Nest characteristics and populations of Tapanuli Orangutans in the conflict areas, Batangtoru Landscape, North Sumatra, Indonesia
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Abstract. Kuswanda W, Harahap RH, Alikodra JS, Sibarani R. 2020. Nest characteristics and populations of Tapanuli orangutans in Batangtoru Landscape, South Tapanuli District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3398-3406. Tapanuli orangutan (Pongo tapanuliensis) has been threatened to extinction due to conflicts with humans. Information on the orangutan characteristics in conflict areas at the Batangtoru Landscape is needed. Our research aimed to analyze the characteristics of nests, nest trees, and estimation of orangutan populations in conservation forests and buffer zones to develop conflict mitigation strategies in the Batangtoru Landscape, South Tapanuli District. A line transect method was used to count orangutan nests on 49 transects, starting from June 2019 to January 2020. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, frequency tables, Spearman correlation (rho), and the equation by (van Schaick et al. 1995). Tapanuli orangutans make nests at the height of 14.01 meters (90% CI = 13.37-14.67 meters), and most use the main stem as nest support. Tree nests of 35 species (17 families) were identified, with the highest frequency in (Durio zibethinus Murray), especially in the buffer zone. Correlation between nest tree diameter, tree height, and canopy area was significant (p <0.01, n = 83). The estimated orangutan populations in conflict areas were 155 individuals (95% CI = 121-187), and the highest was found in Dolok Sibualbuali Nature Reserve buffer zones. Mitigation strategy of human-orangutan conflict that needs to be realized is the non-cash compensation guaranteeing the community does not disturb orangutans on their land. The compensation forms can be the provision of seedlings and fertilizer for plants, agricultural machinery, knowledge to land management, and orangutan ecotourism development. Nest and feed trees enrichment can be carried out in production forests bordering with conservation area.
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References
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Ango TG, Borjeson L, Senbeta F. 2017. Crop raiding by wild mammals in Ethiopia: impacts on the livelihoods of smallholders in an agriculture-forest mosaic landscape. Oryx 51, 527–537. DOI: 10.1017/s0030605316000028.
Atmoko SSU, Vilantinus A, Susilo HD, Rifki MA, Siregar PG, Ermayanti. 2014. Panduan mitigasi konflik manusia dan orangutan. Forum Orangutan. Jakarta. [Indonesian]
Bandara R, Tisdell C. 2003. Wildlife damage, insurance/compensation for farmers and conservation: Sri Lankan elephants as a case. In: Working Paper on Economics, Ecology and Environment. University of Queensland.
Blackwell BF, Travis L, De Vault, Fernández JE, Gese EM, Norton LG, Breck SW. 2016. No single solution: application of behavioural principles in mitigating human–wildlife conflict,Animal Behaviour 120: 245-254. DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.07.013.
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Buij R, Singleton I, Krakauer E, van Schaik CP. 2003. Rapid assessment of orangutan density. Biol Conserv 114:103–113.
Cheyne SM, Rowland D, Hoing A, Husson SJ. 2013. How orangutans choose where to sleep: comparison of nest-site variables. Asian Primates Journal 3: 13–1.
Davies AB, Oram F, Ancrenaz M, Asner GP. 2019. Combining behavioural and LiDAR data to reveal relationships between canopy structure and orangutan nest site selection in disturbed forests. Biological Conservation 232: 97-107. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2019.01.032.
Davis JT, Mengersen K, Abram NK, Ancrenaz M, Wells JA and Meijaard E. 2013. It’s not just conflict that motivates killing of orangutans. PLoS ONE 8 (10): e75373. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075373.
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Haryanto RP, Rinaldi D, Arief H, Soekmadi R, Kuswanda W, Noorchasanatun F, Rahman DA, Kosmaryandi N, Mijiarto J, Yudiarti Y, Hakim F, Fadillah RNP, Simangunsong YD. 2019. The Ecology of Tapanuli Orangutan. Working Group of Batang Toru Sustainable Landscape Management Press. Bogor. [Indonesian]
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Kuswanda W. 2014. Orangutan Batangtoru: Kritis di Ambang Punah. Forda Press. Bogor. [Indonesian]
Kuswanda W. 2013. Pendugaan populasi orangutan (Pongo abelii Lesson 1827) berdasarkan sarang di Cagar Alam Dolok Sipirok, Sumatera Utara. Jurnal Penelitian Hutan dan Konservasi Alam Vol. X No. 1. Departemen Kehutanan. [Indonesian]
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Meijaard, E., H.D. Rijksen dan S.N. Kartikasari. 2001. Diambang kepunahan ! : kondisi orangutan liar di awal abad ke-21. Publikasi The Gibbon Foundation Indonesia. Jakarta. [Indonesian]
Meijaard E, Sherman J, Ancrenaz M. Wich SA, Santika T, Voigt M. 2018. Orangutan populations are certainly not increasing in the wild. Current Biology 28 (21): 1241-1242.
Nasution A, Farajallah DP, Atmoko SSU. 2018. Nesting characteristics of the tapanuli orangutan (Pongo tapanuliensis) in two unprotected forests of Batang Toru, North Sumatra. Trop Life Sci Res 29 (2): 77-87
Nater A, Mattle-Greminger MP, Nurcahyo A, Nowak MG, de Manuel M, Desai T, Groves C, Pybus M, Sonay TB, Roos C, Lameira AR, Wich SA, Askew J, Davila-Ross M, Fredriksson G, de Valles G, Casals F, Prado-Martinez J, Goossens B, Verschoor EJ, Warren KS, Singleton I, Marques DA, Pamungkas J, Perwitasari-Farajallah D, Rianti P, Tuuga A, Gut IG, Gut M, Orozco-terWengel P, van Schaik CP, Bertranpetit J, Anisimova M, Scally A, Marques-Bonet T, Meijaard E, Krützen M. 2017. Morphometric, behavioural, and genomic evidence for a new orangutan species. Current Biology 27: 3487-3498. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.047.
Prasetyo D, Ancrenaz M, Morrogh-Bernard HC, Atmoko SSU, Wich SA, VanSchaik CP. 2009. Nest building in orangutans. In: Wich S, Atmoko S, Setia T, van Schaik C. (Eds.). Orangutans: geographic variation in behavioral ecology and conservation. Oxford University Press. Oxford: 269–277. DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213276.003.0019.
Pujiyani H. 2009. Karakteristik pohon tempat bersarang orangutan sumatera (Pongo abelii lesson, 1827) di Kawasan Hutan Batang Toru, Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara – Sumatera Utara. [Skripsi]. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor. [Indonesian]
Ranjan R. 2017. Tuskers, tasty crops and the forest tribes in between: managing HECs through financial incentives in human-elephant-forest ecosystems. J. Environ. Econ. Policy 6: 79–95. DOI: 10.1080/21606544.2016.1162209.
Rijksen HD. 1978. A Field Study of Sumatran Orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus abelii Lesson 1827). [Dissertation]. Veenman and Zonen B.V. Wageningen.
Samson DR, Shumaker RW. 2015. Orangutans (Pongo spp.) have deeper, more efficient sleep than baboons (Papio papio) in captivity. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol 157: 421–427. DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22733
Santosa Y, Hilwan I, Jaya NA, Sunkar A, Rahman DA, Risdianto I. 2018. Impact of Batang Toru Hydropower Construction on Primary Forest, Orangutan Population and Habitat, Drought and Flood, Greenhouse Gases Emission and Socio-Economic Surroundings. The Center of Study, Advocacy and Nature Conservation (Pusaka Kalam). Bogor. [Indonesian]
Schou JS, Hansen EW, Schaarup P. 2019. Buffer Zones. Editor(s): Brian Fath. Encyclopedia of Ecology (Second Edition). Elsevier. DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.10927-3.
Simorangkir, R. A. 2009. Kajian habitat dan estimasi populasi orangutan (Pongo abelii Lesson) di Kawasan Hutan Batangtoru, Sumatera Utara. [Thesis]. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor. [Indonesian]
Singleton I, van Schaik CP. 2001. Orangutan home range size and its determinants in a Sumatran swamp forest. International Journal of Primatology 22(6): 877-911.
Soulsbury CD, White PCL. 2015. Human wildlife interactions in urban areas: a review of conflicts, benefits, and opportunities. Wildlife Research 42: 541-553.
Stewart FA, Pruetz JD. 2013. Do chimpanzee nests serve an anti-predatory function? Am. J. Primatol 75: 593–604. DOI:10.1002/ajp.22138
Thomas L, Buckland ST, Rexstad EA, Laake JL, Strindberg S, Hedley SL, Bishop JRB, Marques TA, Burnham KP. 2010. Distance software: design and analysis of distance sampling surveys for estimating population size. J Appl Ecol 47: 5–14
van Casteren A, Sellers WI, Thorpe SKS, Coward S, Crompton RH, Myatt JP, Ennos AR. 2012. Nest-building orangutans demonstrate engineering know-how to produce safe, comfortable beds. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 109: 6873–6877. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1200902109.
van Noordwijk MA, Atmoko SSU, Knott CD, Kuze N, Morrogh-Bernard HC, Oram F, Schuppli C, van Schaik CP, Willems EP. 2018. The slow ape: High infant survival and long interbirth intervals in wild orangutans. Journal of Human Evolution 25: 38-49. DOI:10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.09.004.
van Schaik, CP, Priatna A, Priatna A. 1995. Population estimates and habitat preferences of orangutans based on line transects of nests. In: Nadler RD, Galdikas BMF, Sheeran LK, Rosen N. (Eds.). The Neglected Ape. Plenum Press New York: 129–147.
Wich SA, Singleton I, Nowak MG, Atmoko SSU, Nisam G, Mhd. Arif S, Putra RH, Ardi R, Fredriksson G, Usher G, Gaveau DLA, Kuhl HS. 2016. Land-cover changes predict steep declines for the Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii). Science Advance 2: e1500789. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500789.
Wich SA, Usher G, Peters HH, Khakim MFR, Nowak MG, Fredriksson GM. 2014. Preliminary data on the highland Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) of Batang Toru. In NB Grow et al. (ed.). High altitude primates, development in primatology: Progress and perspective. Springer Science+Business Media: 265–283. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8175-1_15
Wich SA, Atmoko SS, Mitra TS, Rijksen HD, Schurmann C, van Hooff JARAM, van Schaik CP. 2004. Life history of wild Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii). Journal of Human Evolution 47: 385-398.
Alikodra HS. 2019. Ekologi Konservasi Pengelolaan Satwaliar: Hidup harmoni dengan alam. PT. Penerbit IPB Press. Bogor. [Indonesian]
Ancrenaz M, Calaque R, Ancrenaz I. 2004. Orangutan nesting behavior in disturbed forest of Sabah, Malaysia: implications for nest census. Int. J. Primatol 25: 983-1000. DOI:10.1023/B:IJOP.0000043347.84757.9a.
Ancrenaz M. 2005. Aerial surveys give new estimates for orangutans in Sabah,Malaysia. PLoS Biol. DOI:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030003.
Ango TG, Borjeson L, Senbeta F. 2017. Crop raiding by wild mammals in Ethiopia: impacts on the livelihoods of smallholders in an agriculture-forest mosaic landscape. Oryx 51, 527–537. DOI: 10.1017/s0030605316000028.
Atmoko SSU, Vilantinus A, Susilo HD, Rifki MA, Siregar PG, Ermayanti. 2014. Panduan mitigasi konflik manusia dan orangutan. Forum Orangutan. Jakarta. [Indonesian]
Bandara R, Tisdell C. 2003. Wildlife damage, insurance/compensation for farmers and conservation: Sri Lankan elephants as a case. In: Working Paper on Economics, Ecology and Environment. University of Queensland.
Blackwell BF, Travis L, De Vault, Fernández JE, Gese EM, Norton LG, Breck SW. 2016. No single solution: application of behavioural principles in mitigating human–wildlife conflict,Animal Behaviour 120: 245-254. DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.07.013.
Bookhout A. 1994. Research and Management Technique for Wildlife and Habitat. Ohio: National Biological Service Ohio Cooperation Fish and Wildlife Research Unit The Ohio State University Columbus.
Buij R, Singleton I, Krakauer E, van Schaik CP. 2003. Rapid assessment of orangutan density. Biol Conserv 114:103–113.
Cheyne SM, Rowland D, Hoing A, Husson SJ. 2013. How orangutans choose where to sleep: comparison of nest-site variables. Asian Primates Journal 3: 13–1.
Davies AB, Oram F, Ancrenaz M, Asner GP. 2019. Combining behavioural and LiDAR data to reveal relationships between canopy structure and orangutan nest site selection in disturbed forests. Biological Conservation 232: 97-107. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2019.01.032.
Davis JT, Mengersen K, Abram NK, Ancrenaz M, Wells JA and Meijaard E. 2013. It’s not just conflict that motivates killing of orangutans. PLoS ONE 8 (10): e75373. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075373.
Ministry of Forestry. 1999. Undang-undang No. 41 tentang Kehutanan, tanggal 30 September 1999. Departemen Kehutanan. Jakarta. [Indonesian]
Djojoasmoro R, Simanjuntak CN, Galdikas BMF, Wibowo T. 2004. Orangutan Distribution in North Sumatera. Jurnal Primatologi Indonesia 4(1): 2-6.
Fowler J, Cohen L, Jarvis P. 1998. Practical Statistics for Field Biology: Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. England.
Gibson A. 2005. Orangutan nesting preferences in a disturbed tropical deep-peat swamp forest, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia [Thesis]. Suffolk-Otley College-UK.
Groves CP. 1985. From ape’s nest to human fix-point. Man (Lond) 20: 22–47.
Haryanto RP, Rinaldi D, Arief H, Soekmadi R, Kuswanda W, Noorchasanatun F, Rahman DA, Kosmaryandi N, Mijiarto J, Yudiarti Y, Hakim F, Fadillah RNP, Simangunsong YD. 2019. The Ecology of Tapanuli Orangutan. Working Group of Batang Toru Sustainable Landscape Management Press. Bogor. [Indonesian]
Hill CM, Wallace GE. 2012. Crop protection and conflict mitigation: reducing the costs of living alongside non-human primates. Biodivers. Conserv 21: 2569–2587. DOI; 10.1007/s10531-012-0318-y.
Hockings K, Humle T. 2010. Best practice guidelines for the prevention and mitigation of conflict between humans and great apes. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG). Gland, Switzerland: 1-40.
IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources). 2019. IUCN Red List Endangered Species. https://savetheorangutan.org/2019/07/29/iucn-the-orangutan-remains-critically-endangered.
Johnson AE, Knott CD, Pamungkas B, Pasaribu M, Marshall AJ. 2005. A survey of the orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) population in and around Gunung Palung National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia based on nest counts. Biol. Conserv. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2004.06.002.
Kanamori T, Kuze N, Bernard H, Malim TP, Kohshima S. 2017. Fluctuations of population density in Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus morio) related to fruit availability in the Danum Valley, Sabah, Malaysia: a 10-year record including two mast fruitings and three other peak fruitings. Primates 58: 225–235. DOI:10.1007/s10329-016-0584-5.
Ministry of Environment and Forestry. 2019. Strategi dan Rencana Aksi Konservasi Orangutan Indonesia 2019-2029. Ditjen KSDAE. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia. Jakarta. [Indonesian]
Kuehl HS, Maisels F, Ancrenaz M, Williamson EA. (Eds.). 2008. Best practice guidelines for the surveys and monitoring of great ape populations - Google Books. IUCN. Switzerland.
Kuswanda W. 2014. Orangutan Batangtoru: Kritis di Ambang Punah. Forda Press. Bogor. [Indonesian]
Kuswanda W. 2013. Pendugaan populasi orangutan (Pongo abelii Lesson 1827) berdasarkan sarang di Cagar Alam Dolok Sipirok, Sumatera Utara. Jurnal Penelitian Hutan dan Konservasi Alam Vol. X No. 1. Departemen Kehutanan. [Indonesian]
Megaze A, Balakrishnan M, Belay G. 2017. Human-wildlife conflict and attitude of local people towards conservation of wildlife in Chebera Churchura National Park, Ethiopia. Afr. Zool 52: 1–8. DOI: 10.1080/15627020.2016.1254063.
Meijaard, E., H.D. Rijksen dan S.N. Kartikasari. 2001. Diambang kepunahan ! : kondisi orangutan liar di awal abad ke-21. Publikasi The Gibbon Foundation Indonesia. Jakarta. [Indonesian]
Meijaard E, Sherman J, Ancrenaz M. Wich SA, Santika T, Voigt M. 2018. Orangutan populations are certainly not increasing in the wild. Current Biology 28 (21): 1241-1242.
Nasution A, Farajallah DP, Atmoko SSU. 2018. Nesting characteristics of the tapanuli orangutan (Pongo tapanuliensis) in two unprotected forests of Batang Toru, North Sumatra. Trop Life Sci Res 29 (2): 77-87
Nater A, Mattle-Greminger MP, Nurcahyo A, Nowak MG, de Manuel M, Desai T, Groves C, Pybus M, Sonay TB, Roos C, Lameira AR, Wich SA, Askew J, Davila-Ross M, Fredriksson G, de Valles G, Casals F, Prado-Martinez J, Goossens B, Verschoor EJ, Warren KS, Singleton I, Marques DA, Pamungkas J, Perwitasari-Farajallah D, Rianti P, Tuuga A, Gut IG, Gut M, Orozco-terWengel P, van Schaik CP, Bertranpetit J, Anisimova M, Scally A, Marques-Bonet T, Meijaard E, Krützen M. 2017. Morphometric, behavioural, and genomic evidence for a new orangutan species. Current Biology 27: 3487-3498. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.047.
Prasetyo D, Ancrenaz M, Morrogh-Bernard HC, Atmoko SSU, Wich SA, VanSchaik CP. 2009. Nest building in orangutans. In: Wich S, Atmoko S, Setia T, van Schaik C. (Eds.). Orangutans: geographic variation in behavioral ecology and conservation. Oxford University Press. Oxford: 269–277. DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213276.003.0019.
Pujiyani H. 2009. Karakteristik pohon tempat bersarang orangutan sumatera (Pongo abelii lesson, 1827) di Kawasan Hutan Batang Toru, Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara – Sumatera Utara. [Skripsi]. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor. [Indonesian]
Ranjan R. 2017. Tuskers, tasty crops and the forest tribes in between: managing HECs through financial incentives in human-elephant-forest ecosystems. J. Environ. Econ. Policy 6: 79–95. DOI: 10.1080/21606544.2016.1162209.
Rijksen HD. 1978. A Field Study of Sumatran Orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus abelii Lesson 1827). [Dissertation]. Veenman and Zonen B.V. Wageningen.
Samson DR, Shumaker RW. 2015. Orangutans (Pongo spp.) have deeper, more efficient sleep than baboons (Papio papio) in captivity. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol 157: 421–427. DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22733
Santosa Y, Hilwan I, Jaya NA, Sunkar A, Rahman DA, Risdianto I. 2018. Impact of Batang Toru Hydropower Construction on Primary Forest, Orangutan Population and Habitat, Drought and Flood, Greenhouse Gases Emission and Socio-Economic Surroundings. The Center of Study, Advocacy and Nature Conservation (Pusaka Kalam). Bogor. [Indonesian]
Schou JS, Hansen EW, Schaarup P. 2019. Buffer Zones. Editor(s): Brian Fath. Encyclopedia of Ecology (Second Edition). Elsevier. DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.10927-3.
Simorangkir, R. A. 2009. Kajian habitat dan estimasi populasi orangutan (Pongo abelii Lesson) di Kawasan Hutan Batangtoru, Sumatera Utara. [Thesis]. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor. [Indonesian]
Singleton I, van Schaik CP. 2001. Orangutan home range size and its determinants in a Sumatran swamp forest. International Journal of Primatology 22(6): 877-911.
Soulsbury CD, White PCL. 2015. Human wildlife interactions in urban areas: a review of conflicts, benefits, and opportunities. Wildlife Research 42: 541-553.
Stewart FA, Pruetz JD. 2013. Do chimpanzee nests serve an anti-predatory function? Am. J. Primatol 75: 593–604. DOI:10.1002/ajp.22138
Thomas L, Buckland ST, Rexstad EA, Laake JL, Strindberg S, Hedley SL, Bishop JRB, Marques TA, Burnham KP. 2010. Distance software: design and analysis of distance sampling surveys for estimating population size. J Appl Ecol 47: 5–14
van Casteren A, Sellers WI, Thorpe SKS, Coward S, Crompton RH, Myatt JP, Ennos AR. 2012. Nest-building orangutans demonstrate engineering know-how to produce safe, comfortable beds. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 109: 6873–6877. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1200902109.
van Noordwijk MA, Atmoko SSU, Knott CD, Kuze N, Morrogh-Bernard HC, Oram F, Schuppli C, van Schaik CP, Willems EP. 2018. The slow ape: High infant survival and long interbirth intervals in wild orangutans. Journal of Human Evolution 25: 38-49. DOI:10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.09.004.
van Schaik, CP, Priatna A, Priatna A. 1995. Population estimates and habitat preferences of orangutans based on line transects of nests. In: Nadler RD, Galdikas BMF, Sheeran LK, Rosen N. (Eds.). The Neglected Ape. Plenum Press New York: 129–147.
Wich SA, Singleton I, Nowak MG, Atmoko SSU, Nisam G, Mhd. Arif S, Putra RH, Ardi R, Fredriksson G, Usher G, Gaveau DLA, Kuhl HS. 2016. Land-cover changes predict steep declines for the Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii). Science Advance 2: e1500789. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500789.
Wich SA, Usher G, Peters HH, Khakim MFR, Nowak MG, Fredriksson GM. 2014. Preliminary data on the highland Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) of Batang Toru. In NB Grow et al. (ed.). High altitude primates, development in primatology: Progress and perspective. Springer Science+Business Media: 265–283. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8175-1_15
Wich SA, Atmoko SS, Mitra TS, Rijksen HD, Schurmann C, van Hooff JARAM, van Schaik CP. 2004. Life history of wild Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii). Journal of Human Evolution 47: 385-398.
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