Survey of the bacterial diversity at two coastal beaches in Guyana
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Abstract. Prashad L, Daniel R, Ram M. 2020. Survey of the bacterial diversity at two coastal beaches in Guyana. Biofarmasi J Nat Prod Biochem 18: 57-64. The #63 Beach, Berbice and Marriott Beach, Kingston Seawall, Guyana, were surveyed for halophilic bacteria present in its waters. NaCl tolerance, temperature tolerance, and antimicrobial activity of isolates against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus sp. were tested. Samples of 100 mL were taken from the Shore, 5.0 m, and 10.0 m depth from both locations. The samples were plated and examined for the growth of bacteria of different pigmentation. A total of 4 halophilic isolates were found; 3 from Marriott Beach (Isolates A, B, and G) and 1 (Isolate M) from the #63 Beach. Isolates were yellow, light orange, and pink pigmentation, the 3 isolates from Marriott Beach were Gram-negative and cocci, while the one isolates from #63 Beach were Gram-positive and cocci. The optimum salinity tolerance for the Isolate G from Marriott Beach was 1.5M NaCl, Isolate M from #63 Beach 1.0M NaCl, Isolate B from Marriott Beach 1.0M NaCl, and Isolate A from Marriott Beach 0.5M NaCl. The optimum temperature for the growth of the isolates was 37°C. The isolates had no antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and Bacillus sp.
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References
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Kim S-G., Bae H-S., Oh H-M., and Lee S-T. (2003). Isolation and characterization of novel halotolerant and/or halophilic denitrifying bacteria with versatile metabolic pathways for the degradation of trimethylamine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12951251
Kunte, H. J., Truper, H. G., and Stan-Lotter, H. (2002). Halophilic Microorganisms. http://www.dlr.de/me/Portaldata/25/Resources/dokumente/strahlenbiologie/astrobook/P2_12.pdf
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Najjari, N., Elshahed, M. (2017). Patterns and determinants of halophilic archaea (Class Halobacteria) diversity in Tunisian endorheic salt lakes and Sebkhet systems. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275411147_Patterns_and_Determinants_of_Halophilic_Archaea_Class_Halobacteria_Diversity_in_Tunisian_Endorheic_Salt_Lakes_and_Sebkhet_Systems
Oren, A. (2008). Microbial life at high salt concentrations: phylogenetic and metabolic diversity. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2329653/
Oren, A., Litchfield, D. C. (1999). A procedure for the enrichment and isolation of Halobacterium. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13525.x
Papke, R. T., Oren, A., Ventosa, A., Dillon, J. (2013). The proceedings from halophiles. https://books.google.gy/books?id=x1uuCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA117&lpg=PA117&dq=survey+of+halophile+in+argentina&source=bl&ots=9NB8wAnrzC&sig=etF8ErUFQbvAEJe8zk-JWkf0azs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjuypeL3PjWAhVFipAKHR9SAbEQ6AEIPzAE#v=onepage&q=survey%20of%20halophile%20in%20argentina&f=false
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Robinson, J. L., Pyzyna, B., Atrasz, G. R., Henderson, A. C., Morrill, L. K., Burd, A-M., DeSoucy, E., Fogleman III, R. E., Naylor, J. B., Steele, M. S., Elliott, R. D., Leyva, J. K., and Shand, F. R. (2004). Growth Kinetics of Extremely Halophilic Archaea (Family Halobacteriaceae) as Revealed by Arrhenius Plots. jb.asm.org/content/187/3/923.full.pdf
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Saida H., Kamekura M., El-Sayed S. M. W., Abu-Shady M., Abe Y., Yamaguchi T., Yang P., Maekawa T., and Seki H. (2001). Gram Stain Index (GSI) of Bacterial and Archaeal Cells in the Natural Microbial Communities of Slightly and Extremely Saline Environments. https://www.terrapub.co.jp/journals/JO/pdf/5701/57010109.pdf
Sawale, A.A., Kadam, T.A, and Mitkare, S.S. (2013). Isolation and Characterization of Secondary Metabolites from Halophilic Bacillus Species from Marine drive in Mumbai. http://www.japsonline.com/admin/php/uploads/947_pdf.pdf
Schneegurt, A. M. (2012). Media and Conditions for the Growth of Halophilic and Halotolerant Bacteria and Archaea. https://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/9789400755383-c1.pdf
Sharma, S. R., Nezami, S., Joseph, Ahsan A., Aparna, LVS and K., Jha, K. S. (2016). Screening of Commercially Important Halophilic Microbial Community for bioactive compounds. http://www.ijpcbs.com/files/13-07-2016/8.pdf
Tankeswar. (2013). Modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. https://microbeonline.com/antimicrobial-susceptibility-testing-procedure-modified-kirby-bauer-method/
Taylor T.A, Unakal C.G. (2017). Staphylococcus aureus. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441868/
Todkar, S., Todkar, R., Kowale, L., Karmarkar, K., and Kulkarni, A. (2012). Isolation and Screening of Antibiotic producing Halophiles from Ratnagri coastal area, State of Maharahstra. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ecd6/099efd3a470f253e368fa81c78847c18ca1d.pdf
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Valera, R., F., Ruiz, Berraquero and Ramos-Cormenzana, A. (1979). Isolation of extreme halophiles. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC243452/
Vaisman, Natalie. (2009). Isolation and Characterization of novel halophilic prokaryotes from the Dead Sea and from experimental Mesocosms containing mixtures of Dead sea and Red Sea Water. shemer.mslib.huji.ac.il/dissertations/W/JSL/001501778.pdf
Velho-Pereira, S., & Furtado, I. (2012). Antibacterial Activity of Halophilic Bacterial Bionts from Marine Invertebrates of Mandapam-India. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 74(4), 331–338. http://doi.org/10.4103/0250-474X.107065
Ventosa, A., Neito, Joaquin-J, and Oren, A. (1998). Biology of Moderately Halophilic Aerobic Bacteria. http://mmbr.asm.org/content/62/2/504.full#content-block
Vidyasagar, A. (2015). What are Bacteria? https://www.livescience.com/51641-bacteria.html
Waksman, S., A., and Hotchkiss, M. (1936). Viability of bacteria in sea water. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC545103/
Xu, X-W., Wu, Y-H., Zhou, Z., Wang, C-S., Zhou, Y-G., Zhang, H-B., Wang, Y., and Wu, M. (2010). Halomonas saccharevitans sp. nov., Halomonas arcis sp. nov. and Halomonas subterranea sp. nov., halophilic bacteria isolated from hypersaline environments of China. http://ijs.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijs.0.65022-0
Azhar, M., Uniyal, V., Chauhan, N., Rawat, D. S. (2014). Isolation and biochemical characterization of Halophiles from Sahastradhara region, Dehradun, India. https://www.ijcmas.com/vol-3-12/Mohsin%20Azhar,%20et%20al.pdf
Blamire, J. (2000). Effect of Temperature on Growth Rate. http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/bc/ahp/CellBio/Growth/MGTemp.html
Bowers, K.J., and Wiegel, K. (2011). Temperature and pH optima of extremely halophilic Archaea: a mini review. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49854786_Temperature_and_pH_optima_of_extremely_halophilic_archaea_A_mini-review?enrichId=rgreq-895d6337856ce2f2fd3c23e1ba3e9809-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzQ5ODU0Nzg2O0FTOjk5MjEzOTAzOTI1MjQ4QDE0MDA2NjU4NDY0ODI%3D&el=1_x_2&_esc=publicationCoverPdf
CREP. (2007). Beach Management Plan for 63 Beach, Corentyne, Guyana. Part 1. http://www.mangrovesgy.org/home/images/stories/Documents/Part%20I%20BEACH%20MANAGEMENT%20PLAN%20for%20No%20%2063%20BeachDec%20%202007.pdf
Cetina, A., Matos, A., Garma, G., Barba, H., Vázquez, R., Zepeda-Rodríguez, A., Jay, D., Monteón, V., and López-A, R. (2010). Antimicrobial activity of marine bacteria isolated from Gulf of Mexico.https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/856e/6150d60ddd25aa3894be4064b5561e35799e.pdf
Cowan, K. M., and Smith, H. Microbiology a systems approach. 5th edition NY Mc graw hill education 2815-12 pg 2 pg 744.
DasSharma, S., and Arora, P. (2001). Halophiles. www.els.net/WileyCDA/ElsArticle/refId-a0000394.html
Eddleman, H. (1998). Optimum Temperature for Growth of Bacteria.: http://www.disknet.com/indiana_biolab/b062.htm
(2011). Gram Stain Technique. http://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=3&brch=73&sim=208&cnt=2
(n.d.). Eubacteria. http://faculty.college-prep.org/~bernie/sciproject/project/Kingdoms/Bacteria3/eubacteria.htm
Guven, K., Demirci, A., Mutlu, B. M., and Korcan, E., S. (2010). Phenotypic Characterization of halophilic bacteria isolated from Çamalt? Saltern in Turkey. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266572970_Phenotypic_Characterization_of_Halophilic_Bacteria_Isolated_From_Camalti_Saltern_in_Turkey
Hogan, C. M., Monosson, E. (2010). Archaea. http://eol.org/info/457
Hoyle, Brian D. and Robinson, Richard. (2017). Microbes in the Ocean. http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Mi-Oc/Microbes-in-the-Ocean.html.
Ihara, K., Watanabe, S., and Tamura, T. (1997). Haloarcula argentinensis sp. nov. and Haloarcula mukohataei sp. nov., Two New Extremely Halophilic Archaea Collected in Argentina. http://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/ijsem/47/1/ijs-47-1-73.pdf?expires=1530064905&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=982768B5DD6A5FFBFD4B5454CAC08449
Irshad, A., Irshad, A., and Kim, S-B. (2013). Isolation, characterization and antimicrobial activity of halophilic bacteria in foreshore soils. http://www.academicjournals.org/article/article1380547001_Irshad%20et%20al.pdf
Jacob, H. J. (2012). Classification of Halophilic Heterotrophic Bacteria Thriving in the Jordanian Dead Sea Littoral Zone. https://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=jbs.2012.246.252
Jiang, H., Dong, H., Zhang, G., Yu, B., Chapman, L. R., and Fields, M. W. (2006). Microbial Diversity in Water and Sediment of Lake Chaka, an Athalassohaline Lake in Northwestern China. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1489620/
Karnekar, P.P., Karnekar, S.P., Kelkar, A.S., and Dhakephalkar, P.K. (2012). Halophiles- Taxonmy, Diversity, Physiology and Applications. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260286481_Halophiles_-_Taxonomy_Diversity_Physiology_and_Applications
Kiki, M. J. (2016). A new medium for the isolation and enrichment of halophilic actinobacteria. www.lifesciencesite.com/lsj/life130116/010_29860lsj130116_65_71.pdf
Kim S-G., Bae H-S., Oh H-M., and Lee S-T. (2003). Isolation and characterization of novel halotolerant and/or halophilic denitrifying bacteria with versatile metabolic pathways for the degradation of trimethylamine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12951251
Kunte, H. J., Truper, H. G., and Stan-Lotter, H. (2002). Halophilic Microorganisms. http://www.dlr.de/me/Portaldata/25/Resources/dokumente/strahlenbiologie/astrobook/P2_12.pdf
McFarland Standard www.dalynn.com/dyn/ck_assets/files/tech/TM53.pdf
Ma, Y., Galinski, E. A., Grant, W. D., Oren, A., and Antonia V. (2010). Halophiles 2010: Life in Saline Environments. http://aem.asm.org/content/76/21/6971.full
Najjari, N., Elshahed, M. (2017). Patterns and determinants of halophilic archaea (Class Halobacteria) diversity in Tunisian endorheic salt lakes and Sebkhet systems. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275411147_Patterns_and_Determinants_of_Halophilic_Archaea_Class_Halobacteria_Diversity_in_Tunisian_Endorheic_Salt_Lakes_and_Sebkhet_Systems
Oren, A. (2008). Microbial life at high salt concentrations: phylogenetic and metabolic diversity. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2329653/
Oren, A., Litchfield, D. C. (1999). A procedure for the enrichment and isolation of Halobacterium. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13525.x
Papke, R. T., Oren, A., Ventosa, A., Dillon, J. (2013). The proceedings from halophiles. https://books.google.gy/books?id=x1uuCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA117&lpg=PA117&dq=survey+of+halophile+in+argentina&source=bl&ots=9NB8wAnrzC&sig=etF8ErUFQbvAEJe8zk-JWkf0azs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjuypeL3PjWAhVFipAKHR9SAbEQ6AEIPzAE#v=onepage&q=survey%20of%20halophile%20in%20argentina&f=false
Rasooli, M., Amoozegar, M. A., Sepahy, A. A., Babavalian, H., and Tebyanian, H. (2016). Isolation, Identification and Extracellular Enzymatic Activity of Culturable Extremely Halophilic Archaea and Bacteria of IncheBoroun Wetland. http://agro.icm.edu.pl/agro/element/bwmeta1.element.agro-150d061e-6a63-4bb2-8f1d-a0b2c65dca8d/c/ILNS.56.40.pdf
Reddi, AJ. B. (2013). Why Is Saline So Acidic (and Does It Really Matter?). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3638298/
Robinson, J. L., Pyzyna, B., Atrasz, G. R., Henderson, A. C., Morrill, L. K., Burd, A-M., DeSoucy, E., Fogleman III, R. E., Naylor, J. B., Steele, M. S., Elliott, R. D., Leyva, J. K., and Shand, F. R. (2004). Growth Kinetics of Extremely Halophilic Archaea (Family Halobacteriaceae) as Revealed by Arrhenius Plots. jb.asm.org/content/187/3/923.full.pdf
Rose, K., Kelly, D., Kemker, C., Fitch, K., and Card, A. (2016). pH of Water. https://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/parameters/water-quality/ph/
Saida H., Kamekura M., El-Sayed S. M. W., Abu-Shady M., Abe Y., Yamaguchi T., Yang P., Maekawa T., and Seki H. (2001). Gram Stain Index (GSI) of Bacterial and Archaeal Cells in the Natural Microbial Communities of Slightly and Extremely Saline Environments. https://www.terrapub.co.jp/journals/JO/pdf/5701/57010109.pdf
Sawale, A.A., Kadam, T.A, and Mitkare, S.S. (2013). Isolation and Characterization of Secondary Metabolites from Halophilic Bacillus Species from Marine drive in Mumbai. http://www.japsonline.com/admin/php/uploads/947_pdf.pdf
Schneegurt, A. M. (2012). Media and Conditions for the Growth of Halophilic and Halotolerant Bacteria and Archaea. https://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/9789400755383-c1.pdf
Sharma, S. R., Nezami, S., Joseph, Ahsan A., Aparna, LVS and K., Jha, K. S. (2016). Screening of Commercially Important Halophilic Microbial Community for bioactive compounds. http://www.ijpcbs.com/files/13-07-2016/8.pdf
Tankeswar. (2013). Modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. https://microbeonline.com/antimicrobial-susceptibility-testing-procedure-modified-kirby-bauer-method/
Taylor T.A, Unakal C.G. (2017). Staphylococcus aureus. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441868/
Todkar, S., Todkar, R., Kowale, L., Karmarkar, K., and Kulkarni, A. (2012). Isolation and Screening of Antibiotic producing Halophiles from Ratnagri coastal area, State of Maharahstra. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ecd6/099efd3a470f253e368fa81c78847c18ca1d.pdf
Turnbull PCB. (1996). Bacillus. In: Baron S, editor. Medical Microbiology. 4th edition. Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. Chapter 15. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7699/
Valera, R., F., Ruiz, Berraquero and Ramos-Cormenzana, A. (1979). Isolation of extreme halophiles. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC243452/
Vaisman, Natalie. (2009). Isolation and Characterization of novel halophilic prokaryotes from the Dead Sea and from experimental Mesocosms containing mixtures of Dead sea and Red Sea Water. shemer.mslib.huji.ac.il/dissertations/W/JSL/001501778.pdf
Velho-Pereira, S., & Furtado, I. (2012). Antibacterial Activity of Halophilic Bacterial Bionts from Marine Invertebrates of Mandapam-India. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 74(4), 331–338. http://doi.org/10.4103/0250-474X.107065
Ventosa, A., Neito, Joaquin-J, and Oren, A. (1998). Biology of Moderately Halophilic Aerobic Bacteria. http://mmbr.asm.org/content/62/2/504.full#content-block
Vidyasagar, A. (2015). What are Bacteria? https://www.livescience.com/51641-bacteria.html
Waksman, S., A., and Hotchkiss, M. (1936). Viability of bacteria in sea water. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC545103/
Xu, X-W., Wu, Y-H., Zhou, Z., Wang, C-S., Zhou, Y-G., Zhang, H-B., Wang, Y., and Wu, M. (2010). Halomonas saccharevitans sp. nov., Halomonas arcis sp. nov. and Halomonas subterranea sp. nov., halophilic bacteria isolated from hypersaline environments of China. http://ijs.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijs.0.65022-0