Effect of sucrose and plant growth regulators on callogenesis and preliminary secondary metabolic of different explant Myrmecodia tuberosa
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Sari YP, Kusumawati E, Saleh C, Kustiawan W, Sukartingsih. 2018. Effect of sucrose on callogenesis and preliminary secondary metabolic of different explant (Myrmecodia tuberosa). Nusantara Bioscience 10: 183-192. Myrmecodia tuberosa Jack is a medicinal plant that contains bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, tannins, tocopherols, phenols, and an abundance of minerals, that are useful as antioxidants. With the constant increases in popularity of the medicinal plant, the M. tuberosa is threatened by extinction if over-exploitation continues. Thus, the effort to conserve this plant is vital. Tissue culture is an alternative method to conserve and produce active compounds that are similar to those of the native ant nest plant with callus. The addition of certain compounds such as sucrose can affect the secondary metabolite content through in vitro plant or callus. The aim of this research was to find the explant sources (cotyledon, stem, tuber, and root), determine the best growth regulator to produce the callus, and evaluate the optimum sucrose concentration to enhance secondary metabolite production of the callus. The results showed that callus was obtained from all explant sources and all growth regulators. The best callus that was marked by a friable green and yellowish green callus was provided by cotyledon with the growth regulator of 2 mg?L-1 of 2.4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2.4-D) and 2 mg?L-1 of kinetin. Calli treated with 30 g of sucrose resulted in the best secondary metabolites, containing alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, and steroids.
2019-01-01
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References
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plant growth regulators on induction of callus growth in rapeseed
(Brassica napus L.) genotypes. Plant Omics 4 (2): 60.
Beckman CH. 2000. Phenolic-storing cells: keys to programmed cell
death and periderm formation in wild disease resistance and in
general defence responses in plants? Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 57 (3):
101-110.
Blount JW, Dixon RA, Paiva NL. 1992. Stress responses in alfalfa
(Medicago sativa L.) XVI. Antifungal activity of medicarpin and its
biosynthetic precursors; implications for the genetic manipulation of
stress metabolites. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 41 (5): 333-349.
Cantelmo L, Soares B, Rocha L, Pettinelli J, Callado C, Mansur E,
Castellar A, Gagliardi R. 2013. Repetitive somatic embryogenesis
from leaves of the medicinal plant Petiveria alliacea L. Plant Cell
Tiss Org Cult 115 (3): 385-393.
Chakraborty N, Banerjee D, Ghosh M, Pradhan P, Gupta NS, Acharya K,
Banerjee M. 2013. Influence of plant growth regulators on callus
mediated regeneration and secondary metabolites synthesis in
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 19 (1): 117-
125.
Chen J-T, Chang W-C. 2002. Effects of tissue culture conditions and
explant characteristics on direct somatic embryogenesis in Oncidium
Gower Ramsey. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 69 (1): 41-44.
Coggins Jr CW, Lovatt CJ. 2014. 14 Plant Growth Regulators. Citrus
Production Manual, 3539, 215.
Cui X-H, Murthy HN, Wu C-H, Paek K-Y. 2010. Sucrose-induced
osmotic stress affects biomass, metabolite, and antioxidant levels in
root suspension cultures of Hypericum perforatum L. Plant Cell Tiss
Org Cult 103 (1): 7-14.
Davies PJ. 2010. The plant hormones: their nature, occurrence, and
functions. In: Plant Hormones. Springer, Berlin.
Engida AM, Kasim NS, Tsigie YA, Ismadji S, Huynh LH, Ju Y-H. 2013.
Extraction, identification and quantitative HPLC analysis of
flavonoids from sarang semut (Myrmecodia pendan). Ind Crops Prod,
41: 392-396.
Erland LA, Shukla MR, Glover WB, Saxena PK. 2017. A simple and
efficient method for analysis of plant growth regulators: a new tool in
the chest to combat recalcitrance in plant tissue culture. Plant Cell
Tiss Org Cult 1-12.
Evans DE, Coleman JOD, Kearns A. 2003. Plant Cell Culture. BIOS
Scientific Publisher, New York.
Fowler M. 1983. Commercial applications and economic aspects of mass
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Experimental Biology.
George EF, Hall MA, De Klerk G-J. 2008. Plant growth regulators II:
cytokinins, their analogues and antagonists. In Plant Propagation by
Tissue Culture. Springer, Berlin.
George EF, Sherrington PD. 1984. Plant Propagation by Tissue Culture
(Handbook and Directory Of Commercial Laboratories). Eastern
Press, UK.
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Role and biochemical activity in plants and human. J. Med. Plants
Res, 5 (31): 6697-6703.
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terpenoid bioactive compound isolated from Papua ant nest as an
alternative ovarian cancer treatment. Open J Obstet Gynecol 5: 406-
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germination of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.): a comparative study of
fruits and seeds. J Exp Bot 58 (11): 3047-3060.
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rapid callus induction from leaf explants of Biophytum sensitivum
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phytochemicals from various cultivars of plums. Food Chem 81 (3):
321-326.
Kiong ALP, Huan HH, Hussein S. 2007. Callus induction from leaf
explants of Melaleuca alternifolia. Intl J Agric Res 2 (3): 227-237.
Koes R, Verweij W, Quattrocchio F. 2005. Flavonoids: a colorful model
for the regulation and evolution of biochemical pathways. Trends
Plant Sci 10 (5): 236-242.
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influenced by the choice of sugar in the culture medium. Plant Cell
Rep 9 (1): 14-16.
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callus induction and plant regeneration of a non-flowering vetiver
from Java. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 62 (2): 115-123.
Lindsey K, Yeoman MM. 1983. The relationship between growth rate,
differentiation and alkaloid accumulation in cell cultures. J Exp Bot
34 (145): 1055-1065.
Makkar HPS, Siddhuraju P, Becker K. 2007. Saponins. In Plant
Secondary Metabolites. Humana Press.Totowa, NJ.
Malmgren S. 1996. Orchid propagation: theory and practice. Paper
presented at the North American native orchids: propagation and
production. North American Native Terrestrial Orchid Conference,
Germantown, Maryland.
Manoi F. 2008. Ant-plants (Myrmecodia) potential medicinal plant to cure
diseases. Warta Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanaman Industri 14
(1): 26-30. [Indonesian].
Miransari M, Smith D. 2009. Rhizobial lipo-chitooligosaccharides and
gibberellins enhance barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seed germination.
Biotechnol, 8 (2): 270-275.
Mohan Reddy Y, Saritha K. 2012. Callus induction and somatic
embryogenesis of Gardenia latifolia Ait. Intl J Curr Sci 4: 83-89.
Morini S, D'Onofrio C, Bellocchi G, Fisichella M. 2000. Effect of 2,4-D
and light quality on callus production and differentiation from in vitro
cultured quince leaves. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 63 (1): 47-55.
Müller K, Levesque-Tremblay G, Bartels S, Weitbrecht K, Wormit A,
Usadel B, Haughn G, Kermode AR. 2013. Demethylesterification of
Cell Wall Pectins in Arabidopsis Plays a Role in Seed Germination.
Plant Physiol, 161 (1): 305-316.
Murashige T, Skoog F. 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bio
assays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant 15 (3): 473-497.
Murthy HN, Lee E-J, Paek K-Y. 2014. Production of secondary
metabolites from cell and organ cultures: strategies and approaches
for biomass improvement and metabolite accumulation. Plant Cell
Tiss Org Cult 118 (1): 1-16.
Nagata T, Takebe I. 1971. Plating of isolated tobacco mesophyll
protoplasts on agar medium. Planta 99 (1): 12-20.
Naik PM, Manohar SH, Praveen N, Murthy HN. 2010. Effects of sucrose
and pH levels on in vitro shoot regeneration from leaf explants of
Bacopa monnieri and accumulation of bacoside A in regenerated
shoots. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 100 (2): 235-239.
Paiva M, Janick J. 1982. In vivo and in vitro production of alkaloids in
Theobroma cacao, L.
Pal R, Girhepunje K, Upadhayay A, Thirumoorthy N. 2012. Antioxidant
and free radical scavenging activity of ethanolic extract of the root of
Morinda citrifolia (Rubiaceae). Afr J Pharm Pharmacol 6 (5): 278-
282.
Pande A, Dosad S, Chawla HS, Arora S. 2015. In-vitro organogenesis and
plant regeneration from seed-derived callus cultures of finger millet
(Eleusine coracana). Braz. J Bot 38 (1): 19-23.
Perry CA, Leigh RA, Tomos AD, Wyse RE, Hall JL. 1987. The regulation
of turgor pressure during sucrose mobilisation and salt accumulation
by excised storage-root tissue of red beet. Planta, 170 (3): 353-361.
Phua QY, Chin CK, Asri ZRM, Lam DYA, Subramaniam S, Chew BL.
2016. The Callugenic Effects Of 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid
(2, 4-D) On Leaf Explants Of Sabah Snake Grass (Clinacanthus
nutans). Pak J Bot 48 (2): 561-566.
Prachayasittikul S, Buraparuangsang P, Worachartcheewan A, IsarankuraNa-Ayudhya C, Ruchirawat S, Prachayasittikul V. 2008.
Antimicrobial and antioxidative activities of bioactive constituents
from Hydnophytum formicarum Jack. Molecules 13 (4): 904-921.
Purnamaningsih R. 2016. Callus induction and regeneration optimation of
four paddy varieties through in vitro culture. J AgroBiogen 2 (2): 74-
80. [Indonesian]
Radha RK, Shereena SR, Divya K, Krishnan PN, Seeni S. 2011. In vitro
propagation of Rubia cordifolia Linn. A medicinal plant of the
western ghats. Intl J Bot 7: 90-96.
Robbiani D, Nurhidayati T, Jadid N. 2010. The effect of Naphthalene
Acetic Acid and Kinetin combination in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum
L.) leaves by in vitro culture. [Hon. Thesis]. Institut Teknologi
Sepuluh November, Surabaya. [Indonesian]
Rout GR, Samantaray S, Das P. 2000. In vitro somatic embryogenesis
from callus cultures of Cephaelis ipecacuanha A. Richard. Scientia
Horticulturae 86 (1): 71-79.
Sanjaya RE, Tedjo YY, Kurniawan A, Ju Y-H, Ayucitra A, Ismadji S.
2014. Investigation on supercritical CO2 extraction of phenolicphytochemicals from an epiphytic plant tuber (Myrmecodia pendans).
J CO2 Utiliz 6: 26-33.
Sari YP, Kustiawan W, Sukartiningsih S, Ruchaemi A. 2017. The
potential of secondary metabolites of Myrmecodia tuberosa from
different host trees. Nusantara Biosci 9 (2): 170-174.
Sari YP, Kusuma R. 2015. Modification of sucrose concentration in solid
and liquid medium for Myrmecodia tuberosa jack callus growth in
vitro. Bio Wallacea Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Biologi 1 (1): 9-13.
[Indonesian]
Shahnewaz S, Bari M. 2004. Callus Induction and plant regeneration in
anther culture of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Tiss Cult 14 (1): 37-43.
Shi D. 2014. Effects of culture media and plant growth regulators on
micropropagation of Willow (Salix matsudana 'Golden Spiral) and
Hzelnut (Corylus colurna 'Te Terra Red). [Thesis]. University of
Nebraska, Nebraska, USA.
Smetanska I. 2008. Production of secondary metabolites using plant cell
cultures. In: Food Biotechnology. Springer, Berlin.
Soeksmanto A, Subroto MA, Wijaya H, Simanjuntak P. 2010. Anticancer
activity test for extracts of sarang semut plant (Myrmecodia pendens)
to HeLa and MCM-Ba cells. Pak J Biol Sci 13: 148-151. [Indonesian]
Stella A, Braga MR. 2002. Callus and cell suspension cultures of Rudgea
jasminoides, a tropical woody Rubiaceae. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 68
(3): 271-276.
Stobbe H, Schmitt U, Eckstein D, Dujesiefken D. 2002. Developmental
stages and fine structure of surface callus formed after debarking of
living lime trees (Tilia sp.). Ann Bot 89 (6): 773-782.
Subroto MA, Saputro H. 2008. Fight the disease with the ant nest plant.
Penebar Swadaya, Jakarta. [Indonesian]
Sudiono J, Oka CT, Trisfilha P. 2015. The Scientific Base of Myrmecodia
pendans as Herbal Remedies. Br J Med Med Res 8 (3): 230-237
Supriatno D. 2014. Antitumor activity of Papua’s Myrmecodia pendans in
human oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell line through
induction of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 and
suppression of cyclin E. J Cancer Res Ther 2 (3): 48-53.
Tambe NM. 2013. Studies in in vitro callus culture of Solanum khasianum
Clarke. Intl J Recent Trends Sci Tecnol 5 (3): 111-112.
Trejo-Tapia G, Jimenez-Aparicio A, Rodriguez-Monroy M, De JesusSanchez A, Gutierrez-Lopez G. 2001. Influence of cobalt and other
microelements on the production of betalains and the growth of
suspension cultures of Beta vulgaris. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 67 (1):
19-23.
Waes Jv, Debergh P. 1986. In vitro germination of some Western
European orchids. Physiol Plant 67 (2): 253-261.
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(Brassica napus L.) genotypes. Plant Omics 4 (2): 60.
Beckman CH. 2000. Phenolic-storing cells: keys to programmed cell
death and periderm formation in wild disease resistance and in
general defence responses in plants? Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 57 (3):
101-110.
Blount JW, Dixon RA, Paiva NL. 1992. Stress responses in alfalfa
(Medicago sativa L.) XVI. Antifungal activity of medicarpin and its
biosynthetic precursors; implications for the genetic manipulation of
stress metabolites. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 41 (5): 333-349.
Cantelmo L, Soares B, Rocha L, Pettinelli J, Callado C, Mansur E,
Castellar A, Gagliardi R. 2013. Repetitive somatic embryogenesis
from leaves of the medicinal plant Petiveria alliacea L. Plant Cell
Tiss Org Cult 115 (3): 385-393.
Chakraborty N, Banerjee D, Ghosh M, Pradhan P, Gupta NS, Acharya K,
Banerjee M. 2013. Influence of plant growth regulators on callus
mediated regeneration and secondary metabolites synthesis in
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 19 (1): 117-
125.
Chen J-T, Chang W-C. 2002. Effects of tissue culture conditions and
explant characteristics on direct somatic embryogenesis in Oncidium
Gower Ramsey. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 69 (1): 41-44.
Coggins Jr CW, Lovatt CJ. 2014. 14 Plant Growth Regulators. Citrus
Production Manual, 3539, 215.
Cui X-H, Murthy HN, Wu C-H, Paek K-Y. 2010. Sucrose-induced
osmotic stress affects biomass, metabolite, and antioxidant levels in
root suspension cultures of Hypericum perforatum L. Plant Cell Tiss
Org Cult 103 (1): 7-14.
Davies PJ. 2010. The plant hormones: their nature, occurrence, and
functions. In: Plant Hormones. Springer, Berlin.
Engida AM, Kasim NS, Tsigie YA, Ismadji S, Huynh LH, Ju Y-H. 2013.
Extraction, identification and quantitative HPLC analysis of
flavonoids from sarang semut (Myrmecodia pendan). Ind Crops Prod,
41: 392-396.
Erland LA, Shukla MR, Glover WB, Saxena PK. 2017. A simple and
efficient method for analysis of plant growth regulators: a new tool in
the chest to combat recalcitrance in plant tissue culture. Plant Cell
Tiss Org Cult 1-12.
Evans DE, Coleman JOD, Kearns A. 2003. Plant Cell Culture. BIOS
Scientific Publisher, New York.
Fowler M. 1983. Commercial applications and economic aspects of mass
plant cell culture. Paper presented at the Seminar series-Society for
Experimental Biology.
George EF, Hall MA, De Klerk G-J. 2008. Plant growth regulators II:
cytokinins, their analogues and antagonists. In Plant Propagation by
Tissue Culture. Springer, Berlin.
George EF, Sherrington PD. 1984. Plant Propagation by Tissue Culture
(Handbook and Directory Of Commercial Laboratories). Eastern
Press, UK.
Ghasemzadeh A, Ghasemzadeh N. 2011. Flavonoids and phenolic acids:
Role and biochemical activity in plants and human. J. Med. Plants
Res, 5 (31): 6697-6703.
Hasanuddin K, Supriadi G, Kurnia D, Adhita D. 2015. Potential of
terpenoid bioactive compound isolated from Papua ant nest as an
alternative ovarian cancer treatment. Open J Obstet Gynecol 5: 406-
411.
Hermann K, Meinhard J, Dobrev P, Linkies A, Pesek B, Heß B,
Machá?ková I, Fischer U, Leubner-Metzger G. 2007. 1-
Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid and abscisic acid during the
germination of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.): a comparative study of
fruits and seeds. J Exp Bot 58 (11): 3047-3060.
Kala SC, Mallikarjuna K, Aruna P. 2014. An efficient protocol devised for
rapid callus induction from leaf explants of Biophytum sensitivum
(Linn) DC. Intl J Phytopharm 4 (1): 20-24.
Kefeli VI, Kalevitch MV, Borsari B. 2003. Phenolic cycle in plants and
environment. J Cell Mol Biol 2 (1): 13-18.
Kim D-O, Jeong SW, Lee CY. 2003. Antioxidant capacity of phenolic
phytochemicals from various cultivars of plums. Food Chem 81 (3):
321-326.
Kiong ALP, Huan HH, Hussein S. 2007. Callus induction from leaf
explants of Melaleuca alternifolia. Intl J Agric Res 2 (3): 227-237.
Koes R, Verweij W, Quattrocchio F. 2005. Flavonoids: a colorful model
for the regulation and evolution of biochemical pathways. Trends
Plant Sci 10 (5): 236-242.
Last DI, Brettell RI. 1990. Embryo yield in wheat anther culture is
influenced by the choice of sugar in the culture medium. Plant Cell
Rep 9 (1): 14-16.
Leupin RE, Leupin M, Ehret C, Erismann KH, Witholt B. 2000. Compact
callus induction and plant regeneration of a non-flowering vetiver
from Java. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 62 (2): 115-123.
Lindsey K, Yeoman MM. 1983. The relationship between growth rate,
differentiation and alkaloid accumulation in cell cultures. J Exp Bot
34 (145): 1055-1065.
Makkar HPS, Siddhuraju P, Becker K. 2007. Saponins. In Plant
Secondary Metabolites. Humana Press.Totowa, NJ.
Malmgren S. 1996. Orchid propagation: theory and practice. Paper
presented at the North American native orchids: propagation and
production. North American Native Terrestrial Orchid Conference,
Germantown, Maryland.
Manoi F. 2008. Ant-plants (Myrmecodia) potential medicinal plant to cure
diseases. Warta Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanaman Industri 14
(1): 26-30. [Indonesian].
Miransari M, Smith D. 2009. Rhizobial lipo-chitooligosaccharides and
gibberellins enhance barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seed germination.
Biotechnol, 8 (2): 270-275.
Mohan Reddy Y, Saritha K. 2012. Callus induction and somatic
embryogenesis of Gardenia latifolia Ait. Intl J Curr Sci 4: 83-89.
Morini S, D'Onofrio C, Bellocchi G, Fisichella M. 2000. Effect of 2,4-D
and light quality on callus production and differentiation from in vitro
cultured quince leaves. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 63 (1): 47-55.
Müller K, Levesque-Tremblay G, Bartels S, Weitbrecht K, Wormit A,
Usadel B, Haughn G, Kermode AR. 2013. Demethylesterification of
Cell Wall Pectins in Arabidopsis Plays a Role in Seed Germination.
Plant Physiol, 161 (1): 305-316.
Murashige T, Skoog F. 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bio
assays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant 15 (3): 473-497.
Murthy HN, Lee E-J, Paek K-Y. 2014. Production of secondary
metabolites from cell and organ cultures: strategies and approaches
for biomass improvement and metabolite accumulation. Plant Cell
Tiss Org Cult 118 (1): 1-16.
Nagata T, Takebe I. 1971. Plating of isolated tobacco mesophyll
protoplasts on agar medium. Planta 99 (1): 12-20.
Naik PM, Manohar SH, Praveen N, Murthy HN. 2010. Effects of sucrose
and pH levels on in vitro shoot regeneration from leaf explants of
Bacopa monnieri and accumulation of bacoside A in regenerated
shoots. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 100 (2): 235-239.
Paiva M, Janick J. 1982. In vivo and in vitro production of alkaloids in
Theobroma cacao, L.
Pal R, Girhepunje K, Upadhayay A, Thirumoorthy N. 2012. Antioxidant
and free radical scavenging activity of ethanolic extract of the root of
Morinda citrifolia (Rubiaceae). Afr J Pharm Pharmacol 6 (5): 278-
282.
Pande A, Dosad S, Chawla HS, Arora S. 2015. In-vitro organogenesis and
plant regeneration from seed-derived callus cultures of finger millet
(Eleusine coracana). Braz. J Bot 38 (1): 19-23.
Perry CA, Leigh RA, Tomos AD, Wyse RE, Hall JL. 1987. The regulation
of turgor pressure during sucrose mobilisation and salt accumulation
by excised storage-root tissue of red beet. Planta, 170 (3): 353-361.
Phua QY, Chin CK, Asri ZRM, Lam DYA, Subramaniam S, Chew BL.
2016. The Callugenic Effects Of 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid
(2, 4-D) On Leaf Explants Of Sabah Snake Grass (Clinacanthus
nutans). Pak J Bot 48 (2): 561-566.
Prachayasittikul S, Buraparuangsang P, Worachartcheewan A, IsarankuraNa-Ayudhya C, Ruchirawat S, Prachayasittikul V. 2008.
Antimicrobial and antioxidative activities of bioactive constituents
from Hydnophytum formicarum Jack. Molecules 13 (4): 904-921.
Purnamaningsih R. 2016. Callus induction and regeneration optimation of
four paddy varieties through in vitro culture. J AgroBiogen 2 (2): 74-
80. [Indonesian]
Radha RK, Shereena SR, Divya K, Krishnan PN, Seeni S. 2011. In vitro
propagation of Rubia cordifolia Linn. A medicinal plant of the
western ghats. Intl J Bot 7: 90-96.
Robbiani D, Nurhidayati T, Jadid N. 2010. The effect of Naphthalene
Acetic Acid and Kinetin combination in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum
L.) leaves by in vitro culture. [Hon. Thesis]. Institut Teknologi
Sepuluh November, Surabaya. [Indonesian]
Rout GR, Samantaray S, Das P. 2000. In vitro somatic embryogenesis
from callus cultures of Cephaelis ipecacuanha A. Richard. Scientia
Horticulturae 86 (1): 71-79.
Sanjaya RE, Tedjo YY, Kurniawan A, Ju Y-H, Ayucitra A, Ismadji S.
2014. Investigation on supercritical CO2 extraction of phenolicphytochemicals from an epiphytic plant tuber (Myrmecodia pendans).
J CO2 Utiliz 6: 26-33.
Sari YP, Kustiawan W, Sukartiningsih S, Ruchaemi A. 2017. The
potential of secondary metabolites of Myrmecodia tuberosa from
different host trees. Nusantara Biosci 9 (2): 170-174.
Sari YP, Kusuma R. 2015. Modification of sucrose concentration in solid
and liquid medium for Myrmecodia tuberosa jack callus growth in
vitro. Bio Wallacea Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Biologi 1 (1): 9-13.
[Indonesian]
Shahnewaz S, Bari M. 2004. Callus Induction and plant regeneration in
anther culture of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Tiss Cult 14 (1): 37-43.
Shi D. 2014. Effects of culture media and plant growth regulators on
micropropagation of Willow (Salix matsudana 'Golden Spiral) and
Hzelnut (Corylus colurna 'Te Terra Red). [Thesis]. University of
Nebraska, Nebraska, USA.
Smetanska I. 2008. Production of secondary metabolites using plant cell
cultures. In: Food Biotechnology. Springer, Berlin.
Soeksmanto A, Subroto MA, Wijaya H, Simanjuntak P. 2010. Anticancer
activity test for extracts of sarang semut plant (Myrmecodia pendens)
to HeLa and MCM-Ba cells. Pak J Biol Sci 13: 148-151. [Indonesian]
Stella A, Braga MR. 2002. Callus and cell suspension cultures of Rudgea
jasminoides, a tropical woody Rubiaceae. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 68
(3): 271-276.
Stobbe H, Schmitt U, Eckstein D, Dujesiefken D. 2002. Developmental
stages and fine structure of surface callus formed after debarking of
living lime trees (Tilia sp.). Ann Bot 89 (6): 773-782.
Subroto MA, Saputro H. 2008. Fight the disease with the ant nest plant.
Penebar Swadaya, Jakarta. [Indonesian]
Sudiono J, Oka CT, Trisfilha P. 2015. The Scientific Base of Myrmecodia
pendans as Herbal Remedies. Br J Med Med Res 8 (3): 230-237
Supriatno D. 2014. Antitumor activity of Papua’s Myrmecodia pendans in
human oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell line through
induction of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 and
suppression of cyclin E. J Cancer Res Ther 2 (3): 48-53.
Tambe NM. 2013. Studies in in vitro callus culture of Solanum khasianum
Clarke. Intl J Recent Trends Sci Tecnol 5 (3): 111-112.
Trejo-Tapia G, Jimenez-Aparicio A, Rodriguez-Monroy M, De JesusSanchez A, Gutierrez-Lopez G. 2001. Influence of cobalt and other
microelements on the production of betalains and the growth of
suspension cultures of Beta vulgaris. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 67 (1):
19-23.
Waes Jv, Debergh P. 1986. In vitro germination of some Western
European orchids. Physiol Plant 67 (2): 253-261.
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