The diversity of entomopathogenic fungi collected from leaves and rhizospheres of rice implementing integrated pest management
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Abstract. Afandhi A, Pertiwi EP, Purba DP, Widjayanti T, Leksono AS. 2020. The diversity of entomopathogenic fungi collected from leaves and rhizospheres of rice implementing integrated pest management. Biodiversitas 21: 2690-2695. Rice is an important food source for most of the world’s population. However, its production often faces pest and disease problems. This study aimed to determine the diversity of entomopathogenic fungi from the leaves and rhizospheres of rice plants, implementing applied integrated pest management (IPM), and to test the pathogenicity of insect fungi species against Spodoptera litura and Tenebrio molitor larvae collection. Entomopathogenic fungi were collected from the leaves and rhizospheres of two rice fields: a field in which IPM is implemented and a conventional field. A total of 24 species were collected from the leaves and rhizospheres in three locations. Pathogenicity test against S. litura larvae was conducted using the Beauveria sp. isolate, whereas pathogenicity test against T. molitor was conducted using the other isolates. Paddy fields in which IPM has been implemented have higher diversity and species richness compared with a conventional field. Location 1 (3 years of IPM implementation) has the highest diversity (2.04 of leaf collection and 1.65 of rhizosphere collection), location 2 has the lowest fungi diversity collected from rhizosphere, whereas location 3 (conventional implementation) has the lowest diversity of leaf collection (1.68). Laboratory testing of Beauveria spp. against S. litura revealed that all species were effective for pest control. Entomopathogenic fungi collected from leaves (Paecilomyces sp.) increased T. molitor mortality by 60%, whereas those isolated from rhizospheres had no effective control of the pest.
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References
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Assaf LH, Haleem RA, Abdullah SK. 2011. Association of Enthomophatogenic and Other Opportunistic Fungi with Insects in Dormant Locations. Jordan J Biol Sci 4:87-92.
Bawin T, Seye F, Boukraa S, Jean-Yves Z, Fara, NR, Quentin Z, Mady N, Farnk D, Frédéric F. 2016. Production of two enthomophatogenic aspergillus species and insecticidal activity against the mosquito culex quinquefasciatus compared to Metharizium anisoplae. J Biocontrol Sci Technol 26: 617-629.
Clifton EH, Jaronski ST, Hodgson EW, Gassmann AJ. 2015. Abundance of soil-borne entomopathogenic fungi in organic and conventional fields in the Midwest USA with an emphasis on the effect of herbicide and fungicides on fungal persistence. PLoS ONE, 10, e0133613.
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Hafiza TG, Shafqat S, Fawad ZAK. 2014. Entomopathogenic Fungi as Effective Insect Pest Management Tactic: A Review. Appl Sci Bus Econ 1(1):10-18.
Handoko RNS, Afandhi A, Leksono AS. 2017. Correlation of soil environmental to diversity the entomopathogenic fungi. J.P.A.L. 8(1):36 – 42.
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Hsia ICC, Touhidul IM, Ibrahim Y, How TY, Omar D. 2014. Evaluation of Conidial Viability of Entomopathogenic Fungi as Influenced by Temperature and Additive. Int J Agric Biol 16(1):146-152.
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Mietkiewski RT, Pell JK, Clark SJ. 2010. Influence of pesticide use on the natural occurrence of entomopathogenic fungi in arable soils in the UK: Field and laboratory comparisons. Biocontrol Sci Technol. 7: 565-575.
Mora MAE, Castilho AMC, Fraga ME. 2017. Classification and infection mechanism of entomopathogenic fungi. Arq Inst Biol 84: 1-10.
Nurariaty A, Saranga PA, Rosmana A, Tambingsila M. 2013. Potential of Rhizosphere Fungi as Biological Control Agent of Cocoa Plant Pests and Diseases. Proceedings of National Seminar and Congres of PFI XXI, Padang, 08-10 October 2013.
Priwiratama H, Susanto A. 2014. Utilization of Fungi for the Biological Control of Insect Pests and Ganoderma Disease in the Indonesia Oil Palm Industry. JAST 4:103-111.
Rice SJ, Baker DK, Mayer DG, Leemon DM. 2020. Mycoinsecticide formulations of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae reduce populations of lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus, in chicken-broiler houses. Biol Control 144, 104234, ISSN 1049-9644, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2020.104234.
Shahid AA, Rao AQ, Bakshs A, Husnain T. 2012. Entomopathogenic fungi as biological controllers: New Insight into their Virulance and Pathogenicity. Arc. Biol. Sci., Balgrade 6(1): 21-42.
Thorburn C. 2015. The Rise and Demise of Integrated Pest Management in Rice in Indonesia. Insects 6:381-408
Trizelia, Armon N, Jailani H. 2015. Diversity of Entomopathogenic Fungi in the Rizosphere of Various Vegetable plants. West Sumatra. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 1(5): 998-1004.[Indonesian]
Trizelia, Syahrawati M, Mardiah A. 2011. Pathogenicity Some Isolates of Enthomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium spp. against egg of Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J. of Enthomology Indonesia 8(1): 45-54.
Ujjan AA, Shahzad S. 2012. Use of entomopathogenic fungi for the control of mustard aphids (Lipaphi serysimi) on canola (Brassica napus L.). Pak J Bot 44:2081-2086.
Ullah MI, Altaf N, Afzal M, et al. 2019. Effects of Entomopathogenic Fungi on the Biology of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its Reduviid Predator, Rhynocoris marginatus (Heteroptera: Reduviidae). Int J Insect Sci. 2019; 11:1179543319867116. Published 2019 Jul 31. doi:10.1177/1179543319867116
Ummidi VRS and Padmaja V. 2015. Preparation and use of oil formulations of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae against Spodoptera litura larvae. Afr J Microbiol Res 8(15):1638-1644, DOI: 10.5897/AJMR2013.6593
Zhong W, Gu T, Wang W. 2010. The effects of mineral fertilizer and organic manure on soil microbial community and diversity. Plant Soil 326: 511-522.
Araújo JP, Hughes DP. 2016. Diversity of Entomopathogenic Fungi: Which Groups Conquered the Insect Body?. Adv Genet 94:1–39. doi:10.1016/bs.adgen.2016.01.001
Assaf LH, Haleem RA, Abdullah SK. 2011. Association of Enthomophatogenic and Other Opportunistic Fungi with Insects in Dormant Locations. Jordan J Biol Sci 4:87-92.
Bawin T, Seye F, Boukraa S, Jean-Yves Z, Fara, NR, Quentin Z, Mady N, Farnk D, Frédéric F. 2016. Production of two enthomophatogenic aspergillus species and insecticidal activity against the mosquito culex quinquefasciatus compared to Metharizium anisoplae. J Biocontrol Sci Technol 26: 617-629.
Clifton EH, Jaronski ST, Hodgson EW, Gassmann AJ. 2015. Abundance of soil-borne entomopathogenic fungi in organic and conventional fields in the Midwest USA with an emphasis on the effect of herbicide and fungicides on fungal persistence. PLoS ONE, 10, e0133613.
El-Sharabasy HM. 2015. Laboratory evaluation of the effect of the entomopathogenic fungi, Hirsutella thompsonii and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, against the citrus brown mite, Eutetranychus orientalis (Acari:Tetranychidae). Plant Protect Sci 5:39-45. Google Scholar
Garrido-Jurado J, Torrent J, Barrón V, Corpas A, Quesada-Moraga E. 2011. Soil properties affect the availability, movement, and virulence of entomopathogenic fungi conidia against puparia of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae). Biol Control 58: 277-285.
Goettel MS, Eilenberg J, Glare TR. 2010. Entomopathogenic Fungi and their Role in Regulation of Insect Populations. In Gilbert, L.I.& Gill, S.S.(Eds.), Insect Control Biological and Synthetic Agents. (pp. 387-431).
Hafiza TG, Shafqat S, Fawad ZAK. 2014. Entomopathogenic Fungi as Effective Insect Pest Management Tactic: A Review. Appl Sci Bus Econ 1(1):10-18.
Handoko RNS, Afandhi A, Leksono AS. 2017. Correlation of soil environmental to diversity the entomopathogenic fungi. J.P.A.L. 8(1):36 – 42.
Hasyim A, Nuraida, Trizelia. 2009. Pathogenicity of entomopathogenic fungi isolates to eggs and larvae of cabbage head caterpillar, Crocidolomia pavonana Fabricius. J Hort 19:334-343.
Herlinda S. 2012. Spore Density and Viability of Entomopathogenic Fungal Isolates from Indonesia, and Their Virulence against Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae). Trop Life Sci Res. 21(1):11-9. PMID: 24575186; PMCID: PMC3819063.
Hsia ICC, Touhidul IM, Ibrahim Y, How TY, Omar D. 2014. Evaluation of Conidial Viability of Entomopathogenic Fungi as Influenced by Temperature and Additive. Int J Agric Biol 16(1):146-152.
Kachhawa D. 2017. Microorganisms as a biopesticides. J Entomol Zool Stud 5(3):468-473.
Kaur K, Kaur HP, Kaur K, Kaur A. 2011. Effect of different concentrations of Beauveria bassiana on development and reproductive potential of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius). J. Biopestic 4(2): 161-168.
Leksono AS, Batoro J, Zairina A. 2019. Abundance and composition of Arthropod visitors on refugia blocks in a paddy field in Malang East Java Indonesia. Ecol Environ Conserv 25(1); pp. 467-471.
Li Z, Alves SB, Roberts DW, Fan M, Delalbera I Jr, Tang J. 2010. Biological control of insects in Brazil and China: history, current programs and reasons for their successes using entomopathogenic fungi. Biocontrol Sci Technol 20:117-136.
Maina UM, Galadima IB, Gambo FM, Zakaria D. 2018. A review on the use of entomopathogenic fungi in the management of insect pests of field crops. J Entomol Zool Stud 6(1): 27-32.
Malarvannan S, Murali P, Shanthakumar S, Prabavathy V, Nair S. Laboratory evaluation of the entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana against the tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera). J. Biopesticides. 2010; 3:126-131.
Malekan N, Hatami, B, Ebadi R, Akhavan A, Radjabi, R. 2012. The singular and combined effects of entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana (Bals) and Lecanicillium muscarium (Petch) with insecticide imidacloprid on different nymphal stages of Trialeurodesvaporariorum in the laboratory conditions. Adv Stud Biol 6(1): 423-432.
Michereff M, Oliveira S, de Liz RS, Faria M. 2011. Cage and field assessments of Beauveria bassiana-based Mycoinsecticides for Myzus persicae Suizer (Hemiptera: Aphididae) control in cabbage. Neotrop Entomol 40(4):470-476.
Mietkiewski RT, Pell JK, Clark SJ. 2010. Influence of pesticide use on the natural occurrence of entomopathogenic fungi in arable soils in the UK: Field and laboratory comparisons. Biocontrol Sci Technol. 7: 565-575.
Mora MAE, Castilho AMC, Fraga ME. 2017. Classification and infection mechanism of entomopathogenic fungi. Arq Inst Biol 84: 1-10.
Nurariaty A, Saranga PA, Rosmana A, Tambingsila M. 2013. Potential of Rhizosphere Fungi as Biological Control Agent of Cocoa Plant Pests and Diseases. Proceedings of National Seminar and Congres of PFI XXI, Padang, 08-10 October 2013.
Priwiratama H, Susanto A. 2014. Utilization of Fungi for the Biological Control of Insect Pests and Ganoderma Disease in the Indonesia Oil Palm Industry. JAST 4:103-111.
Rice SJ, Baker DK, Mayer DG, Leemon DM. 2020. Mycoinsecticide formulations of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae reduce populations of lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus, in chicken-broiler houses. Biol Control 144, 104234, ISSN 1049-9644, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2020.104234.
Shahid AA, Rao AQ, Bakshs A, Husnain T. 2012. Entomopathogenic fungi as biological controllers: New Insight into their Virulance and Pathogenicity. Arc. Biol. Sci., Balgrade 6(1): 21-42.
Thorburn C. 2015. The Rise and Demise of Integrated Pest Management in Rice in Indonesia. Insects 6:381-408
Trizelia, Armon N, Jailani H. 2015. Diversity of Entomopathogenic Fungi in the Rizosphere of Various Vegetable plants. West Sumatra. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 1(5): 998-1004.[Indonesian]
Trizelia, Syahrawati M, Mardiah A. 2011. Pathogenicity Some Isolates of Enthomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium spp. against egg of Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J. of Enthomology Indonesia 8(1): 45-54.
Ujjan AA, Shahzad S. 2012. Use of entomopathogenic fungi for the control of mustard aphids (Lipaphi serysimi) on canola (Brassica napus L.). Pak J Bot 44:2081-2086.
Ullah MI, Altaf N, Afzal M, et al. 2019. Effects of Entomopathogenic Fungi on the Biology of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its Reduviid Predator, Rhynocoris marginatus (Heteroptera: Reduviidae). Int J Insect Sci. 2019; 11:1179543319867116. Published 2019 Jul 31. doi:10.1177/1179543319867116
Ummidi VRS and Padmaja V. 2015. Preparation and use of oil formulations of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae against Spodoptera litura larvae. Afr J Microbiol Res 8(15):1638-1644, DOI: 10.5897/AJMR2013.6593
Zhong W, Gu T, Wang W. 2010. The effects of mineral fertilizer and organic manure on soil microbial community and diversity. Plant Soil 326: 511-522.
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