Antibacterial activities of combinations of areca nuts (Areca catechu), cardamon seeds (Amomum compactum), and green betel leaves (Piper betle) ethanol extracts against Staphylococcus aureus
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Abstract. Prasetya AA, Etikawati N, Susilowati A. 2024. Antibacterial activities of combinations of areca nuts (Areca catechu), cardamon seeds (Amomum compactum), and green betel leaves (Piper betle) ethanol extracts against Staphylococcus aureus. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 22: 67-73. Areca nut (Areca catechu L.), Javanese cardamom seed (Amomum compactum Soland. ex Maton), and betel leaf (Piper betle L.) are well-known as the formulas for betel quid chewing in Indonesia. According to tradition, betel quid chewing can prevent tooth decay, gum diseases, and lousy breath. This study investigated the antibacterial activity of the single extract with various concentrations (10 mg/mL, 15 mg/mL, 20 mg/mL, and 25 mg/mL) and combined extracts with ratios (1:1:1, 2:1:1, 1:2:1, and 1:1:2) against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 using the disc diffusion method based on EUCAST. Data was analyzed on the inhibition zones using one-way ANOVA and Duncan multiple-range tests. The antibacterial activity of each ethanol extract has an optimal concentration of 20 mg/mL against S. aureus. The extracts of areca nut, betel leaves, and Javanese cardamom seed obtained inhibitory zone diameters of 8.70±0.570 mm, 7.50±0.395 mm, and 7.35±0.379 mm, respectively. The combinations of three extracts obtained inhibitory zone diameters of 9.60±0.379 mm and 9.90±0.675 mm in 1:1:1 and 2:1:1 ratios, demonstrating a significant effect of the inhibition zone (p<0.05) compared to other ratio combinations and single extracts. These combinations of extracts also show a synergistic effect against S. aureus.
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