Male gametophyte development steps in Pistacia vera L.
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Sadeghirad E, Majd A, Iranbakhsh A, Javanshah A. 2018. Male gametophyte development steps in Pistacia vera L. Nusantara Bioscience 10: 151-158. Salinity affects the growth and development of plant. It also affects the development steps of male gametophyte in pistachio plant. Pistachio (Pistachio vera) is a member of family Anacardiaceae and order Sapindales. To study the effects of salinity on those steps, an experiment was performed in two locations in Golshan Anar with commensurate circumstances, namely: a control area (A) which was well-irrigated with fresh water, and the other area (B) which was well-irrigated with salty water added with NaCl solution with EC values of 14 dS.m-1. The flowers sampling was done in two Golshan Anar regions on the springtime based on a completely randomized design with three replications. The development steps of male gametophyte in pistachio plant were observed using conventional cell histology techniques and light microscopy observations and were then contrasted with samples subjected to no salinity stress. The results represented that several steps of male gametophyte development are as follows: (1) the anther experiencing normal growth which is tetrasporangiate, (2) cytokinesis taking place simultaneously with meiosis in the microspore mother cell, the tetrahedral tetrads, (3) microspores being delivered after meiosis by microsporogenesis were more or less irregular in shape during the contraction period. Finally, the abnormal shape and structure of the number of cases reviewed in three replicates of pollens can be one of the significant factors influencing the decline in the product.
2019-01-01
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References
Afshari H, Talaei A, Panahi B, Hokmabadi H. 2008. Morphological and
quantitative study of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) pollen grains and
effect of different temperatures on pomological traits. Aust J Crope
Sci 1 (3): 108-114.
Al-Saghir MG. 2010. Phylogenetic analysis of genus Pistacia L.
(Anacardiaceae) based on morphological data, Asian J Plant Sci 9 (1):
28-35.
Asaja C. 2006. The pistachio tree cultivation in "Alternative forms of
occupation and continuous educational training in Agriculture”
Project Agreement n º 2004 EL/04/B/F/PP-148258.
Asch F, Wopereis MCS. 2001. Responses of field-grown irrigated rice
cultivars to varying levels of floodwater salinity in a semi-arid
environment. Field Crops Res 70: 127-137.
Azouaou Z, Souvré A. 1993 Effects of copper deficiency on pollen
fertility and nucleic acids in the durum wheat anther. Sex Plant
Reprod 6: 199-204
Bachelier JB, Endress PK. 2007. Development of inflorescences, cupules,
and flowers in Amphipterygium and comparison with Pistacia
(Anacardiaceae). Intl J Plant Sci 168 (9): 1237-1253.
Baninasab B, Mobli M. 2008. Morphological attributes of root systems
and seedling growth in three species of Pistacia. Silva Lusitana 16:
175-181.
Bastam N, Baninasab B, Ghobadi C. 2013. Improving salt tolerance by
exogenous application of salicylic acid in seedlings of pistachio. Plant
Growth Regul 69: 275-284.
Boyer JS. 1982 Plant productivity and environment. Science 218: 443-448
Brooking IR. 1976 Male sterility in Sorghum bicolor L. Moench induced
by low night temperature. I. Timing of the stage of sensitivity. Aust J
Plant Physiol 3: 589-596.
Camello-Guerreiro SM, Paoli AAS. 2005. Anatomy of pericarp and seedcoat of Lithraea molleoidea (Vell.) Engl. (Anacardiaceae) with
taxonomic notes, Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 48:
599-610.
Campbell CA, Leyshon AJ. 1980 Effect of nitrogen supply on the seed set
of spring wheat and barley. Can J Plant Sci 60: 785-794
Chelli-Chaabouni A, Ben Mosbah A, Maalej M, Gargouri K.GargouriBouzid R, Drira N. 2010. In vitro salinity tolerance of two pistachio
rootstocks: Pistacia vera L. and P. atlantica Desf. Environ Exp Bot
69: 302-331.
Davarynejad G. H, Rashed M. H, Vatanpoor A, Csillag F. 1996. The
morphology of pollen grains as an indicator for identification of male
pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) trees. ISHS Acta Horticulture 419: I
International Symposium on Pistachio.
Davidonis GH, Johnson A, Landivar JA 2000 Cotton mote frequency
under rainfedand irrigated condition. J Cotton Sci 4: 1-9.
Dorion S, Lalonde S, Saini HS1996. Induction of male sterility in wheat
by meiotic -stage water deficit is preceded by a decline in invertase
activity and changes in carbohydrates metabolism in anthers. Plant
Physiol 111: 137-145.
Dubetz S, Bole JB. 1973Effect of moisture stress at early heading and of
nitrogen fertilizer on three spring wheat cultivars.Can J Plant Sci 53:
1-5
Fan M, Zhu J, Richard C, Brown KM, Lynch JP. 2003. Physiological
roles for aerenchyma in phosphorus-stressed root, Func Plant Biol 30:
493-506.
Ferguson L, Polito V. S, Kallsen C. 2005. The pistachio tree; botany and
physiology and factors that affect yield, California PistachioManual,
31-40.
Fischer RA, Turner NC. 1978. Plant productivity in the arid and semi-arid
zone. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 29: 277-317
Grundwag M. 1976. Embryology and fruit development in four Pistacia
L. (Anacardiaceae), Bot J Linn Soc 73: 355-370.
Hayase H, Satake T, Nashiyama I, Ito N. 1969. Male sterility caused by
cooling treatment at the meiotic stage in rice plants.II. The most
sensitive stage to cooling and fertilizing ability of pistils. Proc Crop
Sci Soc Jpn 38: 706-711
Hormaza J. I, Polito V. S. 1996. Pistillate and staminate flower
development in dioecious Pistacia vera (Anacardiaceae), Amer J Bot
83 (6): 759-766.
Johansen DA. 1940. Plant Microtechnique. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Kokubun M, Shimada S, Takahashi M 2001 Flower abortion caused by
preanthesis water deficit is not attributed to impairment of pollen in
soybean. Crop Sci 41: 1517-1521
Lalonde S, Beebe D, Saini HS. 1997. Early signs of disruption of wheat
anther development associated with the induction of male sterility by
meiotic -stage water deficit. Sex Plant Reprod 10: 40-48.
Lardon A, Triboi-Blondel AM. 1994. Freezing injury to ovules, pollen
and seeds in winter rape. J Exp Bot 45: 1177-1181
Li XX, Bai ZY, Lu BS, Pang M, Wang J, Feng XB, Dong Q. 2011.
Megasporogenesis, microsporogenesis and development of
gametophytes of Pistacia vera, Acta Horticulture Sinica 38 (8): 1447-
1454.
Lin T. S, Crane J. C, Polito V. S. 1984. Anatomical aspect of abscission
in pistachio. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 109: 69-73.
Mahmoodzadeh H, Bemani M. 2008. Influence of Salinity at Early Stage
of Flowering on the Development of Male Gametophyte in Canola
(Brassica napus L.) cv. Symbol Res J Environ Sci 2: 415-423.
Martinez-Palle M, Herrero M. 1998. Pollen tube pathway in
chalazogamous Pistacia vera L. Int J. Plant Sci 159 (4): 566-574.
Matsushima S. 1962. some experiments on soil-water-plant relationship in
the cultivation of rice. Proc Crop Sci Soc Jpn 31: 115-121.
McRae DH. 1985 Advances in chemical hybridization.Plant Breed Rev 3:
169-191.
Morgan JM. 1980 possible role of abscisic acid in reducing seed set in
water-stressed wheat plants.Nature 289: 655-657.
Morrison MJ. 1993. Heat stress during reproduction in summer rape. Can
J Bot 71: 303-308.
Moss GI, Downey LA. 1971. Influence of drought stress on female
gametophyte development in corn (Zea mays) and subsequent grain.
Crop Sci 11 (3): 368-372.
Namuco OS, O'Toole JC. 1986. Reproductive stage water-stress and
sterility.1.effect of stress during meiosis. Crop Sci 26: 317-321.
O'Toole JC, Moya TB. 1981 Water deficit and yield on upland rice. Field
Crop Res 4: 247-259.
Parsa A.A, Karimian N. 1975. Effect of sodium chloride on seedling
growth of two major varieties of Iranian pistachio (P. vera L.). J Hort
Sci 50: 41-46.
Qiu ZF, Li BG, Gu YH, Li YC, Zhang YQ, Qi K. 2010.
Megasporogenesis, microsporogenesis and development of female
and male gametophyte of Pistacia chinensis bunge. Acta Botanica
Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica 2010 (7): 1359-1365.
Ranjbar A, Van-Damme P, Samson R, Lemeur R. 2002. Leafwater
status and photosynthetic gas exchange of Pistacia khinjuk and P.
mutica exposed to osmotic drought stress. Acta Hort 591: 423-428.
Sage TL, Webster BD. 1990. Seed abortion in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Bot
Gaz 151: 167-175.
Saini HS, Aspinall D. 1981 Effect of water deficit on sporogenesis in
wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Ann Bot 48: 623-633
Saini HS, Aspinall D. 1982. Abnormal sporogenesis in wheat (Triticum
aestivum L.) induced by short periods of high temperature. Ann Bot
49: 835-846
Saini HS, Sedgley M, Aspinall D. 1984. Developmental anatomy in wheat
of male sterility induced by heat stress, water deficit or abscisic
acid.Aust J Plant Physiol 11: 243-253.
Saini HS. 1997. Effects of water stress on male gametophyte development
in plants. Sex Plant Reprod 10: 67-73.
Salter PJ, Goode JE. 1967. Crop responses to water at different stages of
growth (Research review number 2) Commonwealth Agricultural
Bureaux, Farnham Royal, UK.
Sanders P, Bui A, Weterings K, Mclntir K.N, Hsu Y, Lee P, Truong
M, Beals TP, Goldberg RB. 1999. Anther developmental defects in
Arabidopsis thaliana male sterile mutants. Sexual Plant Reprod 6:
297-322.
Satake T, Yoshida S. 1978. High temperature-induced sterility in indica
rice at flowering. Jpn J Crop Sci 47: 6-17
Sato K. 1954. Relationship between rice crop and water. Jpn J Breed 4:
264-289
Schoper JB, Lambert RJ, Vasilas BL, Westgate ME. 1987. Plant factors
controlling seed set in maize. The influence of silk, pollen, and earleaf water status and tassel heat treatment at pollination. Plant Physiol
83: 121-125
Sharma PN, Chatterjee C, Sharma CP, Agarwala SC. 1987. Zinc
deficiency and anther development in maize. Plant Cell Physiol 28:
11-18
Sheoran IS, Saini HS. 1996. Drought-induced male sterility in rice:
changes in carbohydrate levels and enzyme activities associated with
the inhibition of starch accumulation in pollen.Sex Plant Reprod 9:
161-169.
Shiyan X, Jain L, Mijiti A. 2001. A review on reproducing biology on
Pistacia vera L. Acta Horticulturae Sinica.
Shuraki Y D, Sedgley M. 1997. Pollen tube pathway and stimulation of
embryo sac development in Pistacia vera (Anacardiaceae), Ann. Bot
79: 36369.
Shuraki Y. D, Sedgley M. 1996. Fruit development of Pistacia vera
(Anacardiaceae) in relation to embryo abortion and abnormalities at
maturity, Austr J Bot 44 (1): 35-45.
Sun K, Hunt K, Hauser BA. 2004. Ovule abortion in Arabidopsis
triggered by stress. Plant Physiol 135 (4): 2358-2367.
Turner LB. 1993. The effect of water-stress on floral characters,
pollination and seed set in white clover (Trifolium repens L.). Exp
Bot 44: 1155-1160.
Wells SA, Dubetz S. 1966. Reaction of barley varieties to soil water
stress. Can J Plant Sci 46: 507-512.
Westgate ME, Boyer JS. 1986. Reproduction at low silk and pollen water
potentials in maize. Crop Sci 26: 951-956.
Westgate ME, Peterson CM. 1993. Flower and pod development in waterdeficient soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.). J Exp Bot 44: 109-117.
Yeung EC. 1984. Histochemical and Histochemical staining procedures.
In: Cell culture and Somatic Cell Genetics of Plants. Vasil IK. (ed.).
Academic Press, Orlando, FL.
Young LW, Wilen RW, Bonham-Smith PC. 2004. High-temperature
stress of Brassica napus during flowering reduces micro and
megagametophyte fertility induces fruit abortion and disrupts seed
production. J Exp Bot 55: 458-495.
Zavadskaya IG, Skazkin FD. 1960. On microsporogenesis in barley as
affected by soil moisture deficiency and by application of nitrogen at
various stages of development. Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR 131: 692-694.
Zhang HX, Blumwald E. 2001. Transgenic salt-tolerant tomato plants
accumulate salt in foliage but not in fruit. Nat Biotechnol 19: 765-
768.
Zhu JK. 2002. Plant salt tolerance.Trends Plant Sci 6: 66-71.
quantitative study of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) pollen grains and
effect of different temperatures on pomological traits. Aust J Crope
Sci 1 (3): 108-114.
Al-Saghir MG. 2010. Phylogenetic analysis of genus Pistacia L.
(Anacardiaceae) based on morphological data, Asian J Plant Sci 9 (1):
28-35.
Asaja C. 2006. The pistachio tree cultivation in "Alternative forms of
occupation and continuous educational training in Agriculture”
Project Agreement n º 2004 EL/04/B/F/PP-148258.
Asch F, Wopereis MCS. 2001. Responses of field-grown irrigated rice
cultivars to varying levels of floodwater salinity in a semi-arid
environment. Field Crops Res 70: 127-137.
Azouaou Z, Souvré A. 1993 Effects of copper deficiency on pollen
fertility and nucleic acids in the durum wheat anther. Sex Plant
Reprod 6: 199-204
Bachelier JB, Endress PK. 2007. Development of inflorescences, cupules,
and flowers in Amphipterygium and comparison with Pistacia
(Anacardiaceae). Intl J Plant Sci 168 (9): 1237-1253.
Baninasab B, Mobli M. 2008. Morphological attributes of root systems
and seedling growth in three species of Pistacia. Silva Lusitana 16:
175-181.
Bastam N, Baninasab B, Ghobadi C. 2013. Improving salt tolerance by
exogenous application of salicylic acid in seedlings of pistachio. Plant
Growth Regul 69: 275-284.
Boyer JS. 1982 Plant productivity and environment. Science 218: 443-448
Brooking IR. 1976 Male sterility in Sorghum bicolor L. Moench induced
by low night temperature. I. Timing of the stage of sensitivity. Aust J
Plant Physiol 3: 589-596.
Camello-Guerreiro SM, Paoli AAS. 2005. Anatomy of pericarp and seedcoat of Lithraea molleoidea (Vell.) Engl. (Anacardiaceae) with
taxonomic notes, Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 48:
599-610.
Campbell CA, Leyshon AJ. 1980 Effect of nitrogen supply on the seed set
of spring wheat and barley. Can J Plant Sci 60: 785-794
Chelli-Chaabouni A, Ben Mosbah A, Maalej M, Gargouri K.GargouriBouzid R, Drira N. 2010. In vitro salinity tolerance of two pistachio
rootstocks: Pistacia vera L. and P. atlantica Desf. Environ Exp Bot
69: 302-331.
Davarynejad G. H, Rashed M. H, Vatanpoor A, Csillag F. 1996. The
morphology of pollen grains as an indicator for identification of male
pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) trees. ISHS Acta Horticulture 419: I
International Symposium on Pistachio.
Davidonis GH, Johnson A, Landivar JA 2000 Cotton mote frequency
under rainfedand irrigated condition. J Cotton Sci 4: 1-9.
Dorion S, Lalonde S, Saini HS1996. Induction of male sterility in wheat
by meiotic -stage water deficit is preceded by a decline in invertase
activity and changes in carbohydrates metabolism in anthers. Plant
Physiol 111: 137-145.
Dubetz S, Bole JB. 1973Effect of moisture stress at early heading and of
nitrogen fertilizer on three spring wheat cultivars.Can J Plant Sci 53:
1-5
Fan M, Zhu J, Richard C, Brown KM, Lynch JP. 2003. Physiological
roles for aerenchyma in phosphorus-stressed root, Func Plant Biol 30:
493-506.
Ferguson L, Polito V. S, Kallsen C. 2005. The pistachio tree; botany and
physiology and factors that affect yield, California PistachioManual,
31-40.
Fischer RA, Turner NC. 1978. Plant productivity in the arid and semi-arid
zone. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 29: 277-317
Grundwag M. 1976. Embryology and fruit development in four Pistacia
L. (Anacardiaceae), Bot J Linn Soc 73: 355-370.
Hayase H, Satake T, Nashiyama I, Ito N. 1969. Male sterility caused by
cooling treatment at the meiotic stage in rice plants.II. The most
sensitive stage to cooling and fertilizing ability of pistils. Proc Crop
Sci Soc Jpn 38: 706-711
Hormaza J. I, Polito V. S. 1996. Pistillate and staminate flower
development in dioecious Pistacia vera (Anacardiaceae), Amer J Bot
83 (6): 759-766.
Johansen DA. 1940. Plant Microtechnique. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Kokubun M, Shimada S, Takahashi M 2001 Flower abortion caused by
preanthesis water deficit is not attributed to impairment of pollen in
soybean. Crop Sci 41: 1517-1521
Lalonde S, Beebe D, Saini HS. 1997. Early signs of disruption of wheat
anther development associated with the induction of male sterility by
meiotic -stage water deficit. Sex Plant Reprod 10: 40-48.
Lardon A, Triboi-Blondel AM. 1994. Freezing injury to ovules, pollen
and seeds in winter rape. J Exp Bot 45: 1177-1181
Li XX, Bai ZY, Lu BS, Pang M, Wang J, Feng XB, Dong Q. 2011.
Megasporogenesis, microsporogenesis and development of
gametophytes of Pistacia vera, Acta Horticulture Sinica 38 (8): 1447-
1454.
Lin T. S, Crane J. C, Polito V. S. 1984. Anatomical aspect of abscission
in pistachio. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 109: 69-73.
Mahmoodzadeh H, Bemani M. 2008. Influence of Salinity at Early Stage
of Flowering on the Development of Male Gametophyte in Canola
(Brassica napus L.) cv. Symbol Res J Environ Sci 2: 415-423.
Martinez-Palle M, Herrero M. 1998. Pollen tube pathway in
chalazogamous Pistacia vera L. Int J. Plant Sci 159 (4): 566-574.
Matsushima S. 1962. some experiments on soil-water-plant relationship in
the cultivation of rice. Proc Crop Sci Soc Jpn 31: 115-121.
McRae DH. 1985 Advances in chemical hybridization.Plant Breed Rev 3:
169-191.
Morgan JM. 1980 possible role of abscisic acid in reducing seed set in
water-stressed wheat plants.Nature 289: 655-657.
Morrison MJ. 1993. Heat stress during reproduction in summer rape. Can
J Bot 71: 303-308.
Moss GI, Downey LA. 1971. Influence of drought stress on female
gametophyte development in corn (Zea mays) and subsequent grain.
Crop Sci 11 (3): 368-372.
Namuco OS, O'Toole JC. 1986. Reproductive stage water-stress and
sterility.1.effect of stress during meiosis. Crop Sci 26: 317-321.
O'Toole JC, Moya TB. 1981 Water deficit and yield on upland rice. Field
Crop Res 4: 247-259.
Parsa A.A, Karimian N. 1975. Effect of sodium chloride on seedling
growth of two major varieties of Iranian pistachio (P. vera L.). J Hort
Sci 50: 41-46.
Qiu ZF, Li BG, Gu YH, Li YC, Zhang YQ, Qi K. 2010.
Megasporogenesis, microsporogenesis and development of female
and male gametophyte of Pistacia chinensis bunge. Acta Botanica
Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica 2010 (7): 1359-1365.
Ranjbar A, Van-Damme P, Samson R, Lemeur R. 2002. Leafwater
status and photosynthetic gas exchange of Pistacia khinjuk and P.
mutica exposed to osmotic drought stress. Acta Hort 591: 423-428.
Sage TL, Webster BD. 1990. Seed abortion in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Bot
Gaz 151: 167-175.
Saini HS, Aspinall D. 1981 Effect of water deficit on sporogenesis in
wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Ann Bot 48: 623-633
Saini HS, Aspinall D. 1982. Abnormal sporogenesis in wheat (Triticum
aestivum L.) induced by short periods of high temperature. Ann Bot
49: 835-846
Saini HS, Sedgley M, Aspinall D. 1984. Developmental anatomy in wheat
of male sterility induced by heat stress, water deficit or abscisic
acid.Aust J Plant Physiol 11: 243-253.
Saini HS. 1997. Effects of water stress on male gametophyte development
in plants. Sex Plant Reprod 10: 67-73.
Salter PJ, Goode JE. 1967. Crop responses to water at different stages of
growth (Research review number 2) Commonwealth Agricultural
Bureaux, Farnham Royal, UK.
Sanders P, Bui A, Weterings K, Mclntir K.N, Hsu Y, Lee P, Truong
M, Beals TP, Goldberg RB. 1999. Anther developmental defects in
Arabidopsis thaliana male sterile mutants. Sexual Plant Reprod 6:
297-322.
Satake T, Yoshida S. 1978. High temperature-induced sterility in indica
rice at flowering. Jpn J Crop Sci 47: 6-17
Sato K. 1954. Relationship between rice crop and water. Jpn J Breed 4:
264-289
Schoper JB, Lambert RJ, Vasilas BL, Westgate ME. 1987. Plant factors
controlling seed set in maize. The influence of silk, pollen, and earleaf water status and tassel heat treatment at pollination. Plant Physiol
83: 121-125
Sharma PN, Chatterjee C, Sharma CP, Agarwala SC. 1987. Zinc
deficiency and anther development in maize. Plant Cell Physiol 28:
11-18
Sheoran IS, Saini HS. 1996. Drought-induced male sterility in rice:
changes in carbohydrate levels and enzyme activities associated with
the inhibition of starch accumulation in pollen.Sex Plant Reprod 9:
161-169.
Shiyan X, Jain L, Mijiti A. 2001. A review on reproducing biology on
Pistacia vera L. Acta Horticulturae Sinica.
Shuraki Y D, Sedgley M. 1997. Pollen tube pathway and stimulation of
embryo sac development in Pistacia vera (Anacardiaceae), Ann. Bot
79: 36369.
Shuraki Y. D, Sedgley M. 1996. Fruit development of Pistacia vera
(Anacardiaceae) in relation to embryo abortion and abnormalities at
maturity, Austr J Bot 44 (1): 35-45.
Sun K, Hunt K, Hauser BA. 2004. Ovule abortion in Arabidopsis
triggered by stress. Plant Physiol 135 (4): 2358-2367.
Turner LB. 1993. The effect of water-stress on floral characters,
pollination and seed set in white clover (Trifolium repens L.). Exp
Bot 44: 1155-1160.
Wells SA, Dubetz S. 1966. Reaction of barley varieties to soil water
stress. Can J Plant Sci 46: 507-512.
Westgate ME, Boyer JS. 1986. Reproduction at low silk and pollen water
potentials in maize. Crop Sci 26: 951-956.
Westgate ME, Peterson CM. 1993. Flower and pod development in waterdeficient soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.). J Exp Bot 44: 109-117.
Yeung EC. 1984. Histochemical and Histochemical staining procedures.
In: Cell culture and Somatic Cell Genetics of Plants. Vasil IK. (ed.).
Academic Press, Orlando, FL.
Young LW, Wilen RW, Bonham-Smith PC. 2004. High-temperature
stress of Brassica napus during flowering reduces micro and
megagametophyte fertility induces fruit abortion and disrupts seed
production. J Exp Bot 55: 458-495.
Zavadskaya IG, Skazkin FD. 1960. On microsporogenesis in barley as
affected by soil moisture deficiency and by application of nitrogen at
various stages of development. Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR 131: 692-694.
Zhang HX, Blumwald E. 2001. Transgenic salt-tolerant tomato plants
accumulate salt in foliage but not in fruit. Nat Biotechnol 19: 765-
768.
Zhu JK. 2002. Plant salt tolerance.Trends Plant Sci 6: 66-71.