algae Eucheuma sp.. This study aimed to isolate the L-glutaminase enzyme produced by symbiotic Cobetia marina from red algae Eucheuma spinosum. The optimum activity of the L-glutaminase enzyme was found at pH 8 and 37°C. It was activated by metal ions Mg²⁺, Co²⁺, and Mn²⁺. The antibacterial activity test revealed that L-glutaminase at a concentration of 5 mg/L exhibited inhibitory effects on pathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, the cytotoxic test demonstrated the most substantial impact in the F1 fraction at a concentration of 160 µg/mL, with a percent inhibition value of 25.65% and an IC₅₀ value of 64.26 µg/mL on MCF-7 cells. The anti-dengue activity of L-glutaminase in crude extract toward Vero cells indicates inhibition percentage and CC₅₀ value of 78% and 167.15 ?g/mL, respectively. These findings suggest that the L-glutaminase enzyme fractions from symbiotic C. marina hold promise for antibacterial and anticancer uses and antiviral activity against dengue.

Elucidating hard coral community in tropical coral reefs of Pulau Bidong and nearby islands, South China Sea

MOHMAD FUAD NUR QAMARINA — 2025-02-04

Abstract. Qamarina MFN, Boo WH, Ping YH, Bachok Z, Safuan CDM. 2025. Elucidating hard coral community in tropical coral reefs of Pulau Bidong and nearby islands, South China Sea. Biodiversitas 26: 444-457. This study investigates the intricate dynamics of hard coral communities within the tropical coral reefs of the South China Sea, a region renowned for its high marine biodiversity. Data were collected through video sampling to assess the hard coral composition around Pulau Bidong and nearby islands, analyzing variations of hard coral communities across different variables such as island, depth, habitat, and exposure. In total, 40 hard coral genera from 15 families were identified in the study area. Overall, Acropora (22.41% ± 22.17) emerged as the most prominent genus, followed by Porites (5.8% ± 10.27). Acropora dominated in leeward reefs (28.70% ± 22.84) and sandy habitats (29.11% ± 23.89), both sheltered from intense winds and currents. Porites were abundant in exposed reefs (13.69% ± 16.4) with submerged habitats (35.64% ± 8.42) and windward reefs (9.33% ± 10.47) with rocky habitats (8.17% ± 9.46), both of which are subject to higher physical disturbances. Varying local conditions significantly influence the composition of hard coral communities in these tropical reefs. These findings underscore the urgent need for conservation in disturbed reefs, as they should be protected from intense human activities to preserve hard coral diversity. The recommendation that sheltered areas, such as leeward reefs, may be more suitable for water activities and controlled human development supports the responsible utilization of Pulau Bidong and nearby islands while ensuring the long-term sustainability of the marine ecosystem. Overall, this study provides a foundational understanding of how local environmental variables affect hard coral communities in the South China Sea, a crucial insight for developing effective coral reef management strategies amid increasing pressures from climate change.

Impact of intermittent stream flow on water quality and structural composition of macroinvertebrates in a semi-arid region of South Africa

THATO P. MATITA — 2025-01-26

Abstract. Matita TP, Addo-Bediako A, Luus-Powell W. 2024. Impact of intermittent stream flow on water quality and structural composition of macroinvertebrates in a semi-arid region of South Africa. Biodiversitas 25: 5074-5082. This study investigated the impact of varying flow regimes on water quality and the structural composition of macroinvertebrates in the Moopitse River, South Africa. Samples were collected during three distinct flow conditions: high flow, low flow, and intermittent flow. Water quality parameters were measured in situ, and water samples were collected for nutrient analysis before macroinvertebrate sampling. A total of 4,094 individuals, representing seven orders and 22 families, were recorded. The assessment, based on water quality and macroinvertebrate structure, revealed that intermittent flow (cessation of flow) negatively affected both water quality and the distribution of macroinvertebrates. There was a decline in both taxa richness and abundance in response to flow intermittency. The observed low taxa richness and abundance, particularly during high flow and intermittent regimes, align with expectations for such hydrologically extreme habitats. Compared to the perennial rivers in the Olifants River Basin, the Moopitse River is less diverse, as the intermittent environment favors generalist and stress-tolerant taxa rather than sensitive taxa. Water parameters such as turbidity, conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and nutrient levels were significantly higher during intermittent flow, while dissolved oxygen levels were notably lower. Overall, water quality was best during low flow, which also supported greater macroinvertebrate richness and abundance. These findings suggest that river discontinuity may lead to habitat degradation, thereby altering the structural distribution of macroinvertebrate communities. Understanding the effects of flow variation and habitat changes is crucial for environmental and biodiversity conservation. Therefore, conservation strategies should incorporate innovative approaches to mitigate the impacts of flow discontinuities and habitat degradation.

Combining ability and heterotic effects of maize (Zea mays) lines for drought tolerance using the line × tester method

ACHMAD AMZERI — 2025-02-25

Abstract. Amzeri A, Santoso SB, Adiputra F, Khoiri S, Badami K, Umam AS. 2025. Combining ability and heterotic effects of maize (Zea mays) lines for drought tolerance using the line × tester method. Biodiversitas 26: 748-760. Assembling superior varieties requires information on the combining ability and heterosis of several lines being tested to select lines that can be used as parents in assembling varieties. This research aimed to determine General Combining Ability (GCA), Specific Combining Ability (SCA), and heterosis of maize lines using the line x tester method on dry land. The genetic material used was 40 hybrids from crossing 20 lines with UTM08.5 and UTM09.6 testers. The research used a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 62 genotypes (20 lines, 2 testers, 40 hybrids) as treatments and was repeated three times. The research results showed that lines that have a significant negative GCA value in harvest age character and can be used as parents in assembling early maturity maize varieties are T2S-5-11, DuS-5-24, Su-S-4-2-4, Su-S-4 -1-12, Su-S-4-1-12, and Su-S-4-1-15. Lines with a large positive GCA value and can be used as parents for assembling maize varieties with high production character are T2S-5-11, Su-S-4-2-4, Su-S-4-1-12, Su-S-4-1-15, and Su-S-4-3-16. The crosses T2S-5-11 × UTM08.5, Su-S-4-2-4 × UTM 08.5, and Su-S-4-1-15 × UTM08.5 had significant negative SCA values ??for harvest age and significant positive SCA values for the production per hectare character so that the three cross combinations can be used as candidates for the formation of early maturity and high production hybrid maize varieties. The best crosses are ES-5-24 × UTM09.6, T2S-5-11 × UTM08.5, T2S-5-11 × UTM09.6, and TS-5-20 × UTM09.6. They have positive heterosis for production per hectare character and negative heterosis for harvest age character.

Phytochemical composition and bioactivity of Parkia timoriana leaf extract from Kediri, Indonesia in various solvent polarities

ATMIRA SARIWATI — 2025-01-08

Abstract. Sariwati A, Sari F, Suryanti V, Handayani DS, Setyono HA, Yuliati N. 2024. Phytochemical composition and bioactivity of Parkia timoriana leaf extract from Kediri, Indonesia in various solvent polarities. Biodiversitas 25: 4900-4908. The potential therapeutic uses of bioactive chemicals found in natural sources have led to a significant increase in focus on their investigation in recent years. Parkia timoriana (DC.) Merr. has secondary metabolites, which have been used as a traditional medicine. This work studies the phytochemical composition and bioactivities evaluation of the P. timoriana leaf extract of varying solvent polarities, such as methanol, water, ethyl acetate, and hexane. The methanol extract has the highest secondary metabolite contents, excluding terpenoids contents. The Follin-Ciocalteu method showed that the total phenolic content of methanol extract was 302.02 mg GAE/g. The aluminum chloride colorimetric method revealed that the total flavonoid content of the methanol extract was 256.85 mg QE/g. The tannin acid, alkaloids, saponins, and terpenoids contents of methanol extracts were determined by Spectrophotometer UV-Vis, which were found to be 32.07 mg TAE/g, 23.86 mg CoE/g, 18.35 mg DE/g, 5.23 mg Linalool Eq./g, and respectively. The highest terpenoid contents were found in hexane extract, which was 11.34 mg of Linalool Eq./g. Antioxidant activities of the extracts were assessed by measuring the free-radical of 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and scavenge of 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzene-thiazoline-6-sulfonic-acid (ABTS)). The methanol extract was shown to have the strongest antioxidant activity, where the DPPH and ABTS IC₅₀ values were 47.78 and 39.54 µg/mL, respectively. The methanol extract exhibited the greatest antimicrobial activities, where the inhibition zone for Candida albicans and Escherichia coli fungus were 21 and 22 mm, respectively. Antidiabetic effects were assessed in vitro by blocking ?-amylase and ?-glucoside. The methanol extract shows an inhibition of 50.19 µg/mL for ?-glucoside and 42.50 µg/mL for ?-amylase. The secondary metabolites of P. timoriana leaf are great building blocks for making potent medications.

Fishing area mapping and gear competition in Paiton Waters, East Java, Indonesia

WAHIDA KARTIKA SARI — 2025-02-20

Abstract. Sari WK, Rahmalinda WPF, Harlyan LI, Sambah AB, Matsuishi TF, Rust S. 2025. Fishing area mapping and gear competition in Paiton Waters, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 636-650. Fisheries in the northern waters of Java Island, Indonesia, particularly in East Java, exhibit high complexity, requiring comprehensive management to effectively address multiple challenges. However, this complexity requires simplification of contributing variables to facilitate sustainable management. One potential solution is spatial clustering. This study aims to analyze species diversity, identify the distribution of fishing gear, cluster areas and fishing gear, and assess indications of competition between fishing gear operating at the Paiton Fish Landing Base (PPI). This study used the Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) method. The results showed that species diversity in Paiton waters was categorized as moderate (0.00-1.52), with species richness categorized as low (0.00-0.72). Spatial clustering identified two clusters of fishing areas and one cluster of different fishing gears. Fishing areas near the harbor and close to Madura Island are dominated by Indian scad Decapterus russelli, while the central part of the Madura Strait is dominated by Bullet tuna Auxis rochei. Gear groupings showed competition between gillnets and driftnets, both of which target Savalai hairtail Lepturacanthus savala. This research contributes to fisheries management by providing insights into the spatial distribution and competition of fishing activities, supporting better resource allocation and sustainable practices in the region.

Discovery of potential alleles for iron (Fe) toxicity tolerance in rice: Phenotypic and genotypes analysis of doubled haploid lines

LILI CHRISNAWATI — 2025-02-27

Abstract. Chrisnawati L, Miftahudin, Utami DW. 2025. Discovery of potential alleles for iron (Fe) toxicity tolerance in rice: Phenotypic and genotypes analysis of doubled haploid lines. Biodiversitas 26: 851-858. Tidal swamplands present a promising opportunity for expanding rice cultivation. However, iron (Fe) toxicity poses major obstacles to development. To overcome these challenges, it is crucial to develop Fe-tolerant rice genotypes and identify molecular markers, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This study aimed to identify Fe-tolerant doubled haploid rice genotypes and SNP markers related to Fe toxicity tolerance. The experiment was carried out by cultivating 45 doubled haploid rice lines (BMIP 1-BMIP 33 and BMIP 39-BMIP 50), derived from reciprocal crosses between IR54/Parekaligora and Bio 110/Markuti, under Fe-toxic conditions. Phenotypic evaluations were based on the leaf bronzing symptom (LBS) score and genotype analysis was performed using high-throughput sequencing of 384 SNPs. SNPs correlated with phenotypic data were analyzed using the Tassel 2.0 software, with significance set at a p-value <0.05. The results showed that there were 12 highly Fe-tolerant and 33 lines with moderate tolerance and seven SNPs were identified in proximity to QTLs/genes associated with iron (Fe) toxicity and abiotic stress responses, namely qFETOX-2, OsIRT, OsFRO2, OsNRAMP5, and Cyclin-like F-box. Phylogenetic analysis grouped Fe-tolerant lines, including BMIP 25, BMIP 26, BMIP 46, BMIP 47, BMIP 48, BMIP 49, and BMIP 50, with Mahsuri as the positive control, showing shared genetic traits. These results provided valuable markers for breeding programs to obtain Fe-tolerant rice.

Identification of virulence genes from clinical isolates of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

SARMAD QASSIM MOHAMMAD — 2025-01-18

Abstract. Mohammad SQ_, Awayid HS, Zarrouk-Mahjoub S. 2024. Identification of virulence genes from clinical isolates of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Biodiversitas 25: 5083-5093. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a strain of Staphylococcus aureus that has developed resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, including penicillin, methicillin, amoxicillin, and oxacillin. This resistance complicates treatment compared to non-resistant strains. While previous studies have defined MRSA phylogeny and transmission in well-resourced settings, this study specifically highlights the effectiveness of five targeted loci analyses (ermA, ermB, ermC, hla-?, and tsst-1) for understanding MRSA evolution in diverse clinical contexts. This study analyzed the phylogenetic relationships among 20 MRSA isolates, which were amplified from the targeted loci. The research focused on the ermA locus in three isolates (A1-A3), the ermB locus in nine isolates (B1 to B9), the ermC locus in six isolates (C1 to C6), the hla-? gene in one isolate (D1), and the tsst-1 gene in one isolate (E1). Genetic diversity was assessed based on the variants identified within these loci. Direct sequencing of the amplified fragments was conducted to detect genetic polymorphisms, and coding variants were translated to evaluate their potential effects on protein function. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to evaluate the associations and distributions of the experimental variables. Sequencing results confirmed that the isolates were S. aureus. The alignment revealed no variants in samples A1-A3, C1-C6, and D1. One variant (176G>A) was found in group B1-B9, resulting in a missense mutation (p.100Ser>Asn). Sample E1 contained a single nucleotide deletion (56C-del). Phylogenetic analysis revealed distinct clades of isolates that corresponded with various clinical and non-clinical sources. The ermA locus proved to be more effective in tracking the evolutionary trajectories of the studied S. aureus isolates compared to the other loci. These findings suggest that ermA markers could be valuable for broader applications in monitoring the evolutionary distributions of bacterial strains across diverse contexts. Further investigation may enhance our understanding of bacterial evolution in various environments.

Ethnozoological knowledge of diversity, folk taxonomy, and animal hunting among the Baduy in Banten, Indonesia

BUDIAWATI SUPANGKAT ISKANDAR — 2025-02-04

Abstract. Iskandar BS, Iskandar J, Mulyanto D, Supriatna J. 2024. Ethnozoological knowledge of diversity, folk taxonomy, and animal hunting among the Baduy in Banten, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 5031-5045. Presently, biocultural systems, an emergent ecosystem, are experiencing significant growth in traditional villages due to the presence of natural resources. Baduy, a sacred community rich in natural and environmental resources, has a high diversity of animals, which needs to be managed based on their unique Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) and beliefs. Therefore, this research focused on the TEK of the community on animal diversity, folk taxonomy, and wildlife hunting. The qualitative with an ethnozoological method was used with data collected from field observation, semi-structured interviews with informants, and participant observation. We found 90 species of birds, 16 mammals, 14 fishes, 10 insects, and 9 reptiles known by the Baduy in Banten, Indonesia and at least 3 taxa levels of Baduy zoological classification. The primary, secondary, and third taxa represented life forms, species, and races or sub-species. Animals can be classified based on their distinctive morphological characteristics, specific behavior, time activity, special habitat, and functions. The hunting of animals carried out by the Inner Baduy community was in accordance with customary rules supervised by informal Baduy leaders. However, unlike the Inner Baduy, Outer Baduy has hunted wild animals for semi-commercial purposes instead of subsistence purposes. In conclusion, safeguarding the Baduy people's land, language, and culture plays an important role in conserving animals in the rural ecosystem of the traditional communities.

Diversity and utilization of vegetables and spices by coastal community in East Aceh, Indonesia

NURSAMSU NURSAMSU — 2025-02-25

Abstract. Nursamsu, Susantini E, Yuliani, Nurhafidhah. 2025. Diversity and utilization of vegetables and spices by coastal community in East Aceh, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 837-850. Food security a major concern in many countries, particularly in coastal regions potentially impacted by climate change and natural hazards. Food security correlates with the loss of traditional culinary expertise, particularly among the younger generation. Therefore, this research aimed to explore and document traditional knowledge about various plants used as vegetables and spice by a coastal community in East Aceh District, Aceh Province, Indonesia. Ethnobotanical knowledge data was collected in five villages using field surveys and semi-structured interviews. A total of 92 plant taxa from 41 families are used as vegetables and spices by coastal community in East Aceh, emphasizing their importance in traditional food and local culture. The Cucurbitaceae family is the family with the largest use, comprising 10 taxa which show high protein and dietary fiber content. Cocos nucifera and Nypa fruticans have the greatest Use Value (UV), with C. nucifera ranking first on the Index of Cultural Significance (ICS). Furthermore, the vegetables and spices are collected from cultivated plants (77.2%) and those grow wild (22.8%), showing a relatively high community dependence on natural ecosystem. The most widely used plant parts are fruits (42.5%) and leaves (25.7%). In conclusion, this research showed the importance of plants for food security, health, and cultural preservation, with sustainable methods such as agroecology to ensure their continuing use.

Morphometric variation and ecological niche differentiation in Hyophila apiculata and H. involuta from karst microhabitats in Kanchanaburi, Thailand

WEERACHON SAWANGPROH — 2024-12-07

Abstract. Sawangproh W. 2024. Morphometric variation and ecological niche differentiation in Hyophila apiculata and H. involuta from karst microhabitats in Kanchanaburi, Thailand. Biodiversitas 25: 4551-4560. Karst environments, characterized by limestone and dolomite formations, host diverse ecosystems shaped by unique geological features such as sinkholes, caves, and underground rivers. These landscapes foster adaptations among flora and fauna, showcasing phenotypic plasticity that enables species to thrive in challenging conditions. This study examines the morphometric variation between Hyophila apiculata M.Fleisch. and H. involuta (Hook.) A.Jaeger in arid karst microhabitats of Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand. Surveys conducted across 86 sampling points revealed predominantly allopatric populations, with H. apiculata present in 26 sites (30%) and H. involuta in 58 sites (68%). Sympatric occurrences were rare, found at only two points (2%). Leaf morphometric analyses demonstrated that H. involuta exhibits wider leaves and larger leaf areas compared to H. apiculata, which features longer and wider median and apical leaf cells with thicker cell walls. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicated distinct morphological clusters for the two species, though some overlap was observed, suggesting the possibility of hybridization or transitional forms. These findings underscore the ecological niche differentiation and adaptive strategies of these moss species, enhancing our understanding of plant diversity and resilience in calcareous environments. This research contributes to the broader conservation efforts in these sensitive areas, emphasizing the need for preserving karst ecosystems that harbor unique biological communities and serve as indicators of environmental health. Such insights are critical for developing effective conservation strategies aimed at safeguarding the rich biodiversity found in karst landscapes.

Spatial and temporal distribution of macrobenthic polychaetes (Animalia: Annelida) comparing mangrove forest and aquaculture zone at Karimunjawa Island, Jepara District, Indonesia

SAPTO PURNOMO PUTRO — 2025-01-26

Abstract. Putro SP, Sihab A, Titisari RS, Anarizta LA, Hodaifa G. 2024. Spatial and temporal distribution of macrobenthic polychaetes (Animalia: Annelida) comparing mangrove forest and aquaculture zone at Karimunjawa Island, Jepara District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 178-189. Polychaetes are bioindicator of pollution in a water area due to their high abundance and sensitivity to different organic matter content in sediment. This study aimed to determine the type and structure of the community and the correlation of polychaeta community structure with environmental characteristics in the waters of the mangrove area and the aquaculture zone of BTN Karimunjawa, Central Java. Sampling was done using the Random Sampling method at three stations each in KJABB IMTA, monoculture and mangrove. Data processing using Two-way ANOVA test, k-dominance curve, Multidimensional Scaling (MDS), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and BIO-ENV. In this study, 9 families and 16 genera of polychaeta were obtained and Spionidae family group ranked first in the abundance of organisms. The calculation of the index shows that the level of diversity and uniformity is low-medium, with no dominance in general. Based on the results of the Two-way ANOVA test showed no significant differences in the composition of polychaeta variability, spatially and temporally. The MDS ordination plot shows the grouping of organism variability between stations based on their biological composition. Further analysis using k-dominance curves showed that station 2 monoculture had the highest level of diversity and the lowest level of dominance. BIO-ENV analysis proves that environmental parameters with a strong influence on polychaeta abundance include C-organic, pH and coarse sand fraction (r: 0.418). PCA analysis showed clustering based on sediment substrate size composition (silt, coarse sand, gravel). This study indicates that polychaeta community structure between stations and periods showed no significant differences, and the relationship between biotic and abiotic parameters showed that C-organic, pH and coarse sand fraction are some of the abiotic parameters that most affect the abundance of polychaeta.

Pathway analysis of yield components in several New Plant Type (NPT) rice genotypes

DULBARI DULBARI — 2025-02-25

Abstract. Dulbari, Ahyuni D, Rochman F, Rahmadi R, Priyadi, Subarjo, Budiarti L, Saputra H, Jaya MHIS. 2025. Pathway analysis of yield components in several New Plant Type (NPT) rice genotypes. Biodiversitas 26: 770-777. Rice is essential for global nutrition, especially in Asia, with increasing production needed to meet rising food demands from population growth. Efforts to increase rice production are carried out through plant breeding programs. Grain weight per panicle is one of the yield components in rice plants that significantly determines production. Despite its importance, its influence in the selection process is not independent, as it is closely associated with other traits, either directly or indirectly. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relationship between yield components and their direct and indirect effects on grain weight per panicle of several new plant types (NPT) of rice varieties grown in 2 different locations, namely Tanggamus and Lampung Timur. The study procedures were conducted using a Randomized Complete Block Design with 12 genotypes and 3 replications. Genotypes consisted of 10 NRTs, including IPB 3S, IPB 4S, IPB 5R, IPB6R, IPB117-F-7-2-1, IPB 117-F-7-7-1, IPB 117-F-14-4-1, IPB 117-F-15-4-1, IPB 117-F-20-1-1, IPB 117-F-80-2-1. Meanwhile, the 2 control varieties included Ciliwung and Ciherang. The results showed that rice grain weight per panicle significantly correlated with the number of productive tillers, panicle length, number of filled grains per panicle, and percentage of filled grains per panicle. Productive tiller number, panicle length, number of filled grains per panicle, and percentage of filled grains per panicle directly and indirectly affected grain weight per panicle. In addition, the number of filled grains per panicle directly influenced 0.49%.

Evaluation of the effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra and Syzygium aromaticum extracts on gene expression of Streptococcus mutans in patients with dental caries

MAREH L. AL-AMILI — 2025-02-03

Abstract. Al-Amili ML, Al-Jobori KM. 2025. Evaluation of the effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra and Syzygium aromaticum extracts on gene expression of Streptococcus mutans in patients with dental caries. Biodiversitas 26: 418-423. Dental caries, primarily associated with Streptococcus mutans, is among the most widespread diseases, particularly in developing regions such as Iraq. Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum) are plants with significant economic value and antibacterial properties that potentially serve as alternatives to chemically synthesized antibiofilm agents. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of G. glabra and S. aromaticum extracts against S. mutans and to compare their effects with those of antibiotics, mouthwashes, and toothpaste through gene expression analysis of gtfB and gtfD using RT-qPCR. In total, it did not include the methodology or provide details about the Sub-MIC because it was published separately as a second research study in another journal.100 specimens were collected from patients clinically diagnosed by dental physicians at the Hay Al-Hussein Specialized Center in Maysan City, Iraq. RNA was extracted from dentinal lesion specimens and reverse transcribed into complementary DNA (cDNA). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed to analyze the expression of the gtfB and gtfD genes using the housekeeping gene 16S rRNA as an internal control. The analysis assessed the effects of licorice extract, clove extract, combined extracts, chlorhexidine mouthwash at sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (sub-MIC), and lacalut toothpaste on S. mutans. RT-qPCR results revealed that clove extract significantly reduced the expression of gtfB compared to other treatments, with fold changes of 0.178, 0.454, and 0.191. Licorice extract notably suppressed gtfD expression, with fold changes of 0.215, 0.390, and 0.003 for isolates 74, 80, and 46, respectively. These findings suggest that the plant extracts inhibited specific biofilm-related genes without necessarily reducing the overall bacterial growth. Therefore, these natural extracts can be developed as innovative natural anti-plaque agents.

Beak morphometrics and line analysis for accurate sex determination in juvenile Lovebird (Agapornis fischeri)

YENI DHAMAYANTI — 2025-01-26

Abstract. Dhamayanti Y, Wahyunita ZH, Rantam FA, Mafruchati M, Eliyani H, Soeharsono, Hendarti GA, Palupi TDW, Kinasih KN, Rosyada ZNA, Zahro AN, Maslamama ST, Purnama MTE. 2025. Beak morphometrics and line analysis for accurate sex determination in juvenile Lovebird (Agapornis fischeri). Biodiversitas 26: 14-21. Particular consideration must be dedicated to the welfare of birds as pets and trade animals in the context of biodiversity. Lovebirds (Agapornis fischeri (Reichenow, 1887)) are well-liked birds all around the world because of their lovely chirping sound and diverse ornaments. This study aimed to investigate the precision of differentiating between male and female juvenile Fischer lovebirds through beak morphometry and beak line analysis. A total of 54 Fischer's lovebirds, 27 males and 27 females aged 4, 5, and 6 months, were meticulously investigated in this study. The beak length, width, and depth were measured using a caliper with utmost care. The beak angle and beak line pattern were measured using the ImageJ application. Data was analyzed using MANOVA and crosstab in SPSS v.26. This study reported no significant difference in morphometric beak length, width, and depth in lovebirds aged 4, 5, and 6 months. In addition, this study reported differences in morphometry of the beak angle in Lovebirds aged 4, 5, and 6 months. The comparison of the interaction between sex and the line pattern to the eyes of Fischer lovebirds at the age of 4 and 6 months reported insignificant results, and at the age of 5 months, showed significant results. In conclusion, starting at 4 months of age, an alternative method for determining the sex of Fischer lovebirds is the morphometric technique of measuring the beak angle.

Morphology and molecular studies to reveal the taxonomic status of endemic fish Barbonymus belinka of Lake Singkarak, West Sumatra, Indonesia

VIOLA MUTIARA SALIS — 2025-02-08

Abstract. Salis VM, Tjong DH, Syaifullah, Dahelmi, Aadrean, Roesma DI. 2025. Morphology and molecular studies to reveal the taxonomic status of endemic fish Barbonymus belinka of Lake Singkarak, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 536-550. Species identification is very important in taxonomy and conservation. There are some cases where the distinctive morphological characters of a species show minor differences; for example, the Balingka fish (Barbonymus belinka), endemic to Lake Singkarak, West Sumatra, Indonesia and the Kapiek fish (Barbonymus schwanefeldii). The local community around Lake Singkarak gives two names to the Balingka fish based on size (the larger ones are called Balingka, and the smaller ones are called Kapiek), it can affect the taxonomy and validity of biodiversity data. The lack of comprehensive information on B. belinka has led to the species being classified as Data Deficient (DD) on the IUCN Red List. Additionally, the presence of a DNA barcode for Balingka fish in the BOLD system, listed under a different species name than in GenBank (NCBI), raises concerns about potential species misidentification and data inconsistencies. A thorough taxonomy review of Balingka fish (B. belinka) is necessary, utilizing both morphological and molecular approaches. This study aims to clarify the taxonomy and investigate the phylogenetic relationships of the two fish species through morphological and molecular analyses, utilizing Cytochrome Oxidase-I and Cytochrome b gene sequences. Individual samples were used for morphological identification, while liver tissue was used for molecular analysis. The results showed morphometric variations, but meristic traits confirmed that both fishes belong to the same species, B. schwanefeldii. Molecular analysis shows a genetic distance of 0-1.4% for Cytochrome Oxidase-I gene and 0-2.3% for Cytochrome b gene, indicating the same species. Two specific bases at 585 bp of the Cytochrome Oxidase-I gene and four specific bases at 599 bp of the Cytochrome b gene are also found unique to B. schwanefeldii from Lake Singkarak, suggesting that these two fishes may represent the same species.

DNA barcoding of Mugilogobius mertoni and M. rambaiae from Siberut and Enggano Islands, the small outermost islands of Sumatra, Indonesia

DEWI IMELDA ROESMA — 2025-02-03

Abstract. Roesma DI, Tjong DH, Syaifullah, Aidil DR. 2025. DNA barcoding of Mugilogobius mertoni and M. rambaiae from Siberut and Enggano Islands, the small outermost islands of Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 386-395. Siberut and Enggano Islands are the small and outermost islands of Sumatra, Indonesia. These two islands' unique geological history allows evolutionary processes to produce high levels of endemicity. One of the interesting fish genera from the Siberut and Enggano Islands is Mugilogobius. Based on morphological identification, it was estimated there are two Mugilogobius species in the Siberut and Enggano Islands. Molecular identification of Mugilogobius using the Cytochrome Oxidase I gene (known as DNA barcoding) needs to be done to prove it. The liver tissue was used for molecular analysis. The BLAST analysis showed that Mugilogobius from Siberut and Enggano Islands have a similarity range of 97.49%-96.06% with Mugilogobius GenBank. Based on the 558 bp sequence analyzed, Mugilogobius mertoni and Mugilogobius rambaiae from Siberut and Enggano Islands have a low sequence of divergences at 0.0%-0.4%, respectively. M. rambaiae from Siberut and Enggano Islands share the same haplotype. The ability of the species to maintain their genetics and the similarity of conditions between the two islands share their high genetic similarities. M. mertoni and M. rambaiae from Siberut and Enggano Islands have a high sequence of divergences at 3.0-4.6% with M. mertoni and M. rambaiae GenBank, respectively. The long-distance location, the presence of the ocean as a barrier, and differences in habitat conditions contribute to the high variations between Mugilogobius from two islands and other populations. Mugilogobius from Siberut and Enggano Islands has a sequence of divergence at 12.4%-17.3% compared to other Mugilogobius species, supporting their differences at the species level in the same genera. This study contributed to presenting the first molecular data of Mugiologius that can be used as a sequence reference for identification and the sequences became the genetic richness data of fish in the small and outermost islands of Sumatra, Indonesia (Siberut and Enggano Islands).

Enhancing sustainable livestock support through Kaliwo agroforestry in Southwest Sumba District, Indonesia

WILHELMUS YAPE KII — 2025-01-26

Abstract. Kii WY, Sodiq A, Sumarmono J, Setianto NA, Jelan ZA. 2025. Enhancing sustainable livestock support through Kaliwo agroforestry in Southwest Sumba District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 73-84. The agroforestry system is one of the most popular land management systems related to livestock production. The objectives of this study were to establish the roles of Kaliwo agroforestry and its interconnections with the livestock production system as a source of animal feed, a free-range habitat for poultry such as chickens and ducks, and sources of local materials for the construction of livestock enclosures within the Southwest Sumba District, Indonesia. The research used a qualitative descriptive method involving 420 farmers. We collected data using questionnaires, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), and direct observation in three agro-ecosystem zones: lowland (Loura and Kodi) and highland (Wewewa). The triangulation method validated the data obtained from interviews, observations, and FGDs. We performed the descriptive analysis using both statistical and non-statistical methods. The findings indicated that farmers procured 18 species of forage from Kaliwo as feed for both ruminants (goats, buffaloes, and cattle) and non-ruminants (pigs and horses), particularly during the dry season when forage in pastures was scarce. Furthermore, Kaliwo serves as a free-range environment for poultry and livestock, including pigs and goats in Loura, and it constitutes the main source of materials for the construction of livestock pens. Farmers repurpose residual fodder and manure as organic fertilizer for a variety of crops cultivated in Kaliwo and small farms. Kaliwo is considered one of the key resources in livestock production systems for its long establishment and favourable adaptation to the natural environment. The integration of agroforestry practices with livestock husbandry can serve as a paradigm for sustainable livestock farming by leveraging local ecological wisdom.

The spillover effect of bird functional groups on oil palm smallholdings in Indonesia

DIMAS HARYO PRADANA — 2025-01-18

Abstract. Pradana DH, Patria MP, Yasman, Winarni NL. 2024. The spillover effect of bird functional groups on oil palm smallholdings in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 5055-5062. In Southeast Asia, oil palm plantations are a major cause of deforestation, a situation that demands urgent attention. On the other hand, oil palm is important for the economy of Southeast Asian countries. Thus, there are attempts to develop sustainable palm oil production. The spillover effect of bird functional groups on oil palm smallholdings was studied in Indonesia from 14 September to 14 October 2022 and from 23 September to 20 October 2023. Whether birds at oil palm smallholdings provide insect pest control was also examined. The point count method was used to count birds at the oil palm smallholding, ecotone, and adjacent forest remnant at four oil palm smallholdings in Riau Province and two in Central Kalimantan. A bird exclosure experiment was used to examine whether birds provide insect pest control. The difference in bird abundance of the three habitat types was analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon test as the post-hoc test. Wilcoxon test was also used to analyze the difference in herbivory rate of bird exclosure and control of oil palm leaflet seedlings. Carnivore birds showed lower abundance at the oil palm smallholdings than at the ecotone, indicating a spillover effect process. However, there was no significant difference between the herbivory rate of control and bird exclosure treatment, suggesting insect pest control service provided by birds dispersed to oil palm smallholdings could be more optimal.

Proposal to list the Peruvian tuco-tuco (Ctenomys peruanus, Ctenomyidae, Rodentia) as a critically endangered species

CÉSAR EDGARDO MEDINA — 2025-01-13

Abstract. Medina CE, Medina YK, Bocardo EF. 2024. Proposal to list the Peruvian tuco-tuco (Ctenomys peruanus, Ctenomyidae, Rodentia) as a critically endangered species. Biodiversitas 25: 5005-5011. The Peruvian tuco-tuco, Ctenomys peruanus Sanborn and Pearson 1947, is a subterranean rodent endemic to High Andes of southern Peru. This rodent is historically known by four record localities dating back to the 1950s, and a fifth locality in 2011, all based on specimens housed in natural history museums, is now facing a critical situation. Recent surveys in 17 localities in Arequipa, Moquegua, Tacna, and Puno regions revealed the local extinction of C. peruanus at previously recorded sites while identifying two new localities; however, currently, the species only lives in one locality (Callacami, Puno). This remaining population of fewer than 50 mature individuals is under intense hunting pressure for human consumption and traditional medicinal practices, and it is experiencing a continuous loss of the extension and quality of its habitat due to overgrazing and agricultural expansion. Our research is the first effort to fill a 72-year gap with no field data for C. peruanus. Therefore, we propose to categorize C. peruanus as a Critically Endangered species (CR) according to the criteria established by the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List of Threatened Species. The authorities and academic community are urged to join efforts to curb the aforementioned anthropogenic threats and devise and implement management and conservation plans for C. peruanus in Peru.

Effects of different media and solvents on biological activities and secondary metabolites profiles of a coral-derived Streptomyces sp. RC4

RIZKY RIZKY — 2025-02-21

Abstract. Rizky, Nofiani R, Rudiyansyah, Putri CD, Setiawan A, Wibowo DS, Setiyoningrum F. 2025. Effects of different media and solvents on biological activities and secondary metabolites profiles of a coral-derived Streptomyces sp. RC4. Biodiversitas 26: 739-747. Streptomyces sp. RC4 demonstrates a potential source of secondary metabolites with various biological activities. Culture media and solvents for culture media influence the production of the metabolites. This study investigated the effect of different culture media and solvents on the biological activities and secondary metabolite profiles of Streptomyces sp. RC4. Seven different media, i.e., International Streptomyces Project (ISP) 1, ISP2, ISP4, A1, Starch Casein Broth (SCB), Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB), and PC-1, were used as growth media. Three different solvents, i.e., distilled water, 2.5% NaCl solution, and artificial seawater (ASW), were used to prepare each medium. The cultures were then shaken at 200 rpm for seven days, after which secondary metabolites were extracted with ethyl acetate. Each extract was tested for antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity using brine shrimp lethality assays (BSLT). The result showed that 11 of 21 extracts exhibited antimicrobial activity with varying levels of effectiveness. ISP2 extract (ISP2 dissolved in distilled water) demonstrated the largest inhibition zones, while SCB NaCl extract (SCB dissolved in 2.5% NaCl solution) inhibited the highest number of test microbes. Three extracts (ISP2, PC-1 ASW, and SCB NaCl extracts) were classified as highly toxic based on Clarkson’s toxicity category (LC₅₀ < 100 µg/mL). The most toxic extract was PC-1 ASW extract (PC-1 dissolved in ASW) with an LC₅₀ value of 40 ?g/mL. Metabolomic analysis revealed distinct chemical profiles for each extract, with secondary metabolites such as cyclo (Leu-Pro), cyclo (Pro-Val), p-cymene, o-cymene, and methoxy-phenyl oxime. Several compounds remained unidentified through molecular networking analysis, suggesting they might be novel. These findings indicated the diversity of secondary metabolites and biological activities of Streptomyces sp. RC4 is significantly influenced by medium and solvent compositions.

Diversity of epilithic diatoms from coral reef ecosystem of Bawean Island, Indonesia

OKTIYAS MUZAKY LUTHFI — 2024-12-15

Abstract. Luthfi OM, Risjani Y, Subramani N, Rybak M, Park J, B?k M, Witkowski A. 2024. Diversity of epilithic diatoms from coral reef ecosystem of Bawean Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 4642-4663. This study investigates the diversity and community structure of epilithic diatoms in the coral reef ecosystems of Bawean Island, Indonesia. A total of 137 taxa from 49 genera were identified from coral rubble habitats across four distinct locations. The Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H') and Dominance Index (C) were used to assess species diversity and dominance, revealing that Station 4 exhibited the highest diversity (H' = 3.88) and lowest dominance (C = 0.03), while Station 2 had the lowest diversity (H' = 2.55) and highest dominance (C = 0.09). Evenness values (E = 0.9) were consistent across all sites, indicating a uniform distribution of species. The findings suggest that coral rubble provides unique microhabitats conducive to diatom diversity, challenging the conventional understanding that habitat diversity correlates positively with species diversity. The study also compares Bawean Island's diatom diversity with other regions, noting its intermediate diversity level, which may be influenced by its geographical position between Kalimantan and Java. The presence of dominant species like Diploneis crabro, Petroneis marina, Halamphora coffeiformis, and Trachyneis aspera underscores the ecological significance of these diatoms in coral reef ecosystems. This research fills a significant gap in our understanding of the marine biodiversity and ecological dynamics of Bawean Island, highlighting the importance of diatoms in maintaining the health and stability of coral reef ecosystems and its potential implications for future research and conservation efforts.

Short Communication: First report on the occurrence of microplastic contamination in mariculture Eucheuma cottonii from Lancang Island, Kepulauan Seribu National Park, Jakarta, Indonesia

MBARA CHAM — 2024-11-16

Abstract. Cham M, Yasman Y. 2024. Short Communication: First report on the occurrence of microplastic contamination in mariculture Eucheuma cottonii from Lancang Island, Kepulauan Seribu National Park, Jakarta, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 3995-3999. Microplastics (MPs) contamination in marine environments significantly threatens marine ecosystems and human health. This study presents the first recorded occurrence of MP contamination in the macroalga Eucheuma cottonii Weber Bosse, 1913, specifically in samples collected from Lancang Island, Kepulauan Seribu National Park, Jakarta, Indonesia. Fibrous blue MPs, measuring approximately 400 µm, were identified in two samples, each weighing 15 g (wet weight). This finding aligns with previous studies reporting fibrous MPs as the global contaminants in macroalgal populations. Despite the similarity, our findings contrast with those from nearby regions, where fragment MPs were observed as the most abundant form. The interaction between MPs and macroalgae is influenced by factors such as surface texture, chemical composition, and the presence of mucilage. Additionally, MPs have been shown to impact macroalgal health, reducing growth rates and photosynthetic efficiency and increasing oxidative stress, highlighting the need for further research. Considering E. cottonii as an edible macroalga and a critical habitat provider in marine ecosystems, regular monitoring of MPs contamination is essential. This research contributes to a broader investigation of MP contamination, growth patterns, and secondary metabolite production in macroalgae under different cultivation techniques, underscoring the importance of sustainable practices in marine resource management.

eDNA metabarcoding in mangrove ecosystems for fish conservation and stock assessment of Sardinops sagax melanostictus in the Philippines

TRICKSIE P. BALATERO — 2025-02-02

Abstract. Balatero TP, Molina Z, Dalayap RM, Dechavez R, Manubag JJ, Sumaya NH, Peña JD, Tabugo SRM. 2025. eDNA metabarcoding in mangrove ecosystems for fish conservation and stock assessment of Sardinops sagax melanostictus in the Philippines. Biodiversitas 26: 347-357. Mangrove forests are essential ecosystems that provide many benefits, including nursery grounds for various marine species; however, identifying juveniles is often challenging, as visual fish surveys primarily rely on the characteristics of adult specimens for accurate classification. These vital ecosystems are threatened by overfishing, habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change. Therefore, this study employs environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding as a non-invasive tool to identify fish species in the mangrove ecosystems of Mindanao, Philippines. eDNA metabarcoding facilitates species detection by analyzing genetic material found in environmental samples, offering a cost-effective and sensitive method for identifying fish species. Seawater samples were collected from selected mangrove areas, and the extracted eDNA was analyzed using high-throughput next-generation sequencing (NGS). The sampling sites were South Cotabato, Surigao del Norte, Misamis Oriental, and Tawi-Tawi, which recorded 29 species across 20 families. Notable species included Zenarchopterus dunckeri (Zenarchopteridae), a rare fish in the aquarium hobby; Hippocampus comes (Syngnathidae), the tiger-tail seahorse, which is classified as Vulnerable by the IUCN; Sardinops melanostictus (Clupeidae), known for its high commercial value; Siganus corallinus (Siganidae), valued for both food and the aquarium trade; and Gymnothorax flavimarginatus (Muraenidae), an invasive species, that plays a vital role in the food chain as a natural predator of lionfish. Tawi-Tawi Island emerged as the most diverse site, recording species from 11 families. The results highlight the critical role of mangroves as nurseries in supporting diverse fish populations and underscore the effectiveness of eDNA metabarcoding as complementary to traditional species inventory techniques.

Diversity and threats to trees and shrubs in the courtyards of the blessed Al-Aqsa Mosque in the city of Al-Quds (Jerusalem), Palestine

ABDEL FATTAH N. ABD RABOU — 2024-11-30

Abstract. Abd Rabou AFN, El-Kichaoui AY, Radwan ES, Al-Balawi EJ, Abbas AA, Elkahlout KE, Al-Hali DI, Abd Rabou MA, Abd Rabou AA, Jadallah RI, Hussein KA, Abou Auda M, Hammad AAQI, Abd Rabou IA, Abd Rabou OA, Abd Rabou NF, Shafei AA, Fayyad NA, Dardona AW, Dardona ZW, Madkour FA, Madkour HA, Khalaf NA, Al-Agha MR. 2024. Diversity and threats to trees and shrubs in the courtyards of the blessed Al-Aqsa Mosque in the city of Al-Quds (Jerusalem), Palestine. Biodiversitas 25: 4462-4478. The blessed Al-Aqsa Mosque in the city of Al-Quds (Jerusalem), Palestine, which extends over an area of 144,000 square meters, is of great importance to Palestinians, Arabs, and Muslims. Despite the many studies that have addressed the various features of the blessed Al-Aqsa Mosque, the vegetation cover has been rarely written about. This current descriptive study aims to enumerate the trees and shrubs that adorn the courtyards of the blessed Al-Aqsa Mosque. The study relied on continuous visits, observations, and discussions since 2020. A direct inventory of the trees and shrubs was conducted in terms of species and numbers, and they were classified according to the available guidebooks. Photographs were taken for documentation and verification purposes. The number of trees and shrubs in the courtyards of the blessed Al-Aqsa Mosque amounted to 1,042 trees and shrubs. The recorded trees and shrubs consisted of 30 species belonging to 20 families and 14 orders. Gymnosperms included 4 species (13.3%), while angiosperms included 26 species (86.7%). The European Olive (Olea europea L.) was the most widespread species with 550 individuals (52.78%), followed by the Evergreen Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.) with 274 individuals (26.29%), and the Aleppo or Jerusalem Pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) with 85 individuals (8.16%). The number of recorded tree species amounted to 20 species (66.7%), while the number of shrub species amounted to 10 species (33.3%). Exotic trees or shrubs constituted 21 species (70.0%), while the rest (30.0%) were native. Threats to the trees and shrubs of Al-Aqsa Mosque included Israeli excavations under Al-Aqsa Mosque and its courtyards, Israel's use of some toxic and chemical materials to break up the soil and facilitate excavations, cutting down trees and shrubs for Israeli security purposes, burning trees and shrubs due to Israeli military actions, Israel's prevention of replanting or planting trees and shrubs, severe storms and strong winds, and diseases. If conditions permit, it is recommended to plant woody plant species that are compatible with the prevailing environmental and ecological conditions in Palestine, which add splendor to the courtyards of this great historical Islamic place in Palestine.

Traditional treatments for treating lengkauk disease employed by the community in the Segedong Sub-district, Mempawah District, West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia

RUQIAH GANDA PUTRI PANJAITAN — 2025-01-21

Abstract. Panjaitan RGP, Rahmadani D, Fajri H, Akbarini D, Caiping Z. 2025. Traditional treatments for treating lengkauk disease employed by the community in the Segedong Sub-district, Mempawah District, West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 94-101. Lengkauk is an illness that affects children, resulting in symptoms such as weight loss, abdominal bloating, frequent fever, irritability, lethargy and weakness. Other characteristics include pale palms, soles and face, stunted growth and decreased appetite. The use of plants as traditional medicine for treating lengkauk in children in the Segedong Sub-district, Mempawah, West Kalimantan, Indonesia is still practiced by the local community, although this knowledge is primarily held by certain elderly individuals, such as local shamans and midwives. This study aimed to identify the types of plants used, the parts of the plants employed, the preparation methods and the treatment practices for managing lengkauk. A qualitative research methodology was utilized with data collection conducted through triangulation techniques including interviews, observations and documentation. The research identified six types of plants used to treat lengkauk (i) bawang merah (Allium cepa); (ii) jengkol (Archidendron jiringa); (iii) kelapa hijau (Cocos nucifera); (iv) lempuyang (Zingiber zerumbet); (v) moje (Barleria cristata); and (vi) sirih hijau). The parts of the plants used include leaves, bulbs, fruits and rhizomes. These six plants belong to different families: Acanthaceae (B. cristata), Amaryllidaceae (A. cepa), Arecaceae (C. nucifera), Fabaceae (A. jiringa), Piperaceae (P. betle) and Zingiberaceae (Z. zerumbet).

Diversity of traditional vegetables and spices as local food security for the Gayo Tribe, Aceh, Indonesia

CUT NELLY — 2024-12-16

Abstract. Nelly C, Fitriyana L, Santi TD, Saudah. 2024. Diversity of traditional vegetables and spices as local food security for the Gayo Tribe, Aceh, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 4699-4711. Food is a fundamental necessity that is essential for human sustenance. The variety of traditional vegetables and spices, harvested from forests, fields, or home gardens, is critical to local food security. This study aimed to investigate the variety and utilization of local vegetables and spices by the Gayo community in Pining Sub-district, Gayo Lues District, Aceh, Indonesia and their contribution to sustainable food security. A field survey and semi-structured interviews five villages identified 75 taxa of vegetables and spices from 36 families with Zingiberaceae being the most dominant. The findings show women, who made up 68.0% of respondents, are key knowledge holders, passing down traditional plant knowledge through daily practices. Species such as Cocos nucifera L. and Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm. showed the highest use value and frequency, underscoring their cultural and nutritional significance. However, the Gayo community faces threats, including land-use changes and the loss of traditional knowledge among the younger generation, jeopardizing plant conservation and sustainable food systems. Strategies such as sustainable agroforestry, local seed banks, and restoring traditional knowledge are essential to preserve biodiversity and ensure local food security. This research highlights the importance of preserving the diversity of traditional vegetables and spices as key elements of food security and cultural heritage.

Genetic diversity of Indonesian rice varieties for salinity tolerance using RAPD markers

TUTIK NURHIDAYATI — 2025-02-21

Abstract. Nurhidayati T, Rachmandika FCA, Jundana MQ, Rahayu AE, Herwibawa B, Saputro TB. 2025. Genetic diversity of Indonesian rice varieties for salinity tolerance using RAPD markers. Biodiversitas 26: 731-738. Rice (Oryza sativa) is essential for food security in Indonesia, but agricultural land conversion and rising salinity threaten production. Therefore, it is crucial to study germplasm collections for salt tolerance and utilize molecular markers to select resistant lines. This study investigated the potential marker for salinity tolerance using local Indonesian rice. We investigated the genetic diversity of five germplasm collections (i.e., IR64, Jeliteng, Mantap, Pamerah, and Situ Bagendit) using a molecular marker technique with Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD). The genomic DNA was extracted using CTAB 2%. This research employed ten RAPD primers (OPA-02, OPA-10, OPA-13, OPB-07, OPC-02, OPD-08, OPI-01, OPK-20, OPU-19, OPU-20). The analysis revealed a significant level of polymorphism, producing 184 bands, of which 168 were polymorphic, indicating 100% polymorphism; notably, the OPI-01 primer exhibited 94% polymorphism. The amplified bands ranged from 250 to 1920 base pairs, with the OPC-02 primer showing the most promising results, evidenced by a PIC value of 0.431. These findings suggest that the identified RAPD markers can effectively enhance the selection of salt-resistant rice varieties. This study highlights the potential of molecular markers, such as OPC-02, that could be valuable tools for selecting salt-tolerant rice varieties and contributing to food security amidst the challenges of agricultural land conversion and soil salinity.

Antibacterial activity of phyllospheric bacteria isolated from Rhizophora mucronata against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis

DEBIE RIZQOH — 2025-01-30

Abstract. Rizqoh D, Yolanda SD, Nuhraheni E, Sipriyadi, Ulyandari M, Wibowo RH, Oktoviani, Djatmiko EM, Putri AA. 2025. Antibacterial activity of phyllospheric bacteria isolated from Rhizophora mucronata against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Biodiversitas 26: 199-210. The treatment of bacterial infection often involves the administration of antibiotics. However, the increasing use of antibiotics has led to bacterial resistance. The black mangrove Rhizophora mucronata is a vital biological resource containing bioactive compounds with potential antibacterial properties. The objective of this study was to investigate the antibacterial potential of phyllospheric bacteria from R. mucronata leaves against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. The study was carried out using descriptive experimental research. In the initial stage, phylospheric bacteria were isolated from the leaves of R. mucronata using serial dilution method. The results showed that a total of 641 colonies were isolated from R. mucronata. Out of them, 53 dominant phyllospheric bacterial isolates were identified, which exhibit regular round shape with smooth edges colonies, flat elevation, moist texture and produce yellow color pigment. Gram staining revealed 42 Gram-positive and 11 Gram-negative bacterial isolates. The antibacterial activity test showed that 10 isolates had the ability to inhibit the growth of E. coli, 6 isolates inhibited the growth of B. subtilis and 3 isolates inhibited both bactera. Among 19 isolates, three isolates, namely BF1, BF4, and BF17 showed the best antimicrobial activity. The result of phytochemical tests revealed that all the crude extracts contained alkaloid, tannins, and saponins. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed potential metabolites, such as: [3,4-D]pyrimidine-5,7-dione, cyclo (L-Pro-L-Val), maculosin, 2,3,4-Trihydroxybenzaldehyde (TBA), phenethyl alcohol (PEA) tryptophol, benzene ethanol and benzeneacetic acid. The present study concluded that phyllospheric bacteria produce several active compounds that can inhibit bacterial growth.

Diversity of bioactive compounds from Parmotrema xanthinum as antimicrobial potential through in-vitro and in-silico assessment

OKY KUSUMA ATNI — 2024-12-02

Abstract. Atni OK, Munir E, Pasaribu N. 2024. Diversity of bioactive compounds from Parmotrema xanthinum as antimicrobial potential through in-vitro and in-silico assessment. Biodiversitas 25: 4438-4449. Lichens, integral to ecosystem diversity, are known for producing bioactive secondary metabolites with significant pharmacological applications, particularly in antimicrobial therapies. This study evaluates the antimicrobial potential of Parmotrema xanthinum through in vitro and in silico approaches, emphasizing its role in biodiversity and drug discovery. Methanol extracts of P. xanthinum were tested against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as pathogenic yeast, using the disc diffusion method. The extracts exhibited notable antimicrobial activity, particularly against Escherichia coli (18.6 ± 0.44 mm) and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (15.8 ± 0.25 mm). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified 29 bioactive compounds, evaluated for drug-likeness using Lipinski's rule of five and biological activity predictions. Molecular docking studies with penicillin-binding protein 3 (PBP3) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PDB ID: 6I1E) revealed strong binding affinities. Notably, benzenepropanoic acid, ?-(2,5-dioxopyrrolo)-, exhibited a binding energy of -5.9 kcal/mol, while 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanoic acid, phenyl ester, showed -5.2 kcal/mol. These findings highlight P. xanthinum as a valuable source of bioactive compounds with potential for combating bacterial resistance. Further investigations into its bioactive mechanisms, pharmacodynamics, and safety profiles are recommended to advance its development as a viable candidate for antimicrobial drug discovery.

Construction of a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing system in manipulating OsART1 from Oryza sativa cv. Inpago 5

MIFTAHUL HUDA FENDIYANTO — 2025-03-03

Abstract. Fendiyanto MH, Setiawan E, Pratami MP, Kurniyanto IR, Fastanti FS. 2025. Construction of a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing system in manipulating OsART1 from Oryza sativa cv. Inpago 5. Biodiversitas 26: 920-927. Understanding the mechanism of aluminum (Al) tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa) cv. Inpago 5 can be done by mutating the ART1 gene to see which Al tolerance genes have decreased expression globally. This study aimed to construct a pRGEB32 vector containing sgRNA-ART1 derived from rice cv. Inpago 5. The construction of the pRGEB32-sgART1 vector was carried out by designing sgRNA, restriction-ligation, transformation, plasmid isolation, verification of target inserts, and sequencing of sgRNA-ART1. The results indicate that the construction of the recombinant vector pRGEB32-sgRNAART1 was carried out by combining digestion and ligase reactions. The construction of the recombinant pRGEB32 construction showed a high level of success in this study. The success of the ART1 sgRNA amplicon in recombinant Escherichia coli indicated this. Annotation studies showed that the pRGEB32 cassette plasmid sequence showed more than 99% homology with the recombinant pRGEB32-sgART1 sequence, especially only 1% was different, namely 20 bp of sgRNA that appeared different. After checking with alignment on the plasmid annotation using the MAAFT alignment method, it was found that 20 bp of ART1 sgRNA was successfully inserted into the pRGEB32-sgART1 recombinant vector. In conclusion, the construction of pRGEB32-sgART1 in this study was successful and showed the presence of a 425 bp band amplicon for the insertion from the region between M13 reverse and sgRNA-ART1.

Systematics molecular investigation of Palo fish (Betta sp.) in the Harau Valley, West Sumatra using the COI gene

UMMI KURNIA PUTRI — 2025-02-20

Abstract. Putri UK, Roesma DI, Tjong DH. 2025. Systematics molecular investigation of Palo fish (Betta sp.) in the Harau Valley, West Sumatra using the COI gene. Biodiversitas 26: 698-705. Palo fish (Betta sp.) is a local ornamental fish in the Harau Valley, Lima Puluh Kota, West Sumatra, Indonesia, which was suspected to be a new species from the Betta of the Pugnax group based on the Cytochrome b gene. Molecular investigations using more reliable genes were needed to validate the taxonomic status of Palo fish and determine the phylogenetic relationship with other Betta species. The cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene has been recognized for identification at the species level. Liver tissue samples were taken from eight Palo fish individuals from four Rangkak Hill tributaries in Harau Valley. Eight Palo fish and 44 comparison sequences were analyzed using the Aliview, IQ Tree, and MEGA VII programs. The 641 bp COI gene sequences analysis showed that Palo fish from four tributaries in Harau Valley had 100% nucleotide base similarity (identical), which shared the same haplotype. Palo fish have a close relationship with Betta stigmosa and have the least genetic distance to Betta cf. apollon (2.6%), followed by Betta ferox (3.1%) and Betta apollon (3.7%). The genetic distance values show the differences at the subspecies level within the same species. Palo fish from Harau Valley confirmed as Betta cf. stigmosa. Comprehensive studies on Betta species need to be carried out to complete the systematics of the Betta group.

Ethnopharmacological study of medicinal plants used on usadha rare remedies in Bali Province, Indonesia

I GEDE WIDHIANTARA — 2024-12-16

Abstract. Widhiantara IG, Putra IMWA, Lestari NKD, Wiradana PA, Permatasari AAAP, Sari NKY, Windarista NPL, Elizabeth G, Sucipto TH. 2024. Ethnopharmacological study of medicinal plants used on usadha rare remedies in Bali Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 4723-4736. Lontar usadha rare is an inventory of ancient manuscripts on traditional Balinese medicine, with a focus on the system of treating disorders in children. This manuscript presents various information about various types of medicinal plants, formulation methods, and application by the Balinese people for hundreds of years. However, most of the knowledge contained in the lontar is only known to traditional medical practitioners and includes behaviors that are typical of the usage of medicinal plants. This study aimed to examine and document the diversity of medicinal plants used in usadha rare in Bali Province, Indonesia. Data were collected through direct interviews conducted with traditional medical practitioners selected using a purposive sampling method. This study was conducted from May to September 2024, and data that was successfully collected included the type of plant, regional name, Latin name, parts used, method of application, and diseases treated. Data collected were analyzed subjectively and quantitatively using diagrams, graphs, and tables, and then the Use Value (UV) was used to assess the results. The results showed that there were 65 types of medicinal plants from 34 families successfully identified in usadha rare treatment. Plant families most frequently used by traditional medical practitioners include Zingiberaceae (12.31%), Asteraceae (7.69%), as well as Apiaceae, Apocynaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Menispermaceae, Piperaceae, and Rubiaceae, each with 4.62%. In most cases, leaves were more widely used, followed by fruits, bark, rhizomes, and flowers. Boiling and pounding were the basic methods in making preparations from medicinal plants, while topical external use was the most common way of administering medicine to infants and children. Medicinal plants were often used to treat fever, diarrhea, bloating, and body warming, relieve coughs and toothaches, and heal wounds in children.

Molecular identification of rhizospheric Actinomycetes from karst ecosystems of Gorontalo, Indonesia, and its seed germination induction capability of Zea mays var. doti

YULIANA RETNOWATI — 2024-12-16

Abstract. Retnowati Y, Katili AS, Kandowangko NY, Pembengo W. 2024. Molecular identification of rhizospheric Actinomycetes from karst ecosystems of Gorontalo, Indonesia, and its seed germination induction capability of Zea mays var. doti. Biodiversitas 25: 4763-4771. Karst, as an extreme ecosystem, was a source of diverse Actinomycetes with varied biological activities. This study explored the plant-growth-promoting potential of rhizospheric Actinomycetes from the karst ecosystem of Gorontalo, with a focus on inducing seed germination in Zea mays var. doti. Four locations in Gorontalo were selected to explore Actinomycetes, targeting approximately 20 different rhizospheric plant species to isolate these microorganisms. Among the 25 isolates obtained, representing diverse morphological types from 12 rhizospheric plants, eight actinomycete isolates exhibited phosphate-solubilizing activity and produced indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that approximately 75% of the isolates belonged to the Streptomyces genus, including Streptomyces cavourensis strain KRZm-02, Streptomyces sp. strain KRZm-03, Streptomyces pratensis strain KRLl-01, Streptomyces carpaticus strain KRIt-01, Streptomyces sp. strain KRIt-02, and Streptomyces aquilus strain KRPa-01. Additionally, 12.5% of the isolates were identified as Nocardiopsis alba strain KRZm-01 and Micromonospora sp. strain KRPt-01, respectively. The two isolates with the highest plant-growth-promoting potential, Streptomyces pratensis strain KRLl-01 and Streptomyces carpaticus strain KRIt-01, were further tested for their ability to promote germination of Zea mays var. doti seeds over 7 days. Among the two, Streptomyces carpaticus strain KRIt-01 exhibited the highest germination-inducing potential. Overall, the karst ecosystem of Gorontalo offers a valuable reservoir of biological resources with the potential for Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR). Further studies on the application of these actinomycete isolates as biofertilizers in agricultural and plantation crops could significantly contribute to improving crop growth and productivity, thereby revolutionizing agricultural practices.

Phytochemical Analysis and antioxidant activity from Phanera semibifida stem and leaves extracts using LC-MS/MS

MEYLA SUHENDRA — 2025-02-04

Phanera semibifida is a forest plant that contains metabolites such as flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, and tannins. Lingga Malay ethnic uses P. semibifida stem as the main ingredient in health potions. Based on this primary evidence, P. semibifida has potential medicinal uses. However, studies on metabolite content and bioactivity screening of the stem and leave extract P. semibifida are still limited. This research aimed to identify the phytochemical profile and bioactivity screening of the P. semibifida stems and leaf extract. The sample was extracted using 96% ethanol with maceration methods. The chemical content was identified using LC-MS/MS methods. Antioxidant potential was eval__uated with DPPH methods. Based on LC-MS/MS analysis, 26 compounds were identified from stem extract, and 24 compounds were identified from leave extract. The compound originates from seven compound groups: carboxylic acid, flavonoid, phenolics, polifenol, terpenoid, Tricarboxylic acid, and Humulonoid. Carboxylic acid is the most commonly obtained compound in this research. The compounds identified in the stem extract differ from those in the leaf extract. Quercetin-3'-glucuronide, Apigetrin, and Glucogallin are only found in the stem extract, whereas Salicylic acid is only found in the leaf extract. Many researchers report that the group compound has potential as Antioxidants, antiviral or antimicrobial, anti-vitiligo, anticancer or antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, and anti-diabetic. The antiradical activity assay revealed that the stem extract had the highest activity, with an IC₅₀ of 9.091 ppm. The IC₅₀ data indicated that higher quantities of flavonoid components could increase antioxidant activity.

Environmental determinants of reef fish community structure in Sempu Strait, East Java, Indonesia

ANDIK ISDIANTO — 2024-12-19

Abstract. Isdianto A, Gibran K, Yamindago A, Sari SHJ, Yanuar AT, Setyoningrum D, Setyanto A, Hidayah LN, Marsela K, Haykal MF, Fathah AL, Putri BM, Supriyadi, Luthfi OM, Pratiwi DC. 2024. Environmental determinants of reef fish community structure in Sempu Strait, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 4781-4789. The Rumah Apung located in Sempu Strait, Malang District, East Java, Indonesia, is home to diverse coral reef ecosystems that provide vital ecological services and support local livelihoods. However, these ecosystems face significant threats from both natural environmental changes and anthropogenic activities. Understanding how environmental factors influence reef fish communities is critical to inform effective conservation strategies. This study investigated the influence of environmental factors on the community structure of coral reef fish in the Sempu Strait waters, East Java, using Underwater Visual Census (UVC) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Conducted from August 2023 to May 2024 at the Sempu Strait Floating House Station, this study aimed to assess the impact of water quality, substrate type, and food availability on the diversity and abundance of coral reef fish. The main results revealed a significant correlation between the community structure of coral reef fish and environmental variables such as water clarity, salinity (r = 0.65, p<0.01), pH (r = 0.55, p<0.05), dissolved oxygen (r = 0.70, p<0.01), and sediment type. Seasonal variations significantly affected water quality, with cold nutrient-rich water during the east monsoon increasing fish biomass by about 30%. Human activities, especially recreational diving and fishing activities, were correlated with a 20% decline in coral reef fish populations, highlighting the anthropogenic pressure on this ecosystem. PCA provides insight into the complex interdependencies within coral reef ecosystems, illustrating how multiple environmental factors combine to influence reef fish dynamics. The study concludes that effective management and conservation strategies, such as establishing marine protected areas, implementing community-based monitoring programs, and promoting sustainable tourism practices, are essential, supported by regular environmental monitoring, are essential to maintain the biodiversity and ecological integrity of coral reefs in the Sempu Strait. These strategies should address both natural environmental changes and anthropogenic impacts to mitigate their adverse effects on coral reef ecosystem conditions.

Pyocyanin derived from the marine sponge-associated bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa P1.S9, has the potential as antibacterial

DOVA KELVIN MESRIAN — 2024-11-30

Abstract. Mesrian DK, Astuti RI, Prastya ME, Wahyudi AT. 2024. Pyocyanin derived from the marine sponge-associated bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa P1.S9, has the potential as antibacterial. Biodiversitas 25: 4139-4147. Sponge-associated bacteria are a prolific source of secondary metabolites. Among them, pyocyanin-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a subject of great interest. Pyocyanin is a blue-green pigment known for its enormous biological activity, one of the most notable being antimicrobial. Therefore, this study was performed to optimize the production, to characterize the chemical structure, and to test the antimicrobial activity of pyocyanin. As the sole isolate used, Pseudomonas aeruginosa P1.S9 provided a fundamental premise for pyocyanin synthesis by revealing the presence of phzM and phzS genes. The proteins generated from these genes were highly compatible with two enzymes involved in the pyocyanin production pathway. During the optimization, the maximum level of pyocyanin produced was 29.057±0.691 µg mL^-1. The concentration was obtained using a modified King's A medium incubated at 27°C within four days. To assess its purity, the chemical structure of pyocyanin was confirmed by several spectroscopic techniques including UV-Visible (UV-Vis), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (¹HNMR). All test results closely resemble purified pyocyanin compared to several prior studies. In terms of antimicrobial activity, pyocyanin was effective against ATCC strains of Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. Its strongest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 62.5 µg mL^-1 against Bacillus subtilis. Subsequently, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a major mechanism of pyocyanin antibacterial activity has also been verified. The bacterial pathogens cells treated with pyocyanin displayed a brighter luminescence compared to the control without pyocyanin after the addition of 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H₂DCF-DA). Ultimately, the present work comprehensively characterized pyocyanin's promising producer and antibacterial properties.

Chemical composition, in vitro rumen profile and methane emission of fermented and non-fermented grass-legume mixtures

VITA APRIANI — 2025-02-28

Abstract. Apriani V, Yanza YR, Astuti WD, Niderkorn V, Martin RSH, Ramadani J, Mulyati WS, Jayanegara A. 2025. Chemical composition, in vitro rumen profile and methane emission of fermented and non-fermented grass-legume mixtures. Biodiversitas 26: 869-878. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of several grass-legume mixtures, either fermented or non-fermented, on chemical composition, in vitro rumen fermentation profiles, and gas and methane production kinetics. Seven tropical leguminous plants were investigated, i.e., Indigofera zollingeriana, Calliandra calothyrsus, Clitoria ternatea, Centrosema pubescens, Leucaena leucocephala, Bauhinia purpurea, and Arachis pintoi. Each legume was combined with Pennisetum purpureum (elephant grass) in a 50:50 ratio, prepared in both fresh (non-fermented) and fermented (silage) forms. A completely randomized factorial design was employed, with legume type as the primary factor and fermentation status (non-fermented vs fermented) as the secondary factor (N = 5 replicates per treatment). Results revealed that legume type significantly influenced (P<0.05) In Vitro Dry Matter Digestibility (IVDMD) and In Vitro Organic Matter Digestibility (IVOMD), with I. zollingeriana demonstrating the highest digestibility values. A significant interaction between fermentation and legume type was observed in reducing methane gas production (P<0.05). Both legume inclusion and fermentation effectively lowered methane emissions (P<0.05), with the lowest levels recorded for C. calothyrsus and B. purpurea. The study concluded that incorporating tropical legumes, in both fermented and non-fermented forms, into elephant grass can improve digestibility and mitigate methane emissions, with Indigofera and Calliandra showing the most promising results, respectively.

Diversity of Ceratocystis fimbriata causing canker and wilt disease on Cupressus sempervirens (Italian cypress) in Indonesia

RAHMAT PRATAMA — 2025-02-01

Abstract. Pratama R, Suwandi S, Muslim A, Mulawarman. 2025. Diversity of Ceratocystis fimbriata causing canker and wilt disease on Cupressus sempervirens (Italian cypress) in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 278-287. In 2022-2023, new diseases were observed on Cupressus sempervirens in South Sumatra, Indonesia, with the disease incidence increasing from 17.6% to 26.5% in 2023. Initial symptoms, included stem cankers, black lesions on sapwood and vascular tissue, discoloration and partial wilting of leaves, and eventual complete drying, leading to plant death. The objective of this study was to isolate and identify the fungal pathogen causing wilt disease in C. sempervirens trees using morphological characterization and DNA sequencing. In 2022-2023, a disease survey was conducted in six districts of South Sumatra. The results showed that six out of ten locations were infected, with disease incidence ranging from 4.1% to 17.6% in 2022, increasing to 2% to 26.5% in 2023. Pathogen identification employed a polyphasic approach, combining morphological and molecular characteristics from specific genomic regions (the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and ?-tubulin). Both the morphological features (including a globose base with a long neck-ended tip with ostiolar hyphae, cylindrical conidia, and hat-shaped ascospores) and phylogenetic analysis identified the isolates as Ceratocystis fimbriata. ITS gene sequences indicated that all the isolates belonged to the ITS5 haplotype. In pathogenicity test, pathogen caused mortality in C. sempervirens, Acacia mangium, and Artocarpus heterophyllus plants. The implications of these findings are significant, as they can potentially lead to the development of effective control measures. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Ceratocystis spp. causing wilt disease on C. sempervirens in South Sumatra.

New record and potential spatial distribution of Curcuma sumatrana (Zingiberaceae): An endemic wild turmeric in Sumatra, Indonesia

FARADILA SYAFIRA — 2024-11-30

Abstract. Syafira F, Nurainas, Syamsuardi. 2024. New record and potential spatial distribution of Curcuma sumatrana (Zingiberaceae): An endemic wild turmeric in Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 4127-4138. Curcuma sumatrana Miq. is a Sumatran turmeric species with medicinal potential. However, it remains underutilized and is classified as vulnerable by the IUCN. Its vulnerability is aggravated by limited knowledge of its distribution, a need for more data on habitat preferences, and habitat degradation. Field observations revealed significant morphological variations among populations, likely influenced by environmental factors. This study assessed the morphology, microhabitat preferences, and spatial distribution of C. sumatrana in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Surveys and laboratory observations highlighted morphological traits, such as leaf and ligule length and width, significantly contribute to these observed variations. Notably, the leaf shape differed between open and shaded areas, being narrowly elliptic in open areas and broadly elliptic in shaded areas. Populations in Koto Malintang and Lubuk Minturun showed distinct differences, separated by six morphological traits. The C. sumatrana prefers habitats with fertile soils, moderate plant diversity, and open land cover, often coexisting with species like Dendrocnide stimulans (L.fil.) Chew, Macaranga tanarius (L.) Müll.Arg., and Diplazium sp. Maximum Entropy modeling (AUC 0.944) predicted a highly suitable habitat of 918 hectares in the western Bukit Barisan range. The model suggests distribution is influenced by soil type and precipitation patterns during the seasonal, warmest, and coldest quarters, as well as land cover. New records from West Sumatra extend the species' known range, reaffirming its vulnerable status with a potential risk of becoming endangered.

Identification and production of indole-3-acetic acid by bacteria isolated from eco-enzymes

V. IRENE MEITINIARTI — 2025-01-26

Abstract. Meitiniarti VI, Kasmiyati S, Nugroho RA, Krave AS. 2025. Identification and production of indole-3-acetic acid by bacteria isolated from eco-enzymes. Biodiversitas 26: 111-117. Phytohormone-producing microorganisms are an essential component of biofertilizers. One example of a phytohormone is Indole Acetic Acid (IAA). IAA-producing microorganisms can be originated from various habitats. In this study, IAA-producing bacteria will be isolated from eco-enzyme, a liquid-fermented organic material rich in benefits and contains numerous microorganisms and IAA. The research involves processes of isolation, detection of cell and IAA production, and molecular identification. Through the processes of isolation and purification, 14 bacterial isolates were obtained. After testing their ability to produce IAA using a medium containing L-tryptophan and Salkowski's reagent, only 11 isolates were found to produce IAA. The DNA of these 11 isolates was isolated, amplified, sequenced, and identified through molecular analysis. The nucleotide sequences of these 11 bacterial isolates have been registered in the gene bank and assigned accession numbers PQ095569 to PQ095579. Based on alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis, the 11 isolates were grouped into three categories: the Bacillus group, consisting of Bacillus altitudinis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Priestia megaterium, and Paenibacillus sp.; lactic acid bacteria, including Lacticaseibacillus paracasei and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum; and vibrio-shaped bacteria, including Vibrio sp. and Vibrio diazotrophicus. The Bacillus group (including Paenibacillus megaterium) could produce high levels of IAA. However, among the members of this group, P. megaterium exhibited the highest cell production capability and IAA production, with values of 2982.208 mg·L?¹ and 35.49 mg·L?¹, respectively. This high growth ability and IAA production make P. megaterium a promising candidate as an inoculum for use as a PGPR (Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacterium).

Impacts of climate change on forest restoration dynamics in the lower montane forest of Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Northern Thailand

SATHID THINKAMPHEANG — 2024-12-25

Abstract. Thinkampheang S, Nakashizuka T, Suksavate W, Kachina P, Hermhuk S, Asanok L, Phumphuang W, Chouibumroong B, Wu J, Kurokawa H, Marod D. 2024. Impacts of climate change on forest restoration dynamics in the lower montane forest of Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Northern Thailand. Biodiversitas 25: 4829-4845. Lower montane forest ecosystems are rich in biodiversity but prone to anthropogenic and natural disturbances. Forest restoration aims to emulate natural succession, particularly concerning tree species composition. In this study, we investigated the effects of different forest restoration practices on tree regeneration and the impact of climate change on forest dynamics following restoration in a natural lower montane forest. Three forest dynamics plots (100 m × 100 m) were established in the forest, and two artificial forest restoration approaches were simulated based on mono-species and multi-species plantations, respectively. All trees with a diameter at breast height > 2 cm were tagged, measured, identified, and monitored every 2 years from 2011 to 2021. Forest dynamics, including mortality and recruitment rates, were analyzed in relation to climate change. The results show that recovery varied among restoration practices. The mono-species plantation had the highest species diversity (114 species), followed by the natural forest and multi-species plantation. The mean mortality rate was higher than the net mean recruitment rate in mono-species and multi-species plantations, with significant variation in forest dynamics across species and periods. These fluctuations were closely linked to environmental changes, particularly droughts related to El Niño. Environmental factors exert a substantial influence on forest structure and species composition. In particular, the interplay between forest dynamics and ecological changes underscores the susceptibility of certain species to drought. Our findings imply that multi-species planting, with its potential to mirror the natural climax state of a forest closely, is a highly effective forest restoration strategy that can inspire and motivate further research and action in this field.

Screening of Lactobacillus from Noi chicken gut as potential probiotics against poultry pathogens

NGUYEN PHUONG THUY — 2024-11-11

Abstract. Thuy NP, Trai NN. 2024. Screening of Lactobacillus from Noi chicken gut as potential probiotics against poultry pathogens. Biodiversitas 25: 3943-3952. This research investigated the potential of Lactobacillus strains isolated from Noi chickens as probiotics for poultry health. We focused on their ability to combat major poultry pathogens: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella sp. Thirty-two distinct Lactobacillus strains were successfully cultured from the digestive tracts of Noi chickens. Colony and cell morphology were diverse, confirming the presence of various Lactobacillus species. Biochemical tests further validated their identification. Antibacterial activity screening revealed two strains, LN11 and LN19, capable of inhibiting all three target pathogens. Thirteen isolates, LN5, LN7, LN8, LN9, LN10, LN11, LN12, LN13, LN14, LN16, LN17, LN18, LN19, LN21, LN26 displayed resistance to all four tested antibiotics: chloramphenicol, erythromycin, ampicillin, and ciprofloxacin. Key probiotic traits were assessed. Nine strains showed excellent acid tolerance, crucial for surviving the stomach's harsh environment. Ten strains demonstrated high tolerance to bile salts, essential for thriving in the intestine. LN19 exhibited particularly strong activity, highlighting its potential for probiotic development. Molecular identification using 16S rRNA gene sequencing confirmed the promising isolate LN19 as Lactobacillus farciminis LN19. This study provides valuable insights into the probiotic potential of Lactobacillus strains from Noi chickens. The identification of L. farciminis LN19 with strong antibacterial activity and robust probiotic characteristics suggests its promise for enhancing poultry health and combating infectious diseases.

Physicochemical and microbiological properties of fermented milk using lactic acid bacteria isolated from dangke

SETIAWAN PUTRA SYAH — 2024-11-11

Abstract. Syah SP, Mukhlisah AN, Ningtiyas WD, Irfan M, Ananda N, Amalia A, Tasmin. 2024. Physicochemical and microbiological properties of fermented milk using lactic acid bacteria isolated from dangke. Biodiversitas 25: 3876-3883. This study aimed to investigate the effect of milk and starter culture type (commercial and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from dangke). Two strains of LAB (Lactobacillus fermentum A323L and B111K) and commercial culture were tested for physicochemical and microbiological properties in milk fermentation. The results showed that the type of culture had a significant effect (p<0.05) on pH, titratable acidity, WHC, syneresis, viscosity, and total number of LAB, while the type of milk had a significant effect (p<0.05) on almost all variables, except for protein content and L* (lightness) of fermented milk. Two strains of LAB isolate from dangke produce pH values, titratable acidity, and viscosity that were relatively good compared to commercial cultures and even tended to be better, specifically in terms of the total number of LAB from fermented milk produced. Skimmed milk produced the best-fermented milk in terms of composition, color, pH value, acidity, and viscosity, but was not very good as a medium for LAB growth due to the low number of microbes compared to the other two types, specifically UHT (Ultra High Temperature) low-fat. However, the number of LAB in skimmed milk met the quality standards for fermented milk products. In conclusion, both strains of LAB isolated from dangke could be used as starter cultures in the manufacture of fermented milk with good physicochemical and microbiological properties.

Two new records of Boesenbergia Kuntze (Zingiberaceae: Zingibereae) for the Flora of Myanmar

PIYAPORN SAENSOUK — 2025-02-05

Abstract. Saensouk P, Saensouk S, Boonma T, Oo WP, Htet NM, Maknoi C, Bongcheewin B, Htway NN, Minn HM. 2025. Two new records of Boesenbergia Kuntze (Zingiberaceae: Zingibereae) for the Flora of Myanmar. Biodiversitas 26: 480-489. This study reported two new records of Boesenbergia for Myanmar: Boesenbergia meghalayensis Aishwarya & M.Sabu, found in Yangon Region, and B. siphonantha (King ex Baker) M.Sabu, Prasanthk. & Škorni?k., found in Kayin State and Mon State. The study aimed to confirm the presence of these species in Myanmar through comprehensive taxonomic analysis based on morphological observations of living specimens collected from their natural habitats. Additionally, to expand the known distribution of Boesenbergia and support ongoing efforts to document the region's rich botanical diversity. Morphological characteristics were analyzed using specimens from natural habitats and compared with taxonomic literature and herbarium records. This study confirmed the presence of B. meghalayensis in Yangon Region and B. siphonantha in Kayin and Mon States as new records for Myanmar, along with verifying B. plicata in the Bago Region. These findings expand the distribution of Boesenbergia in Myanmar, providing an updated checklist and emphasizing the importance of taxonomic research for conservation and preserving the country’s plant diversity.

Characterizing the chemical composition and variations of several medicinal plant leaves using 1H NMR Spectroscopy

HANAN ALMAHASHEER — 2025-01-18

Abstract. Almahasheer H. 2024. Characterizing the chemical composition and variations of several medicinal plant leaves using ¹H NMR Spectroscopy. Biodiversitas 25: 4971-4977. This study utilizes ¹H NMR spectroscopy to characterize the chemical composition of nine medicinal plant leaves, focusing on spectral intensity differences across four distinct regions based on organic functional groups. The analysis revealed that the carbohydrate region (50-110 ppm) had the highest spectral intensity at 0.655374, indicating a predominant presence of cellulose. The aliphatic region (0-50 ppm) displayed an intensity of 0.222092, while the aromatic region (110-150 ppm) was lower at 0.047311. The carboxyl region (150-200 ppm) exhibited an intensity of 0.075224, reflecting lower concentrations of carboxyl compounds. Significant variations in chemical group ratios were observed among the samples. Circaea lutetiana exhibited the highest carbohydrate ratio (0.82), while Peganum harmala showed the lowest (0.48). Aromatic ratios were notably higher in P. harmala and Crataegus sp. (0.10) compared to Cassia senna and Ficus carica (0.01). Additionally, P. harmala had the highest aliphatic ratio (0.35), while C. senna exhibited the highest carboxyl ratio (0.12). The robust application of NMR spectroscopy enhances our understanding of phytochemical diversity. It highlights the diverse chemical profiles and potential functional adaptations of the studied plants, suggesting significant implications for their medicinal applications. This research aligns with Saudi Vision 2030, a vision that we, as a scientific community, seek to boost the agricultural sector’s role in the economy while encouraging sustainable practices and biodiversity conservation. By elucidating the molecular characteristics of these plants, we provide critical insights into their ecological roles and responses to environmental changes. Ultimately, this study advances sustainable resource management and fosters innovative applications in healthcare, nutrition, and the preservation of plant biodiversity in Saudi Arabia.

Sunda pangolin (Manis javanica) responses to human impact in Sabah, Malaysia

JULIUS KODOH — 2024-11-30

Abstract. Kodoh J, Adros C, Shairi NA, Besar NA, Abdullah MT, Sompud J. 2024. Sunda pangolin responses to human impact in Sabah, Malaysia. Biodiversitas 25: 4233-4243. The Sunda pangolin (Manis javanica Desmarest, 1822), categorized as Critically Endangered, faces significant challenges due to human-driven threats, including poaching, habitat destruction, and illegal trade. The comprehensive impact of these factors remains underexplored, especially in specific locales such as the Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) campus, Malaysia. This study, conducted from June to December 2023 within the Sustainable Forest Education Research Area (SFERA@UMS), evaluated the species' response to human disturbance through camera trap surveys. The investigation focused on how proximity to human settlements and noise pollution influence the distribution and behavior of M. javanica. Results from 1,647 camera-trap nights revealed that M. javanica demonstrated a preference for areas with reduced anthropogenic interference, shown by a weak yet significant positive correlation between greater distance from human settlements and pangolin presence (rs = 0.071**, p<0.001). Additionally, mean noise levels negatively impacted visitation frequency (rs = -0.075**, p<0.001), suggesting that noise pollution disrupts natural behaviors critical for survival, such as foraging. These results align with findings that wildlife, particularly species with secretive and nocturnal habits, tend to avoid regions with substantial human activity. The uneven spatial distribution of pangolins underscores the need for conservation initiatives that mitigate the adverse effects of human encroachment and noise pollution. Recommended actions include establishing buffer zones around critical habitats, enhancing public awareness, and employing technology for continuous monitoring. Integrating conservation strategies that address habitat quality, community involvement, and technological advancements is crucial for protecting M. javanica and supporting broader biodiversity efforts. These findings contribute to understanding the localized impacts of human activities on endangered species and highlight the importance of comprehensive, multi-faceted approaches for their conservation and habitat management.

Diversity, bioactivity, and phytochemistry of endophytic fungi in various organs of nipa palm (Nypa fruticans) mangrove

SAKINAH SALMAN AHMAD NASUTION — 2024-11-11

Abstract. Nasution SSA, Elfita, Widjajanti H, Ferlinahayati. 2024. Diversity, bioactivity, and phytochemistry of endophytic fungi in various organs of nipa palm (Nypa fruticans) mangrove. Biodiversitas 25: 3928-3942. Nipa palm (Nypa fruticans Wurmb), a traditional medicinal mangrove species, grows along the coastal areas of South Sumatra. This study explores the diversity of endophytic fungi isolated from the stem, frond, and mesocarp of N. fruticans. A total of eighteen fungal isolates were identified and tested for antioxidant and antibacterial activities using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and the disk diffusion method. Phytochemical profiles of these isolates were analyzed through thin layer chromatography (TLC) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Among the isolates, Aspergillus niger (NfBa5, NfP7, and NfBu4), present in all organs, showed consistent antioxidant and antibacterial activities with similar major compounds across these isolates. Other endophytic fungi demonstrated significantly higher antioxidant and antibacterial activities compared to the host plant, highlighting their potential as promising sources of bioactive compounds. Despite some shared compound patterns, the fungal profiles differed from those of N. fruticans, underscoring the unique bioactive potential of endophytes. This study emphasizes the diversity of endophytic fungi in N. fruticans and reveals significant differences in their biological activities and phytochemical profiles compared to the host. These findings provide foundational insights for developing medicinal compounds from N. fruticans endophytic fungi for future pharmaceutical applications.

Effectiveness of micro-nanobubble aeration and phytoremediation in treating filtered palm oil mill effluent on bacteria diversity and water properties

RIA KARNO — 2024-12-01

Abstract. Karno R, Arisoesilaningsih E, Mustafa I, Siswanto D. 2024. Effectiveness of micro-nanobubble aeration and phytoremediation in treating filtered palm oil mill effluent on bacteria diversity and water properties. Biodiversitas 25: 4340-4349. Palm oil waste treatment has gained much significance in recent years, as the palm oil industry has been on the rise. In addition, the biological removal of open treatment ponds and the subsequent activity of microorganisms, mainly bacteria, have been given special consideration. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of phytoremediation (Phyt) and micro-nanobubble (MnB) aeration technologies on the improvement of physicochemical properties of filtered palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE). The effect of the technologies on bacteria density and composition using a laboratory-scale reactor with 24-hour incubation was also explored. Metagenomic analysis using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) and traditional methods, such as Total Plate Count (TPC) was used to evaluate bacteria density and composition. Physicochemical analyses were then conducted using an Indonesian standard method (SNI). The results showed that the MnB+Phyt reactor was more effective in reducing waste pollutants and meeting waste standards than control, MnB, or Phyt reactors after 24 hours. In addition, TPC counts showed that the highest bacteria density occurred at the 6-hour mark in the MnB+Phyt, Phyt, or MnB reactors compared to the control. Despite variations in bacteria composition among reactors, the dominant phylum and family were Pseudomonadota, Comamonadaceae, Zoogloeaceae, and Alcaligenaceae. The results also showed that MnB treatment significantly increased alpha diversity and altered genera composition. In conclusion, MnB aeration and phytoremediation technologies effectively reduced filtered POMSE pollutants with a removal percentage ranging from 28.37% to 56.69% under 24-hour treatment.