Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Salmonella, toxicity and biochemical effects of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts in mice

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##

PDF
DOI https://doi.org/10.13057/biofar/f220106
Issue
Vol. 22 No. 1 (2024)
Section
Articles

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

MOSES NJUTAIN NGEMENYA ♥
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea. P.O. Box 63, Buea, South West Region, Cameroon
LAMSON OTTOTOH ITOE
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea. P.O. Box 63, Buea, South West Region, Cameroon
LAUPY ANNE AWAH
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea. P.O. Box 63, Buea, South West Region, Cameroon
RODOLPH ASONGANA
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea. P.O. Box 63, Buea, South West Region, Cameroon
RITA AYUK NDIP
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea. P.O. Box 63, Buea, South West Region, Cameroon

Abstract

Abstract. Ngemenya MN, Itoe LO, Awah LA, Asongana R, Ndip RA. 2024. Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Salmonella, toxicity and biochemical effects of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts in mice. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 22: 43-50. The emergence of multidrug resistance has significantly compromised the treatment of Salmonella infections. The anti-Salmonella activity, toxicity, and biochemical effects of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf crude extracts were studied by disc diffusion and microdilution against Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) strains. Cytotoxicity was investigated on monkey kidney epithelial cells (LLCMK2) and acute toxicity in BALB/c mice. Both hexane (MOHEX) and methanol (MOMET) extracts produced small zones of inhibition of 8mm at 1 mg and 2 mg per disc, indicating weak activity, but the minimum inhibitory concentration showed high (0.0625 mg/mL) to low activity (10 mg/mL) activity. No minimum bactericidal concentration was recorded at the concentrations tested. The 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) for methanol and hexane extracts were 2524 µg/mL and 5004 µg/mL, respectively, indicating a low risk of toxicity. No mortality or adverse effects were recorded in the acute toxicity test. Both extracts had no significant effects (p < 0.05) on renal function and one liver enzyme (alanine aminotransferase), but MOMET significantly increased aspartate aminotransferase (p = 0.04), suggesting possible liver toxicity. The study shows that M. oleifera leaves possess bacteriostatic activity against multidrug-resistant Salmonella and are non-toxic; hence, it is a potential alternative treatment against multidrug-resistant Salmonella. Further studies of fractions and pure natural products of the extracts should be pursued.

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##

References
Abdallah R, Mostafa NY, Kirrella GAK, Gaballah I, Imre K, Morar A, Herman V, Sallam KI, Elshebrawy HA. 2023. Antimicrobial effect of Moringa oleifera leaves extract on food-borne pathogens in ground beef. Foods 12: 766. DOI: 10.3390/foods12040766.
Agoyi EE, Okou FAY, Assogbadjo EA, Sinsin B. 2017. Medicinal uses of Moringa oleifera in Southern Benin (West Africa). Acta Hortic 1158: 303-308. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2017.1158.34.
Ahmed M, Marrez DA, Abdelmoeen NM, Mahmoud EA, Ali M A-S, Decsi K, Tóth Z. 2023b. Proximate analysis of Moringa oleifera leaves and the antimicrobial activities of successive leaf ethanolic and aqueous extracts compared with green chemically synthesized Ag-NPs and crude aqueous extract against some pathogens. Intl J Mol Sci 24: 3529. DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043529.
Ahmed S, Ahmed MZA, Rafique S, Almasoudi SE, Shah M, Jalil NAC, Ojh SC. 2023a. Recent approaches for downplaying antibiotic resistance: Molecular mechanisms. BioMed Res Intl 2023: 5250040. DOI: 10.1155/2023/5250040.
Anzano A, de Falco B, Ammar M, Ricciardelli A, Grauso L, Sabbah M, Capparelli R, Lanzotti V. 2022. Chemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves and seeds. Molecules 27: 8920. DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248920.
Asare GA, Gyan B, Bugyei K, Adjei S, Mahama R, Addo P, Otu-Nyarko L, Wiredu EK, Nyarko A. 2012. Toxicity potentials of the nutraceutical Moringa oleifera at supra-supplementation level. J Ethnopharmacol 139 (1): 265-272. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.11.009.
Bubonja-Šonje M, Kneževi? S, Abram M. 2020. Challenges to antimicrobial susceptibility testing of plant derived polyphenolic compounds. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 71: 300-311. DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2020-71-3396.
Cos P, Vlietinck AJ, Berghe DV, Maes L. 2006. Anti-infective potential of natural products: How to develop a stronger in vitro' proof-of-concept'. J Ethnopharmacol 106: 290-302. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.04.003.
de Barros MC, Silva AGB, Souza TG-S et al. 2022. Evaluation of acute toxicity, 28-day repeated dose toxicity, and genotoxicity of Moringa oleifera leaves infusion and powder. J Ethnopharmacol 296: 115504. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115504.
Enerijiof KE, Akapo FH, Erhabor JO. 2021. GC–MS analysis and antibacterial activities of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts on selected clinical bacterial isolates. Bull Natl Res Cent 45: 179. DOI: 10.1186/s42269-021-00640-9.
Fouad EA, Elnaga ASMA, Kandil MM. 2019. Antibacterial efficacy of Moringa oleifera leaf extract against pyogenic bacteria isolated from a dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) abscess. Vet World 12 (6): 802-808. DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.802-808.
Halawa EM, Fadel M, Al-Rabia MW, Behairy A, Nouh NA, Abdo M, Olga R, Fericean L, Atwa AM, El-Nablaway M, Abdeen A. 2024. Antibiotic action and resistance: updated review of mechanisms, spread, influencing factors, and alternative approaches for combating resistance. Front Pharmacol 14: 1305294. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1305294.
He Y, Wang J, Zhang R, Chen L, Zhang H, Qi X, Chen J. 2023. Epidemiology of food-borne diseases caused by Salmonella in Zhejiang Province, China, between 2010 and 2021. Front Public Health 11: 1127925. DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1127925.
Marchello CS, Carr SD, Crump JA. 2020. A systematic review on antimicrobial resistance among Salmonella typhi worldwide. Am J Trop Med Hyg 103 (6): 2518-2527. DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0258.
Matic I, Guidi A, Kenzo M, Mattei M, Galgani A. 2018. Investigation of medicinal plants traditionally used as dietary supplements: A review on Moringa oleifera. J Public Health Afr 9: 841. DOI: 10.4081/jphia.2018.841.
Mbah JA, Ngemenya MN, Abawah AL, Babiaka SB, Nubed LN, Nyongbela KD, Lemuh ND, Efange SMN. 2012. Bioassay-guided discovery of antibacterial agents: In vitro screening of Peperomia vulcanica, Peperomia fernandopoioana and Scleria striatinux. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 11:10. DOI: 10.1186/1476-0711-11-10.
Ndip RA, Awah LA, Ghogomu SM, Cho-Ngwa F, Ngemenya MN. 2022. Isolation and molecular identification of Salmonella with high multidrug resistance to first line typhoid antibiotics in Southwest Cameroon. Microbes Infect Dis 3 (4): 988-997. DOI: 10.21608/mid.2022.122411.1249.
Ngemenya MN, Asongana R, Zofou D, Ndip RA, Itoe LO, Babiaka SB. 2022. In vitro antibacterial potential against multidrug-resistant Salmonella, cytotoxicity, and acute biochemical effects in mice of Annona muricata leaf extracts. J Evid Based Complement Altern Med 2022: 3144684. DOI: 10.1155/2022/3144684.
Ngemenya MN, Djeukem GGR, Nyongbela KD, Bate PNN, Babiaka SB, Monya E, Kanso RK. 2019. Microbial, phytochemical, toxicity analyses and antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria of some traditional remedies sold in Buea Southwest Cameroon. BMC Complement Altern Med 19: 150. DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2563-z.
Ogbole OO, Segun PA, Adeniji AJ. 2017. In vitro cytotoxic activity of medicinal plants from Nigeria ethnomedicine on Rhabdomyosarcoma cancer cell line and HPLC analysis of active extracts. BMC Complement Altern Med 17: 494. DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-2005-8.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). 2002. Test No. 423: Acute oral toxicity - acute toxic class method. OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, OECD Publishing, Paris. DOI: 10.1787/9789264071001-en.
Pant DR, Pant ND, Saru DB, Yadav UN, Khanal DP. 2017. Phytochemical screening and study of antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, anti-in?ammatory and analgesic activities of extracts from stem wood of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxburgh. J Intercult Ethnopharmacol 6: 170-176. DOI: 10.5455/jice.20170403094055.
Park SE, Pham DT, Pak GD, Panzner U, Maria Cruz Espinoza L, von Kalckreuth V, Im J, Mogeni OD, Schütt-Gerowitt H, Crump JA, Breiman RF, Adu-Sarkodie Y, Owusu-Dabo E, Rakotozandrindrainy R, Bassiahi Soura A, Aseffa A, Gasmelseed N, Sooka A, Keddy KH, May J, Aaby P, Biggs HM, Hertz JT, Montgomery JM, Cosmas L, Olack B, Fields B, Sarpong N, Razafindrabe TJL, Raminosoa TM, Kabore LP, Sampo E, Teferi M, Yeshitela B, El Tayeb MA, Krumkamp R, Dekker DM, Jaeger A, Tall A, Gassama A, Niang A, Bjerregaard-Andersen M, Løfberg SV, Deerin JF, Park JK, Konings F, Carey ME, Van Puyvelde S, Ali M, Clemens J, Dougan G, Baker S, Marks F. 2021. The genomic epidemiology of multidrug resistant invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella in selected Sub-Saharan African countries. BMJ Glob Health 6: e005659. DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005659.
Puyvelde SV, de Block T, Sridhar S, Bawn M, Kingsley RA, Ingelbeen B, Beale MA, Barbé B, Jeon HJ, Mbuyi-Kalonji L, Phoba MF, Falay D, Martiny D, Vandenberg O, Affolabi D, Rutanga JP, Ceyssens PJ, Mattheus W, Cuypers WL, van der Sande MAB, Park SE, Kariuki S, Otieno K, Lusingu JPA, Mbwana JR, Adjei S, Sarfo A, Agyei SO, Asante KP, Otieno W, Otieno L, Tahita MC, Lompo P, Hoffman IF, Mvalo T, Msefula C, Hassan-Hanga F, Obaro S, Mackenzie G, Deborggraeve S, Feasey N, Marks F, MacLennan CA, Thomson NR, Jacobs J, Dougan G, Kariuki S, Lunguya O. 2023. A genomic appraisal of invasive Salmonella Typhimurium and associated antibiotic resistance in sub-Saharan Africa. Nat Commun 14: 6392. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41152-6.
Shaikh JR, Patil MK. 2020. Qualitative tests for preliminary phytochemical screening: An overview. Intl J Chem Stud 8 (2): 603-608. DOI: 10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i2i.8834.
Tack B, Jolien Vanaenrode J, Verbakel JY, Toelen J, Jacobs J. 2020. Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella infections in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review on antimicrobial resistance and treatment. BMC Med 18: 212. DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01652-4.
van den Berg J, Kuipers S. 2022. The antibacterial action of Moringa oleifera: A systematic review. S Afr J Bot 151: 224233. DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2022.09.034.
Vila J, Moreno-Morales J, Balleste-Delpierre C. 2020. Current landscape in the discovery of novel antibacterial agents. Clin Microbiol Infect 26 (5): 596-603. DOI.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2019.09.015.