Abundance and characterization of microorganisms isolated from oil palm empty fruit bunches waste under aerobic, anaerobic, and facultative anaerobic conditions
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Abstract. Dermiyati, Suharjo R, Telaumbanua M, Yosita R, Sari AW, Andayani AP. 2020. Abundance and characterization of microorganisms isolated from oil palm empty fruit bunches waste under aerobic, anaerobic, and facultative anaerobic conditions. Biodiversitas 21: 4213-4220. Increased production of palm oil causes an increase in oil palm empty fruit bunches waste, while the utilization of the waste has not been carried out optimally. Oil palm empty fruit bunches contain high cellulose content which promotes the development of various types of bacteria with different characteristics. This study was aimed to determine the abundance and the characterization of bacteria that were isolated from extract suspension of oil palm empty fruit bunches in the form of a local microorganism solution under aerobic, anaerobic, and facultative anaerobic conditions. For isolation, the oil palm empty fruit extract suspension was inoculated on media Plate Count Agar Peptone and bacterial abundance was determined. Various bacterial characterization test included bacterial morphology test in the form of color and shape of macroscopic isolates, gram test using KOH 3%, fermentative oxidative test, soft rot test on potato tubers, hypersensitivity test on tobacco plant leaves, and hypo virulent test which was indicated by the presence of symptoms of disease in cucumber sprouts and indicated in the disease severity index (DSI) was carried out. The results of local microorganism solution isolation from oil palm empty fruit bunches obtained as many as 220 bacterial isolates consisting of 84 isolates in aerobic condition, 68 isolates in anaerobic condition, and 68 isolates in facultative anaerobic condition. The highest bacterial abundance in aerobic conditions was equal to 285.60 x 1010 CFU mL-1. Each bacterial isolate had different characteristics. Most of the characteristics of bacteria were turbid white (34.55%), round (69.55%), gram-positive (76.36%), fermentative (89.55%), softrot negative (71.82%), hypersensitive negative (97.27%), and virulent (74.55%).
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References
REFERENCES
Adrizal, Heryandi Y, Amizar R, Mahata ME. 2017. Evaluation of pineapple (Ananas comosus [ L.] Merr) waste fermented using different local microorganisms solutions as poultry feeds. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 16 (2): 84–89. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2017.84.8.
Ariana P, Krishna, Candra. 2017. Isolation and characterization of lignocellulolytic microbes from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB). Journal of Environment and Sustainability 1 (1): 1–9.
Astriani M, Mukharomah E. 2017. The use of inquiry strategies in learning the isolation of bacteria from local microorganisms solution and its application as a biological fertilizer. Florea Journal 4 (1): 17–23. [Indonesian]
Babu SV, Triveni S, Reddy RS, Sathyanarayana J. 2017. Isolation and characterization of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms from maize rhizospheric soils. Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology, and Life Science Special Issue 6 (1): 194–200.
Chandra TJ, Mani PS. 2011. A study of 2 rapid tests to differentiate gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic bacteria. Journal of Medical Allied Science 1 (2): 84–85.
Chin CFS, Furuya Y, Huzairi M, Zainudin M, Ramli N, Hassan MA, Tashiro Y, Sakai K. 2017. Novel multifunctional plant growth-promoting bacteria in the co-composting of waste palm oil industrial waste. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengeneering 11;124(5):506-513. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.05.016
Dermiyati, Suharjo R, Telaumbanua M, Ilmiasari Y, Yosita R, Annisa RM, Sari AW, Andayani AP, Yulianti DM. 2019. Population of phosphate solubilizing bacteria in the liquid organic fertilizer created from palm oil bunches and pineapple rhizome. Biodiversity 20 (11): 3315-3321. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d201126.
Hadi SN, Dewi PS, Kartini. 2019. Identification of the ultisol indigenous bacteria from Banyumas Regency is based on the characteristics of morphology, physiology, and biochemistry. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 8 pp.
Han J, Kim J. 2018. Process Simulation and Optimization of EFB's 10-MW Power Plant. Computer Aided Chemical Engineering 43: 723-729.
Heath MC. 2000. Hypersensitive response-related death. Plant Molecular Biology 44 (3): 321–334.
Hoe TK, Sarmidi MR, Alwee SSRS, Zakaria ZA. 2016. Recycling of empty palm oil fruit bunch as a potential carrier for biofertilizer formulation. Journal of Technology (Sciences & Engineering) 78 (2): 165-170. https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v78.7375.
Indah SP, Hermansyah, Hasanudin, Marwanto. 2017. Effect palm oil empty fruit bunch granular organic fertilizer on the yield of palm fruit oil. Agrosia Deed 20 (2): 61–65.
Khlaif HM, Wreikat BI. 2018. The relationship of potato bacterial soft rot disease with reduced sugar content of potato tubers and calcium. Jordan Journal of Agriculture Sciences 14 (1): 81–90.
Md Yunos NSH, Baharuddin AS, Md Yunos KF, Hafid HS, Busu Z, Mokhtar MN, Sulaiman A, Md Som A. 2015. The physicochemical characteristics of residual oil and fibers from palm oil empty fruit bunches. BioRes 10 (1): 14-29.
Lai CMT, Chua HB, Danquah MK, Saptor A. 2017. Isolation of thermophilic lignin-degrading bacteria from oil-palm empty fruit bunch (FEB) compost. Material Science and Engineering 11 pp.
Lee DH, Kim JB, Lim JA, Han SW, Heu S. 2014. Genetic diversity of Pectobacterium carotovorum subps. Basiliensis isolated in Korea. The Plant Pathology Journal 30 (2): 117– 124. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5423/ppj.oa.12.2013.0117.
Lemos ML, Toranzo AE, Barja JL. 1985. Modified medium for the oxidation-fermentation test in the identification of marine bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 49 (6): 1541–1543.
Lim KC, Zaharah AR. 2000. Decomposition and release of oil by empty palm oil bunches applied under mature palms. Journal of Palm Oil Research 12 (2): 55–62.
Linda TM, Siregar S, Fitri WD, Martina A, Lestari W, Roslim DI, Hapsoh. 2018. Isolation and screening of culturable endophytic bacteria from leaf of rubber plant that produces chitinase. Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1116.
Mariska D. 2009. Indonesia sees increase in palm oil production, exports. Jakarta Globe. https://jakartaglobe.id/business/indonesia-sees-increase-in-palm-oil-production-exports.
Rupaedah B, Purwoko D, Saffarida A, Tajuddin T, Wahid A, Sugianto M, Suja'i I, Suyono A. 2018. Screening and identification of ligninolytic microbes in natural composting of palm oil empty fruit bunches. Indonesian Journal of Biotechnology & Bioscience 6 (1): 139–148. [Indonesian]
Rosli NS, Harun S, Jahim JMd, Othaman R. 2017. Chemical and physical characterization of palm oil empty fruit bunch. Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences 21 (1): 188–196. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/mjas-2017-2101-22.
Santi LP, Kalbuadi DN, Goenadi DH. 2019. Empty fruit bunches as a potential source for biosilica fertilizer for palm oil. Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology 4: 90–96.
Sharma M, Guleria S, Singh K, Chauhan A, Kulshrestha S. 2018. Mycovirus associated hypovirulence, a potential method for biological control of Fusarium species. Virus Disease 29 (2): 134-140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-018-0438-4.
Suharjo R, Aeny TN, Hasanudin U, Sukmaratri TE, Kisno R, Khoironi T, Safitri DA. 2018. Potential of endophytic bacteria as plant growth promoters and antagonists against pineapple-fungal plant pathogens in Indonesia. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Innovative Crop Protection for Sustainable Agriculture 41–44 pp.
Tahir AA, Barnoh NFM, Yusof N, Said NNM, Utsumi M, Yen AM, Hashim H, Noor MJMM, Akhir FNMD, Mohammad SE, Sugiura N, Othman N, Zakaria Z, Hara H. 2019. Microbial diversity in decaying palm oil empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) and isolation of lignin-degrading bacteria from tropical environments. Microbes Environ 8 pp.
Telaumbanua M, Dermiyati, Suharjo R. 2019. Design a stirrer and aerator systems for automatic MOL production from palm oil and pineapple waste using aerobics, semiaerobic, and anaerobic methods. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Lampung 8 (4): 11-17. [Indonesian]. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jtep-l.v8.i4.234-242
Umesha S, Richardson PA, Kung P, Hong CX. 2008. A novel plant indicator to test the hypersensitivity of phytopathogenic bacteria. Journal of Microbiological Methods 72: 95–97.
Worosuryani C, Priyatmojo A, Wibowo A. 2006. Test the ability of fungi isolated from sandy fields as PGPF (Plant Growth Promoting Fungi). Agrosciences Journal 19 (1): 179-192. [IndonesiaN]
Zaharah AR, Lim KC. 2000. Oil palm empty fruit bunch as a source of nutrients and soil ameliorants in oil palm plantations. Malaysian Journal of Soil Science 4: 51-66.
Zainudin MHM, Hassan MA, Tokura M, Shirai Y. 2013. Indigenous cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic bacteria enhanced rapid co-composting of lignocellulose oil palm empty fruit bunch with palm oil mill effluent anaerobic sludge. Bioresource Technology 147: 632–635.
Adrizal, Heryandi Y, Amizar R, Mahata ME. 2017. Evaluation of pineapple (Ananas comosus [ L.] Merr) waste fermented using different local microorganisms solutions as poultry feeds. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 16 (2): 84–89. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2017.84.8.
Ariana P, Krishna, Candra. 2017. Isolation and characterization of lignocellulolytic microbes from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB). Journal of Environment and Sustainability 1 (1): 1–9.
Astriani M, Mukharomah E. 2017. The use of inquiry strategies in learning the isolation of bacteria from local microorganisms solution and its application as a biological fertilizer. Florea Journal 4 (1): 17–23. [Indonesian]
Babu SV, Triveni S, Reddy RS, Sathyanarayana J. 2017. Isolation and characterization of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms from maize rhizospheric soils. Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology, and Life Science Special Issue 6 (1): 194–200.
Chandra TJ, Mani PS. 2011. A study of 2 rapid tests to differentiate gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic bacteria. Journal of Medical Allied Science 1 (2): 84–85.
Chin CFS, Furuya Y, Huzairi M, Zainudin M, Ramli N, Hassan MA, Tashiro Y, Sakai K. 2017. Novel multifunctional plant growth-promoting bacteria in the co-composting of waste palm oil industrial waste. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengeneering 11;124(5):506-513. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.05.016
Dermiyati, Suharjo R, Telaumbanua M, Ilmiasari Y, Yosita R, Annisa RM, Sari AW, Andayani AP, Yulianti DM. 2019. Population of phosphate solubilizing bacteria in the liquid organic fertilizer created from palm oil bunches and pineapple rhizome. Biodiversity 20 (11): 3315-3321. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d201126.
Hadi SN, Dewi PS, Kartini. 2019. Identification of the ultisol indigenous bacteria from Banyumas Regency is based on the characteristics of morphology, physiology, and biochemistry. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 8 pp.
Han J, Kim J. 2018. Process Simulation and Optimization of EFB's 10-MW Power Plant. Computer Aided Chemical Engineering 43: 723-729.
Heath MC. 2000. Hypersensitive response-related death. Plant Molecular Biology 44 (3): 321–334.
Hoe TK, Sarmidi MR, Alwee SSRS, Zakaria ZA. 2016. Recycling of empty palm oil fruit bunch as a potential carrier for biofertilizer formulation. Journal of Technology (Sciences & Engineering) 78 (2): 165-170. https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v78.7375.
Indah SP, Hermansyah, Hasanudin, Marwanto. 2017. Effect palm oil empty fruit bunch granular organic fertilizer on the yield of palm fruit oil. Agrosia Deed 20 (2): 61–65.
Khlaif HM, Wreikat BI. 2018. The relationship of potato bacterial soft rot disease with reduced sugar content of potato tubers and calcium. Jordan Journal of Agriculture Sciences 14 (1): 81–90.
Md Yunos NSH, Baharuddin AS, Md Yunos KF, Hafid HS, Busu Z, Mokhtar MN, Sulaiman A, Md Som A. 2015. The physicochemical characteristics of residual oil and fibers from palm oil empty fruit bunches. BioRes 10 (1): 14-29.
Lai CMT, Chua HB, Danquah MK, Saptor A. 2017. Isolation of thermophilic lignin-degrading bacteria from oil-palm empty fruit bunch (FEB) compost. Material Science and Engineering 11 pp.
Lee DH, Kim JB, Lim JA, Han SW, Heu S. 2014. Genetic diversity of Pectobacterium carotovorum subps. Basiliensis isolated in Korea. The Plant Pathology Journal 30 (2): 117– 124. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5423/ppj.oa.12.2013.0117.
Lemos ML, Toranzo AE, Barja JL. 1985. Modified medium for the oxidation-fermentation test in the identification of marine bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 49 (6): 1541–1543.
Lim KC, Zaharah AR. 2000. Decomposition and release of oil by empty palm oil bunches applied under mature palms. Journal of Palm Oil Research 12 (2): 55–62.
Linda TM, Siregar S, Fitri WD, Martina A, Lestari W, Roslim DI, Hapsoh. 2018. Isolation and screening of culturable endophytic bacteria from leaf of rubber plant that produces chitinase. Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1116.
Mariska D. 2009. Indonesia sees increase in palm oil production, exports. Jakarta Globe. https://jakartaglobe.id/business/indonesia-sees-increase-in-palm-oil-production-exports.
Rupaedah B, Purwoko D, Saffarida A, Tajuddin T, Wahid A, Sugianto M, Suja'i I, Suyono A. 2018. Screening and identification of ligninolytic microbes in natural composting of palm oil empty fruit bunches. Indonesian Journal of Biotechnology & Bioscience 6 (1): 139–148. [Indonesian]
Rosli NS, Harun S, Jahim JMd, Othaman R. 2017. Chemical and physical characterization of palm oil empty fruit bunch. Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences 21 (1): 188–196. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/mjas-2017-2101-22.
Santi LP, Kalbuadi DN, Goenadi DH. 2019. Empty fruit bunches as a potential source for biosilica fertilizer for palm oil. Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology 4: 90–96.
Sharma M, Guleria S, Singh K, Chauhan A, Kulshrestha S. 2018. Mycovirus associated hypovirulence, a potential method for biological control of Fusarium species. Virus Disease 29 (2): 134-140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-018-0438-4.
Suharjo R, Aeny TN, Hasanudin U, Sukmaratri TE, Kisno R, Khoironi T, Safitri DA. 2018. Potential of endophytic bacteria as plant growth promoters and antagonists against pineapple-fungal plant pathogens in Indonesia. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Innovative Crop Protection for Sustainable Agriculture 41–44 pp.
Tahir AA, Barnoh NFM, Yusof N, Said NNM, Utsumi M, Yen AM, Hashim H, Noor MJMM, Akhir FNMD, Mohammad SE, Sugiura N, Othman N, Zakaria Z, Hara H. 2019. Microbial diversity in decaying palm oil empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) and isolation of lignin-degrading bacteria from tropical environments. Microbes Environ 8 pp.
Telaumbanua M, Dermiyati, Suharjo R. 2019. Design a stirrer and aerator systems for automatic MOL production from palm oil and pineapple waste using aerobics, semiaerobic, and anaerobic methods. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Lampung 8 (4): 11-17. [Indonesian]. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jtep-l.v8.i4.234-242
Umesha S, Richardson PA, Kung P, Hong CX. 2008. A novel plant indicator to test the hypersensitivity of phytopathogenic bacteria. Journal of Microbiological Methods 72: 95–97.
Worosuryani C, Priyatmojo A, Wibowo A. 2006. Test the ability of fungi isolated from sandy fields as PGPF (Plant Growth Promoting Fungi). Agrosciences Journal 19 (1): 179-192. [IndonesiaN]
Zaharah AR, Lim KC. 2000. Oil palm empty fruit bunch as a source of nutrients and soil ameliorants in oil palm plantations. Malaysian Journal of Soil Science 4: 51-66.
Zainudin MHM, Hassan MA, Tokura M, Shirai Y. 2013. Indigenous cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic bacteria enhanced rapid co-composting of lignocellulose oil palm empty fruit bunch with palm oil mill effluent anaerobic sludge. Bioresource Technology 147: 632–635.
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