Hunter-gatherers' coping strategies on climate change and prospect in Iramba and Mbulu Districts, Tanzania

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##

PDF
DOI https://doi.org/10.13057/tropdrylands/t060204
Issue
Vol. 6 No. 2 (2022)
Section
Articles

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

SELEMAN SHADRACK ♥
Department of Physical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture. Morogoro, Tanzania
J. K. MWALILINO
Department of Physical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture. Morogoro, Tanzania

Abstract

Abstract. Shadrack S, Mwalilino JK. 2022. Hunter-gatherers' coping strategies on climate change and prospect in Iramba and Mbulu Districts, Tanzania. Intl J Trop Drylands 6: 77-89. The study intended to establish community perceptions of climate change, assess the extent of food availability and stability, and identify Hadzabe's food insecurity coping strategies toward climate change. The study was arranged in five villages in Iramba and Mbulu Districts, Tanzania: Yaedachini, Mongo wa Mono, Kipamba, Munguli, and Domanga. Furthermore, to collect data, the cross-sectional technique was used. Next, purposive and simple random sampling was used to obtain 100 respondents. Next, data were analyzed using computer programs and content analysis methods. Finally, descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages were computed. This study revealed that people had experienced climate change that led to chronic food insecurity. However, the Hadzabe have developed different coping strategies to mitigate this situation. The most used coping strategies included: relying on food from the government and NGOs, migrating to the area with food, borrowing food and selling labor, eating foods that have not been used before, and engaging in petty business. In Hadzabe, the dependence on wild food and lack of food storage facilities and habits were identified as the main contributing factors to food insecurity. The study concluded that there is a need to improve the coping capacity of the Hadzabe to strengthen their coping strategies and to recognize the importance of forest resources in supporting the Hadzabes' livelihoods to improve food availability and stability. This study recommended long-term development measures such as training on crops, animal husbandry, and modern beekeeping.

2017-01-01

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##

References
Agrawala SA, Moehner A, Hemp M, Aalst S, Hitz J, Smith H, Meena SM, Mwakifwamba, Mwaipopo OU. 2003. Development and Climate Change in Tanzania: Focus on Kilimanjaro. [www.icid18.org/files/posters/13/1277889551.doc] site visited on 30/3/2009.
Babbie E. 1990. Survey Research Methods. Wordworth Publishing Company, Belmont California.
Bailey DK. 1994. Method of Social Science Research. The Free Press Collier Macmillan Publisher, London.
Blackwood DL, Lynch RG. 1994. Measurement of inequality and poverty. Policy maker's guide to the literature. World Dev J 22 (4): 567-578. DOI: 10.1016/0305-750X(94)90112-0.
Blurton J, Hawkes KG, O'connell JF. 1989. Comparative Socioecology of Mammals and Man. [www.anthro.utah.edu/PDF/paper/hawkesetal97.pdf+blirton] site visited on 10/02/2010.
Daily News. 2010. Flood disaster in Kilosa and Shinyanga. Daily News. Issue No.9876. pp. 2.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 2006. Food Security Assessment Report in Developing Countries. [ftp://ftp.fao.org/es/ESA/policybriefs/pb/2001.pdf] site visited on 5/3/2010.
Ihucha A. 2008. Hadzabe Facing Severe Pressure on Traditional Way of Life: Indigenous Peoples of Tanzania. [http://www.ippmedia.com/ipp/guardian/2007/04/30/89471.html] site visited on 20/8/2009.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2001. Third assessment report on the regional impacts of climate change: an assessment of vulnerability. [http://www.ipcc-wg2.gov] site visited on 27/3/2009.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2007. Special report on the regional impacts of climate change: an assessment of vulnerability. [http://www.ipcc-wg2.gov] site visited on 20/3/2009.
Iramba District Council (IDC). 2007. Taarifa ya Hali Halisi ya Chakula Wilaya ya Iramba. Iramba, Tanzania.
Iramba District Council (IDC). 2008. Iramba District Development Profile. Iramba, Tanzania.
Kajembe GC, Munyikombo LZ. 1998. Magu District Agroforestry Project. Baseline Study report. Lantana, Nairobi, Kenya.
Kothari JZ. 2006. Research Methodology. Methods and Technique. Dharaush Printers Delhi India.
Levin A. 2005. Safari with the Hadzabe: Journal of African Travel. [http://www.leakeyfoundation.org/news&events] site visited on 13/8/2009.
Luhanga ML, Mwandosya MJ, Nyenzi BS. 1998. Vulnerability and Coping to Climate Change Impacts in Tanzania. Research Report Series.[http://www.southsouthnorth.org/download.asp?name=tanzania country report.pdf] site visited on 13/2/2009.
Madsen A. 2000. Hadzabe People of Tanzania: Land and Human Rights for a Hunter- Gatherer Community. [http://www.un.org/overview/rights.html] site visited on 3/8/2009.
Madulu NF. 1996. Environmental Degradation and Marital Fertility Change in Tanzania Kondoa District. [Thesis]. University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Marlowe FW, Berbesque JC. 2009b. Tubers as fallback foods and their impact on hadza hunter-gatherers. Am J Phys Anthropol 140: 751-758. DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21040.
Marlowe FW. 2005a. Who tends hadza children? In: Hewlett B, Lamb M (eds). Hunter-Gatherer Childhoods: Evolutionary, Developmental and Cultural Perspectives. [http://www.anthro.fsu.edu/people/faculty/? marlowe] site visited on 10/3/ 2010.
Marlowe FW. 2005b. Hunter-gatherers and human evolution. Evol Anthropol J 14 (2): 54-67. DOI: 10.1002/evan.20046.
Marlowe FW. 2006. Central place provisioning: Hadza as an example. In: Hohmann G, Robbins M, Boesch C (eds). Feeding Ecology in Apes and Other Primates. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Mbulu District Council (MDC). 2009. Mbulu District Development Profile. Mbulu, Tanzania.
Mtama LY. 1997. Factors on Fluencing Female-Headed Household Involvement in Sasakawa Global 2000 Project in Rukwa Region. [Dissertation]. Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro.
Mushi SJ. 2000. Economic of charcoal production in miombo woodland of Eastern Tanzania. Some Hidden Costs Associated with Commercialisation of Resources. Ecol Econ 3: 243-257. DOI: 10.1016/S0921-8009(00)00196-8.
Mwandosya MJ, Nyenzi BS, Luhanga ML. 1998. The Assessment of Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change Impacts in Tanzania. Centre for Energy, Environment, Science and Technology (CEEST), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). 2005. Research and Analysis Working Group. Tanzania Poverty and Human Development Report 2005. Mkuki na Nyota Publishers, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Nduwamungu J. 2001. Dynamic of Deforestation of Miombo Woodlands: the Case of Kilosa District. [Thesis]. Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.
Ngana J. 1983. Rainfall and Agriculture Drought and Famine in Dodoma District. Research Report No. 60. Institute of Resource Assessment, University of Dar es Salaam. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Paavola J. 2005. Vulnerability to Climate Change in Tanzania: Sources, Substance and Solutions. In: Proceedings of Inaugural workshop of Southern Africa Vulnerability Initiative (SAVI) in Maputo, Mozambique.[http://www.gechs.org/savi/workshop/maputo/papers/paavola_tanzani a.pdf] site visited on 2/03/2009.
Regnar O, Borchgrerink A, Lazaro E, Temu A. 2002. Poverty reducing effects of agricultural development in Tanzania. Noragric Report Number 10, December, 2002. Noragric Agricultural University of Norway. [http://www.nln.noragric] site visited on 12/11/2008.
Srivastava AK, Rai MK. 2012. Review: Sugarcane production: Impact of climate change and its mitigation 13: 214-227. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d130408.
Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS). 2005. Tanzania Poverty and Human Development Report. Research and analysis working group Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania.
United State National Drought Mitigation Center. 1998. Reported Effect of the 1997-98 Eli-Nino. Lincoln NE, USA. [www.drought.unl.edu/risk/world/table2.pdf] site visited on 4/03/2009.
Winterhalder B. 1981. Optimal foraging strategies and hunter-gatherer research in anthropology: Theory and models. In: Smith EA (eds). Hunter-Gatherer Foraging Strategies: Ethnographic and Archaeological Analysis. University of Chicago, Chicago.
Yanda PZ, Kangalawe RYM, Sigalla RJ. 2005. Climatic and Socio- Economic Influences on Malaria and Cholera Risks in Lake Victoria Region of Tanzania. Working Paper No.12 June. [www.care.dk/multmedia/pdf/web-english/climate] site visited on 27/03/2009.
Zinyama LM. 1987. Rural household structure, absenteeism and agricultural labour: Case study of two subsistence farming areas in Zimbabwe. J Trop Geogr 7 (2): 163-17. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9493.1986.tb00180.x.