The application of NPK fertilizer boosts the nutrient uptake status and biomass production of Vernonia amygdalina
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Abstract. Susanto D, Amirta R. 2020. The application of NPK fertilizer boosts the nutrient uptake status and biomass production of Vernonia amygdalina. Nusantara Bioscience 12: 114-119. Vernonia amygdalina Delile is a medicinal plant introduced in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the nutrients absorption status and growth of V. amygdalina plants planted with a spacing of 1x1 m. The study used a complete randomized block design with NPK compound fertilizer treatment with five doses of fertilizer namely 0 g (without fertilizer) as a control, 40 g, 80 g, 120 g, and 140 g, three blocks each group consisted of 10 plants so that in total there were 150 plants. The results showed that NPK fertilizer increased growth and the biomass of V. amygdalina. The best growth of V. amygdalina plant was achieved in plants applied with 160g per plant NPK fertilizer in which the average of stem diameter and plant height were 6.69 ± 0.930 cm and 611.67 ± 12.71 cm, while the estimated biomass yield was 407 tons.ha-1. The most nutritional elements accumulated in plant biomass was the calcium (1279.49 kg.ha-1), followed by magnesium (1167.0642 kg.ha-1), phosphorus (536.64 kg.ha-1), potassium (419.71 kg.ha-1) and nitrogen (134.4 kg.ha-1). We propose that these base nutrients are highly necessary for the cultivation of V. amygdalina as biomass feedstock or medicine plant.
2019-01-01
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References
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Anjula P, Pradheep K and Neelam S.2014. Potential introduced medicinal plant African bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina Delile) in India: botany, propagation and uses. Medicinal Plants - International Journal of Phytomedicines and Related Industries. 6(4):272-276
Asante DB,Effah-Yeboah E,Barnes P,Abban HA,Ameyaw EO, Boampong JN, Ofori EG,and Dadzie JB. 2016. Antidiabetic Effect of Young and Old Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Vernonia amygdalina: A Comparative Study. Journal of Diabetes Research 2016: 1-13
Atangwho IJ, Yin KB, Umar MI, Ahmad M and Asmawi MZ. 2014. Vernonia amygdalina simultaneously suppresses gluconeogenesis and potentiates glucose oxidation via the pentose phosphate pathway in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014; 14: 426.
Atangwho IJ, Egbung GE, Ahmad M, Yam MF and Asmawi MZ. 2013. Antioxidant versus anti-diabetic properties of leaves from Vernonia amygdalina Del. growing in Malaysia. Food Chemestry 141(4): 3428-3434
Duarte MR and Silva AG. Anatomical characters of the medicinal leaf and stem of Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Delile) Sch.Bip. ex Walp. (Asteraceae). Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 49 (4): 719-727
Edegbai BO and Anoliefo Go . 2019 . Growth and Development of Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amygdalina Del.) in Soils Treated with Mixture of Cadmium and Lead.J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage 23 (5) :835-841
Ehiagbonare JE. 2007. Vegetative propagation on some key malaria medicinal plants in Nigeria. Scientific Research and Essay 2 (2): 037-039.
Eveline-Kong YY and Sani H. 2016. Establishment Of Axenic Explants And Callus Induction Of Vernonia Amygdalina Del. Borneo Jaurnal Of Research Sciencence And Technology 6(2): 28-34
Farombi EO, and Owoeye O. 2011. Antioxidative and Chemopreventive Properties of Vernonia amygdalina and Garcinia biflavonoid. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 8: 2533-2555
Ikhajiagbe B and Shittu HO. 2016. Bioaccumulation Of Heavy Metals By Vernonia Amygdalina In A Waste Engine Oil-Contaminated Soil.Journal of Science and Technology – Vol. 4, No. 1, 94-103
Kemka-Evans CE, Okoli B, Nwachukwu CU. 2014. Epidermal studies of three species of Vernonia Schreb. in Southern Nigeria. Biodiversitas 15(2): 137-141
Kusmanaa C and Hikmat A. 2015. The Biodiversity of Flora in Indonesia. Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan 5(2): 187-198
Lailaty IQ and Nadhifah A.2017. Pembungaan Vernonia amiqdalina koleksi kebun raya cibodas jawa barat. Prosiding seminar nasional perhimpunan holtikultura indonesia. 399-406. 11-12 oktober 2017
Lailaty IQ, Muhaimin M, Handayani A, Efendi M, Nadhifah A and Noviady I. 2016. Potencial of Cibodas Botanic Gardens Plant collection as tehe future of antimalarial medicine. The Journal Of Indonesian Medicinal Plant 9(1): 37-57
Ma’rufah SH and Aziz SA. 2019. Growth respons of Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amiqdalina Cuttings and Planting Medium. Bul. Agrohorti 7(1): 53-61.
Mandey JS, Sompie M, Pontoh CJ. 2020. Nutrients and bioactives potency of bitter (Vernonia amygdalina) leaves as candidates for feedstuff and natural additives in broilers. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 6(1): 482-486
Mei-Yin C and Sani H . 2018. In vitro Plantlet Regeneration from Nodal Explant and Callus Induction of Vernonia amygdalina Delile. Journal of Plant Sciences 2018; 6(1): 1-6
Musa A , Ogbadoyi EO, Johnson A. Oladiran, Ezenwa MIS and Akanya HO. 2011. Effect of reproductive phase on some micronutrients, anti-nutrients and toxis subtances in Vernonia amiqdalina grown in Mina, Niger State, Nigeria. African Journal of Plant Science 5(9):525-530
Mustofa FI, Rahmawati N and Aminullah. 2020. Medicinal plantsand practices of Rongkong Traditional Healers
in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21(2):642-651
Nursuhaili AB, Syahirah NAP, Martini MY, Azizah M and Mahmud TMM. 2019. A review: medicinal values, agronomic practices and postharvest handlings of Vernonia amygdalina. Food Research 3 (5) : 380 - 390
Okoduwa SIR, Umar IA, James DB and Inuwa HM. 2017. Validation of the Antidiabetic Effects of Vernonia amygdalina Delile Leaf Fractions in Fortified Diet-Fed Streptozotocin Treated Rat Model of Type-2 Diabetes. Journal of Diabetology 8(3):74-85
Osinaike TS, Ezenwata IS, Anyaegbu CF, Onyemeka RM, Ogun ML and Akharia BE.2019. Effects of water stress on the morphological growth of Vernonia amiqdalina seedlings. International journal of Engineering applied sciences and tecnology 4(7):222-228
Payne AL. 2011. Plant density of (Vernonia amiqdalina) on growth, biomass, and mineral content. Thesis. Master of Sciences in Agriculture. Alcorn State University. Mississipi. https://search.proquest.com/openview/
Praptiwi,Fathoni A and Ilyas M. 2020. Diversity Of Endophytic Fungi From Vernonia Amygdalina, Their Phenolic And Flavonoid Contents And Bioactivities. Biodiversitas 21(2): 436-441
Siti Y, Mahmud M, Farah H, Siti I, Zahara S. 2018. In-Vitro Antifungal Activity Of Vernonia Amygdalina Against Botrytis Cinerea In Tomato. ……...
Sodimic AL, Adebayo O, Oladele NO, Akinyemi O, Alabi OO, Emeghara UU and Olumuyiwa S. 2006. Comparative analysis ofchemical composition in three species of bitter leaf (Vernonia spp). J. Res. Agric 3(3): 75-77.
Susanto D, Hayatudin, Setiawan A, Purnomo H, Ruhiyat D, Amirta R. 2017. Characterizing nutrient status and growth of Macaranga gigantea in tropical rainforest gaps after selective logging in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 18(3): 996-1003
Susanto D, Kusuma R, Amirta R. 2018. Nutrient distribution on soil and aboveground biomass of Macaranga gigantea five years after planting. Asian J For 2 (1): 12-19.
Susanto D, Mulyati S, Purnomo H, Ruhiyat D, Amirta R. 2017. Growth, biomass production and nutrient accumulation of Macaranga gigantea in response to NPK fertilizer application. Nusantara Bioscience 9 (3): 330-337.
Susanto D, Ruhiyat D, Sutisna M, Amirta R.2016b. Soil and leaf nutrient status on growth of Macaranga gigantea in secondary forest after shifting cultivation in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodivers J Biol Divers 17 (2): 409-416.
Susanto D, Auliana A , Amirta R. 2019. Growth evaluation of several types of energy crops from tropical shrubs species [version 1; peer review: 1 approved]. F1000Research 2019, 8:329
Tjhia B, Aziz SA and Suketi K. 2018. Correlations between Leaf Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium and Leaf Chlorophyll, Anthocyanins and Carotenoids Content at Vegetative and Generative Stage of Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amygealina Del.). Journal of Tropical Crop Science 5 (1):
Uzoigwe CI and Agwa OK. 2011.Antimicrobial activity of Vernonia amygdalina on selected urinary tract pathogens.African Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 5(12): 1467-1472
Anjula P, Pradheep K and Neelam S.2014. Potential introduced medicinal plant African bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina Delile) in India: botany, propagation and uses. Medicinal Plants - International Journal of Phytomedicines and Related Industries. 6(4):272-276
Asante DB,Effah-Yeboah E,Barnes P,Abban HA,Ameyaw EO, Boampong JN, Ofori EG,and Dadzie JB. 2016. Antidiabetic Effect of Young and Old Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Vernonia amygdalina: A Comparative Study. Journal of Diabetes Research 2016: 1-13
Atangwho IJ, Yin KB, Umar MI, Ahmad M and Asmawi MZ. 2014. Vernonia amygdalina simultaneously suppresses gluconeogenesis and potentiates glucose oxidation via the pentose phosphate pathway in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014; 14: 426.
Atangwho IJ, Egbung GE, Ahmad M, Yam MF and Asmawi MZ. 2013. Antioxidant versus anti-diabetic properties of leaves from Vernonia amygdalina Del. growing in Malaysia. Food Chemestry 141(4): 3428-3434
Duarte MR and Silva AG. Anatomical characters of the medicinal leaf and stem of Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Delile) Sch.Bip. ex Walp. (Asteraceae). Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 49 (4): 719-727
Edegbai BO and Anoliefo Go . 2019 . Growth and Development of Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amygdalina Del.) in Soils Treated with Mixture of Cadmium and Lead.J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage 23 (5) :835-841
Ehiagbonare JE. 2007. Vegetative propagation on some key malaria medicinal plants in Nigeria. Scientific Research and Essay 2 (2): 037-039.
Eveline-Kong YY and Sani H. 2016. Establishment Of Axenic Explants And Callus Induction Of Vernonia Amygdalina Del. Borneo Jaurnal Of Research Sciencence And Technology 6(2): 28-34
Farombi EO, and Owoeye O. 2011. Antioxidative and Chemopreventive Properties of Vernonia amygdalina and Garcinia biflavonoid. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 8: 2533-2555
Ikhajiagbe B and Shittu HO. 2016. Bioaccumulation Of Heavy Metals By Vernonia Amygdalina In A Waste Engine Oil-Contaminated Soil.Journal of Science and Technology – Vol. 4, No. 1, 94-103
Kemka-Evans CE, Okoli B, Nwachukwu CU. 2014. Epidermal studies of three species of Vernonia Schreb. in Southern Nigeria. Biodiversitas 15(2): 137-141
Kusmanaa C and Hikmat A. 2015. The Biodiversity of Flora in Indonesia. Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan 5(2): 187-198
Lailaty IQ and Nadhifah A.2017. Pembungaan Vernonia amiqdalina koleksi kebun raya cibodas jawa barat. Prosiding seminar nasional perhimpunan holtikultura indonesia. 399-406. 11-12 oktober 2017
Lailaty IQ, Muhaimin M, Handayani A, Efendi M, Nadhifah A and Noviady I. 2016. Potencial of Cibodas Botanic Gardens Plant collection as tehe future of antimalarial medicine. The Journal Of Indonesian Medicinal Plant 9(1): 37-57
Ma’rufah SH and Aziz SA. 2019. Growth respons of Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amiqdalina Cuttings and Planting Medium. Bul. Agrohorti 7(1): 53-61.
Mandey JS, Sompie M, Pontoh CJ. 2020. Nutrients and bioactives potency of bitter (Vernonia amygdalina) leaves as candidates for feedstuff and natural additives in broilers. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 6(1): 482-486
Mei-Yin C and Sani H . 2018. In vitro Plantlet Regeneration from Nodal Explant and Callus Induction of Vernonia amygdalina Delile. Journal of Plant Sciences 2018; 6(1): 1-6
Musa A , Ogbadoyi EO, Johnson A. Oladiran, Ezenwa MIS and Akanya HO. 2011. Effect of reproductive phase on some micronutrients, anti-nutrients and toxis subtances in Vernonia amiqdalina grown in Mina, Niger State, Nigeria. African Journal of Plant Science 5(9):525-530
Mustofa FI, Rahmawati N and Aminullah. 2020. Medicinal plantsand practices of Rongkong Traditional Healers
in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21(2):642-651
Nursuhaili AB, Syahirah NAP, Martini MY, Azizah M and Mahmud TMM. 2019. A review: medicinal values, agronomic practices and postharvest handlings of Vernonia amygdalina. Food Research 3 (5) : 380 - 390
Okoduwa SIR, Umar IA, James DB and Inuwa HM. 2017. Validation of the Antidiabetic Effects of Vernonia amygdalina Delile Leaf Fractions in Fortified Diet-Fed Streptozotocin Treated Rat Model of Type-2 Diabetes. Journal of Diabetology 8(3):74-85
Osinaike TS, Ezenwata IS, Anyaegbu CF, Onyemeka RM, Ogun ML and Akharia BE.2019. Effects of water stress on the morphological growth of Vernonia amiqdalina seedlings. International journal of Engineering applied sciences and tecnology 4(7):222-228
Payne AL. 2011. Plant density of (Vernonia amiqdalina) on growth, biomass, and mineral content. Thesis. Master of Sciences in Agriculture. Alcorn State University. Mississipi. https://search.proquest.com/openview/
Praptiwi,Fathoni A and Ilyas M. 2020. Diversity Of Endophytic Fungi From Vernonia Amygdalina, Their Phenolic And Flavonoid Contents And Bioactivities. Biodiversitas 21(2): 436-441
Siti Y, Mahmud M, Farah H, Siti I, Zahara S. 2018. In-Vitro Antifungal Activity Of Vernonia Amygdalina Against Botrytis Cinerea In Tomato. ……...
Sodimic AL, Adebayo O, Oladele NO, Akinyemi O, Alabi OO, Emeghara UU and Olumuyiwa S. 2006. Comparative analysis ofchemical composition in three species of bitter leaf (Vernonia spp). J. Res. Agric 3(3): 75-77.
Susanto D, Hayatudin, Setiawan A, Purnomo H, Ruhiyat D, Amirta R. 2017. Characterizing nutrient status and growth of Macaranga gigantea in tropical rainforest gaps after selective logging in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 18(3): 996-1003
Susanto D, Kusuma R, Amirta R. 2018. Nutrient distribution on soil and aboveground biomass of Macaranga gigantea five years after planting. Asian J For 2 (1): 12-19.
Susanto D, Mulyati S, Purnomo H, Ruhiyat D, Amirta R. 2017. Growth, biomass production and nutrient accumulation of Macaranga gigantea in response to NPK fertilizer application. Nusantara Bioscience 9 (3): 330-337.
Susanto D, Ruhiyat D, Sutisna M, Amirta R.2016b. Soil and leaf nutrient status on growth of Macaranga gigantea in secondary forest after shifting cultivation in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodivers J Biol Divers 17 (2): 409-416.
Susanto D, Auliana A , Amirta R. 2019. Growth evaluation of several types of energy crops from tropical shrubs species [version 1; peer review: 1 approved]. F1000Research 2019, 8:329
Tjhia B, Aziz SA and Suketi K. 2018. Correlations between Leaf Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium and Leaf Chlorophyll, Anthocyanins and Carotenoids Content at Vegetative and Generative Stage of Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amygealina Del.). Journal of Tropical Crop Science 5 (1):
Uzoigwe CI and Agwa OK. 2011.Antimicrobial activity of Vernonia amygdalina on selected urinary tract pathogens.African Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 5(12): 1467-1472