Medicinal syrup for children from the association of significant parts of anti-COVID-19 medicinal plants from the Centre, Cameroon

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##

PDF
DOI https://doi.org/10.13057/biofar/f210202
Issue
Vol. 21 No. 2 (2023)
Section
Articles

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

GEORGES M. LAMY LAMY ♥
Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM). PO Box 13033 Yaoundé, Cameroon
LEILA S. NNANGA
Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM). PO Box 13033 Yaoundé, Cameroon
MAHAMA
Paramedical Training Center. PO Box 25602 Yaoundé, Cameroon
AGATHE F. OSSONGO
High Institute of Sciences and Techniques Applied to Health (ISSTAG). PO Box 33422 Yaoundé, Cameroon
L’AFRICAINE B. ELOMO
Private researcher. PO Box 25602 Yaoundé, Cameroon
RICHARD S. TAGNE
Departement of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré. Po Box 454 Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
JEREMIE A. MBO
Faculty of Biomedical Sciences of Garoua, University of Garoua. P.O. Box 317 Garoua, Cameroon
JULIENNE L. N. LIKENG
High Institute of Sciences and Techniques Applied to Health (ISSTAG). PO Box 33422 Yaoundé, Cameroon
EMMANUEL NNANGA NGA
Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM). PO Box 13033 Yaoundé, Cameroon
KARL HARMSEN
Marderhoek 41, NL-8223 XC Lelystad, Netherlands

Abstract

Abstract. Lamy GML, Nnanga LS, Mahama, Ossongo AF, Elomo LB, Tagne RS, Mbo JA, Likeng JLN, Nga EN, Harmsen K. 2023. Medicinal syrup for children from the association of significant parts of anti-COVID-19 medicinal plants from the Centre, Cameroon. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 21: 58-66. In Africa, Improved Traditional Medication (ITM) has been promoted since 1970 and classified into four categories. The import-substitution policy under the "Made in Cameroon" label encourages local production. Globally, there is an urgent need for anti-COVID-19 drugs, especially for children. The mechanisms of action of SARS-CoV-2 can be attenuated by combination therapy of the parts of anti-COVID-19 medicinal plants. A plant has several parts whose therapeutic properties generally differ. From 2020 to 2022, the most cited anti-COVID-19 plants in the literature were Allium sativum L., Citrus ×limon (L.) Burm.fil., Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, and Zingiber officinale Roscoe. Unfortunately, a gap exists in the names of the significant parts of these plants. For example, were the barks, leaves, roots, or flowers used? In addition, the significant association of said plants and the majority of traditional preparation methods are not specified. The objective was to determine the significant parts of 4 anti-COVID plants, their significant association, and the majority traditional method of preparation allowing the pre-formulation of an infant anti-COVID ITM syrup. An ethnomedicinal survey, ANOVA, and the pre-formulation protocol of a medicated syrup were used. Altogether, 180 informants from several ethnic groups participated. The bulb and rhizome parts for A. sativum and Z. officinal showed a significant difference (P<0.05) between plants. The leaves and fruits of C. citratus and C. limon showed a highly significant difference (P<0.000) between plants. The association of four significant plants and infusion, the majority traditional mode of preparation, allowed the pre-formulation of the infant syrup named COVID-Med, an ITM category 2. The bulbs, rhizomes, leaves, and fruits were significant parts of A. sativum, Z. officinale, C. citratus, and C. limon.

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##

References
Abubakar AR, Haque M. 2020. Preparation of medicinal plants: Basic extraction and fractionation procedures for experimental purposes. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 12: 1-10. DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_175_19.
Alhazmi HA, Najmi A, Javed SA, Sultana S, Al, Bratty M, Makeen HA, Meraya AM, Ahsan W, Mohan S, Taha MME, Khalid A. 2021. Medicinal plants and isolated molecules demonstrating immunomodulation activity as potential alternative therapies for viral diseases including COVID-19. Front Immunol 12: 637553. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.637553.
Ammarellou A, Yousefi AR, Heydari M, Uberti D, Mastinu A. 2022. Biochemical and botanical aspects of Allium sativum L. sowing. BioTech 11 (2): 16. DOI: 10.3390/biotech11020016.
Botineau M. 2010. Botanique Systématique et Appliquée des Plantes à Fleurs. TEC & DOC, Paris. [French]
Carvalho R, Filho WSS, Brasileiro-Vidal AC, Guerra M. 2005. The relationships among lemons, limes and citron: A chromosomal comparison. Cytogenet 109 (1-3): 276-282. DOI: 10.1159/000082410.
Cowling B. 2023. The impact of ending ‘zero COVID’ in China. Nat Med 29 (2): 302. DOI: 10.1038/d41591-023-00001-1.
Dénou A, Diallo D, Koumaré M. 2021. Mise au point d'une technique d’amélioration de la conservation des sirops d’extraits de Guiera senegalensis J.F. Gmel (Combretaceae). J Appl Biosci 165: 17110-17119. DOI: 10.35759/JABs.165.7. [French]
Devgun M, Nanda A, Ansari SH, Swamy SK. 2010. Recent techniques for extraction of natural products. Res J Pharm Technol 3 (3): 644-649. DOI: 10.5958/0974-360X.
Dyer O. 2023. COVID-19: China stops counting cases as models predict a million or more deaths. BMJ 2023: 380. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.p2.
Emmanuel SE, Ehinmitan EO, Bodunde RS, Joseph JC. 2021. Anmicrobial activity of Zingiber officinale and Allium sativum on some drugresistant bacterial isolates. J Appl Sci Environ Manag 25 (6): 1053-1058. DOI: 10.4314/jasem.v25i6.25.
Fleischauer AT, Arab L. 2001. Garlic and cancer: A critical review of the epidemiologic literature. J Nutr 131: 1032S-1040S. DOI: 10.1093/jn/131.3.1032S.
Guedje NM, Tadjouteu F, Dongmo FR, Jiofack TBR, Tsabang N, Fokunang NC et al. 2012. Médecine traditionnelle africaine (MTR) et phytomédicaments: Défis et stratégies de développement. Health Sci Dis 12 (3): 1-72. [French]
Huizhong W, Aniruddha G. 2023. Explainer: Is China Sharing Enough COVID-19 Information? https://medicalxpress.com/news/2023-01-china-covid-.html
Hussain J, Wei X, Xue GL, Shah SRU, Aslam M, Ahmed I, Abdullah S, Babar A, Jakhar AM, Azam T. 2021. Garlic (Allium sativum) based interplanting alters the heavy metals absorption and bacterial diversity in neighboring plants. Sci Rep 11 (1): 5833. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85269-4.
Kiani HS, Ali A, Zahra S, Hassan ZU, Kubra KT, Azam M, Zahid HF. 2022. Phytochemical composition and pharmacological potential of lemongrass (Cymbopogon) and impact on gut microbia. Appl Chem 2: 229-246. DOI: 10.3390/appliedchem2040016.
Klein J. 2014. Citron cultivation, production and uses in the Mediterranean Region. In: Yaniv Z, Dudai N (eds.). Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the Middle-East. Springer, Dordrecht. DOI: 10.1007/978-94017-9276-9_10.
Li J, Chen Z, Nie Y, Ma Y, Guo Q, Dai X. 2020. Identification of symptoms prognostic of COVID-19 severity: Multivariate data analysis of a case series in Henan Province. J Med Internet Res 22 (6): e19636. DOI: 10.2196/19636.
Loufoua BAE, Bassoueka DJ, Ntandou GFN, Nzonzi J, Etou-Ossibi AW, Ouamba JM, Abena AA. 2015. Etude éthnobotanique, pharmacologique et phytochimique de quelques plantes médicinales congolaises à potentialité antitussive. Phytothérapie 13: 377-383. DOI: 10.1007/s10298-015-1005-4. [French]
Manvitha K, Bidya B. 2014. Review on pharmacological activity of Cymbopogon citratus. Intl J Herb Med 1 (6): 5-7.
Maxime LLG, Phalone KM, Dalatou T, Constantin AA, Adoum D, Laela ZZ, Rosette N, Guidawa F, Germo NJ, Néhémie DT, Gabriel AA, Jean PBV, Wackilou W. 2020. Reciprocity in ethnobotanical research: Case of a study carried out in the Mbe plain of Adamawa, Cameroon. Ethnobot Res Appl 20 (38): 1-11. DOI: 10.32859/era.20.38.1-11.
MINEPAT. 2020. SND30: Stratégie nationale de développement 2020-2030, 1ère édition. Pour la transformation structurelle et le développement inclusif. Ministère de l’Économie, de la Planification et de l’Aménagement du Territoire, Cameroun. [French]
MINSANTE. 2020. Vision du Ministère de la Santé Publique: le secteur traditionnel constitue l’un des trois sous-secteurs reconnus du système de Santé camerounais. Bulletin de Médecine Traditionnelle 1: 1-45. [French]
Mustafa T, Srivastava KC. 1990. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) in migraine headache. J Ethnopharmacol 29: 267-273. DOI: /10.1016/0378-8741(90)90037-T.
Naganawa R, Iwata N, Ishikawa K, Fukuda H, Fujino T, Suzuki A. 1996. Inhibition of microbial growth by ajoene, a sulfur-containing compound derived from garlic. Appl Environ Microbiol 62: 4238-4242. DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.11.4238-4242.1996.
Nicolosi E, Deng ZN, Gentile A, Malfa SL, Continella G, Tribulato E. 2000. Citrus phylogeny and genetic origin of important species as investigated by molecular markers. Theor Appl Genet 100 (8): 1155-1166. DOI: 10.1007/s001220051419.
Obame ELC. 2009. Etude phytochimique, activités antimicrobiennes et antioxydantes de quelques plantes aromatiques et médicinales africaines. Thèse de doctorat unique, Sciences Biologiques Appliquées, Université de Ouagadougou, Burkina-Faso. [French]
Oborah JO. 2022. Effectiveness of the infusion teaching approach for the development of general ICT skills in Nigerian tertiary education. J Res Innov Teach Learn 15 (2): 245-258. DOI: 10.1108/JRIT-11-2021-0076.
Odebunmi CA, Adetunji TL, Adetunji AE, Olatunde A, Oluwole OE, Adewale IA, Ejiwumi AO, Iheme CE, Aremu TO. 2022. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in the treatment of COVID-19 and related respiratory infections in Ogbomosho South and North local government areas, Oyo State, Nigeria. Plants 11: 2667. DOI: 10.3390/plants11192667.
Oladele JO, Ajayi E, Oyeleke OM, Oladele OT, Olowookere BD, Adeniyi BM, Oyewole OI, Oladijif AT. 2020. A systematic review on COVID-19 pandemic with special emphasis on curative potentials of Nigeria based medicinal plants. Heliyon 6 (9): e04897. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04897.
Ollitrault P, Curk F, Krueger R. 2020. Citrus taxonomy. In: Talon M; Caruso M, Gmitter FGJr (eds). The Genus Citrus. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-8121634.00004-8.
Oyono RR. 2015. Communes et Régions du Cameroun. SOPECAM, Yaoundé. [French]
Pattanayak S. 2021. Anti-COVID-19 biomedicines – A layout proposal for production, storage and transportation. Open COVID J 1: 166-188. DOI: 10.2174/2666958702101010166.
Rafieian-Kopaei M. 2012. Medicinal plants and the human needs. J Herb Med Pharmacol 1 (1): 1-2.
Rafique S, Hassan SM, Mughal SS, Hassan SK, Shabbir N, Perveiz S, Mushtaq M, Farman M. 2020. Biological attributes of lemon: A review. J Addict Med Ther Sci 6 (1): 030-034. DOI: 10.17352/2455-3484.000034.
Ramón-Laca L. 2003. The introduction of cultivated citrus to Europe via Northern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula. Econ Bot 57 (4): 502-514. DOI: 10.1663/0013-0001(2003)057[0502:TIOCCT]2.0.CO;2
Rasul MG. 2018. Conventional extraction methods use in medicinal plants, their advantages and disavantages. Intl J Basic Sci Appl Comput 2 (6): 10-14.
Shah G, Shri R, Panchal V, Sharma N, Singh B, Mann AS. 2011. Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Cymbopogon citratus, stapf (Lemon grass). J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2 (1): 3-8. DOI: 10.4103/2231-4040.79796.
Simon E, Egrot M. 2012. Médicaments néotraditionnels: Une catégorie pertinente ? A propos d’une recherche antropologique au Bénin. Sci Soc Santé 2 (30): 67-91. DOI: 10.3917/sss.302.0067. [French]
Sofowora A, Ogunbodede E, Onayade A. 2013. The role and place of medicinal plants in the strategies for disease prevention. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 10 (5): 210-229. DOI: 10.4314/ajtcam.v10i5.2.
Stéphane FFY, Jules BKJ, Batiha GES, Ali I, Bruno LN. 2021. Extraction of bioactive compounds from medicinal plants and herbs. In: El-Shemy HA (eds). Natural Medicinal Plants. Intech Open, London. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.98602.
Titanji VPK. 2021. COVID-19 response: The case for phytomedicines in Africa with particular focus on Cameroon. J Cameroon Acad Sci 2 (17): 163-175. DOI: 10.4314/jcas.v17i2.6.
Ugwah-Oguejiofor CJ, Adebisi IM. 2021. Potential mecicinal plant remedies and their possible mechanisms against COVID-19: A review. Ife J Sci 23 (1): 161-194. DOI: 10.4314/ijs.v23i1.16.
Zimmermann P, Curtis N. 2020. Why is COVID-19 less severe in children? A review of the proposed mechanisms underlying the age-related difference in severity of SARS-COV-2 infections. Arch Dis Childh 106: 429-439. DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2020-320338.