Species composition and growth performance of mangrove forest at the coast of Tanah Merah, East Nusa Tenggara
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Abstract
The availability information about species composition and growth performance of mangrove forest are required to determine the best strategies for sustainable ecosystems management, particularly at the coastal area. This study aimed to quantify the number of species composition and growth performance of mangrove stand that established at the coast of Tanah Merah, East Nusa Tenggara. Forest inventory was conducted using nine permanent sampling plot which evenly distributed in every zonation of mangrove. Data were collected in each life stage of vegetation, namely seedling, sapling, pole, and tree. Several parameters were calculated to describe species composition, including important value index, richness, heterogeneity, and evenness. Four indicators were selected to assess the growth performance of mangrove stand in this location, i.e. mean diameter, average height, timber volume, and wood biomass. Results demonstrated the species composition of mangrove forest consisted of 9 different plants. The highest important value index of seedling was noted in A. marina (124.09) while the greatest important value index of sapling, pole, and tree were recorded in S. alba by approximately 86.57, 130.01, 118.58 respectively. This location had low level of richness (1.22) and heterogeneity (0.88) but having high level of evenness (0.99). The mean diameter and height of mangrove stand in this area was 15.2 cm and 8.3 m with an average timber volume and wood biomass around 90.7 m3 ha-1 and 65.1 Mg ha-1 respectively. Based on these findings, we suggested to conduct enrichment planting for improving plant biodiversity of mangrove forest at the coast of Tanah Merah.
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References
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Eddiwan, K., 2018. Success level of mangrove tree planting real in Kepulauan Meranti district, Riau, Indonesia. J. Aquac. Mar. Biol. 7, 213–218. https://doi.org/10.15406/jamb.2018.07.00211
Eddy, S., Ridho, M.R., Iskandar, I., Mulyana, A., 2019. Species composition and structure of degraded mangrove vegetation in the Air Telang Protected Forest, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas J. Biol. Divers. 20, 2119–2127. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200804
Ilman, M., Dargusch, P., Dart, P., Onrizal, 2016. A historical analysis of the drivers of loss and degradation of Indonesia’s mangroves. Land use policy 54, 448–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.03.010
Kasim, F., Kadim, M.K., Nursinar, S., Karim, Z., Lamalango, A., 2019. Comparison of true mangrove stands in Dudepo and Ponelo islands, north Gorontalo district, Indonesia. Biodiversitas J. Biol. Divers. 20, 259–266. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200142
Kusmana, C., Sukristijiono, S., 2016. Mangrove Resource Uses By Local Community in Indonesia. J. Nat. Resour. Environ. Manag. 6, 217–224. https://doi.org/10.19081/jpsl.2016.6.2.217
Kvålseth, T.O., 2015. Evenness indices once again: critical analysis of properties. Springerplus 4, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-015-0944-4
Matatula, J., Poedjirahajoe, E., Pudyatmoko, S., Sadono, R., 2019. Spatial distribution of salinity, mud thickness and slope along mangrove ecosystem of the coast of Kupang District, east nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20, 1624–1632. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200619
Muhd-Ekhzarizal, M.E., Mohd-Hasmadi, I., Hamdan, O., Mohamad-Roslan, M.K., Noor-Shaila, S., 2018. Estimation of aboveground biomass in mangrove forests using vegetation indices from SPOT-5 image. J. Trop. For. Sci. 30, 224–233. https://doi.org/10.26525/jtfs2018.30.2.224233
Padilla, C., Fortes, M.D., Duarte, C.M., Terrados, J., Kamp-Nielsen, L., 2004. Recruitment, mortality and growth of mangrove (Rhizophora sp.) seedlings in Ulugan Bay, Palawan, Philippines. Trees 18, 589–595. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-004-0351-x
Richards, D.R., Friess, D.A., 2016. Rates and drivers of mangrove deforestation in Southeast Asia, 2000-2012. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 113, 344–349. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1510272113
Sadono, R., Soeprijadi, D., Susanti, A., Matatula, J., Pujiono, E., Idris, F., Wirabuana, P.Y.A.P., 2020. Local indigenous strategy to rehabilitate and conserve mangrove ecosystem in the southeastern Gulf of Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Biodiversitas J. Biol. Divers. 21, 1250–1257. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d210353
Sihombing, V.S., Gunawan, H., Sawitri, R., 2017. Diversity and community structure of fish, plankton and benthos in Karangsong mangrove conservation areas, Indramayu, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 18, 601–608. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d180222
Singh, J.K., 2020. Structural characteristics of mangrove forest in different coastal habitats of Gulf of Khambhat arid region of Gujarat, west coast of India. Heliyon 6, e04685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04685
Susilo, H., Takahashi, Y., Yabe, M., 2017. The opportunity cost of labor for valuing mangrove restoration in Mahakam Delta, Indonesia. Sustainability 9, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9122169
Taillardat, P., Friess, D.A., Lupascu, M., 2018. Mangrove blue carbon strategies for climate change mitigation are most effective at the national scale. Biol. Lett. 14, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0251
Yuliana, E., Hewindati, Y.T., Winata, A.D.I., Djatmiko, W.A., Rahadiati, A.T.I., 2019. Diversity and characteristics of mangrove vegetation in pulau rimau protection forest, Banyuasin District, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas J. Biol. Divers. 20, 1215–1221. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200438
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